DDP vs FOB vs EXW: Te Tikanga Tuturu o ia Incoterm mō tō Tukunga ki Haina

 

Mena kua pātai atu koe ki tētahi kaiwhakarato Hainamana mō tētahi whakatau tata, kua kite pea koe i ētahi reta ngaro e toru e takoto ana i te taha tonu o te utu: EXW, FOB, DDP rānei. I runga i tētahi pepa whakatau tata, he iti noa iho te āhua, engari mā rātou e whakatau ko wai e utu mō te kawe, ko wai e whakaoti ana i ngā tikanga tuku iho, ko wai e utu ana i te mōrearea inihua, ā, ko wai e waiho ana hei pupuri i te putea mena kei te pupurihia he ipu i te tauranga. Ka taea e te hapa ota hoko te huri i ngā wiki e toru hei whakamātautau e rua marama, me ngā whiu kāore i te tumanakohia i runga i tō tēpu.

Ko ēnei waehere reta-toru he wāhanga o ngā aratohu Incoterms i tukuna e te International Chamber of Commerce. Kua puta ētahi kōrero teka i runga i te Ipurangi e pā ana ki te whakahoutanga Incoterms 2025, Incoterms 2026 rānei, engari kāore anō kia puta he putanga hou. Inaa, ko Incoterms 2020 te paerewa o nāianei me te tika mō te hokohoko o te ao, ā, tera pea ka noho tonu pērā tae noa ki te wā e tika ana kia puta he putanga hou i te tau 2030. Nō reira, ki te tuhi te kaiwhakarato i te FOB Shenzhen 2020 ki runga i te nama, kei te tika tonu taua tohutoro i tēnei rā.

Ka tirohia e tātou ngā kupu tuku e toru e tino kitea ana (EXW, FOB, me te DDP) e pā ana ki ngā tuku e wehe atu ana i Haina, nā te mea ko ēnei kupu e toru te nuinga o ngā whakatau utu e whiwhihia ana e ngā kaikawemai me ngā kaihoko hokohoko ipurangi. Ka arotakehia e tātou ko wai ka mahi i te aha i ia wāhanga, te wāhi e huna ai ngā whakapaunga huna, me pēhea te mōhio ko tēhea kupu e tika ana mō te rahi o tō tuku, te taumata tohungatanga, me te manawanui ki ngā mōrearea.

Ngā Mana Whakahaere a Incoterms

Ehara te Incoterm i te wā utu, ehara i te rautaki utu. He wehenga mahi. Kei roto i ia utaina o te ao he raupapa mahi me whakaoti e koe: Te tākai i ngā taonga, te kawe i a rātou ki te tauranga, ki te taunga rererangi rānei, te whakaoti i ngā tikanga kaweake i Haina, te utaina ki runga kaipuke, waka rererangi rānei, te utu i te moana, i te moana rānei. haurangi, te utu inihua moana, te whakaoti i ngā tikanga kawemai i te whenua e haere atu ana, te utu i ngā takoha me ngā taake, me te kawe i te utanga ki tōna ūnga whakamutunga. Ka tuhia noa e ngā Incoterms he rārangi i taua mekameka, ka kī ko ngā mea katoa i mua i tēnei wāhi he mahi nā te kaihoko, ā, ko ngā mea katoa i tua atu he mahi nā te kaihoko.

He maha ngā wā ka pohehe ngā kaihoko hou mai i Haina i te Incoterm me te rārangi utu, heoi, kāore rāua e hono ana. Te wā utu: 30 ōrau te moni tāpui me te 70 ōrau ka utua ki tētahi kape o te pire uta. Ko te FOB Ningbo he tikanga tuku. Ka taea e koe te whakataurite i te nuinga o ngā whakaritenga utu me te nuinga o ngā Incoterm. Ka taea e te kaiwhakarato te whakahua i te hua kotahi ki a koe i runga i ngā tikanga e rua, e toru rānei, i runga i tāu e tono ana.

EXW: Ngā Mahi o Mua, Te Mana Whakahaere Nui, Te Kawenga Nui

Ki te EXW, ka mutu te kawenga a te kaihoko ina tukuna ngā taonga ki te kaihoko i te wheketere, i te whare putunga rānei a te kaihoko. Kāore te kaihoko e uta i te waka, kāore e whakahaere i ngā pepa kaweake, ā, kāore hoki e whakarite i tētahi wāhanga o te kawe ki tāwāhi. Ko te kaihoko te kawenga mō ngā toenga katoa; ko te taraka e kohi ana i ngā taonga, te whakakorenga tikanga kaweake, te utanga moana, rererangi rānei, te whakakorenga kawemai, ngā takoha me te tuku whakamutunga.

I roto i te ariā, he painga te EXW nā te mea ko te utu kotahi te mea iti rawa o ngā kupu e toru, engari tera pea ka ngaro wawe ngā penapena ina whakaarohia e koe te hanga i ō ake tuhinga kaweake. I Haina, ko ngā umanga anake he raihana kaweake whai mana ka taea te kaweake i ngā taonga. Mena ka hoko koe i te EXW mai i tētahi wheketere iti kāore i a ia tētahi, me kimi e tō kaituku utanga he umanga hokohoko ka taea te tuku tuhinga kaweake mō te wheketere, ka tāpirihia he paparanga whakapaunga me te mōrearea kāore i roto i te utu tuatahi.

Ko te EXW te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu mā ngā kaihoko mātau he kaiwhakarato uta pono kei Haina, e whakakotahi ana i ngā uta mai i ētahi wheketere ki roto i te ipu kotahi, e hiahia ana rānei kia whai mana katoa ki te kawe i ia wāhanga o te haerenga. He iti rawa te pai o tēnei mō ngā kawemai tuatahi, ā, kaua rawa e whakamahia mō ngā uta pakihi ki te kaihoko, nā te mea kāore he kaihoko ipurangi noa e whai tikanga, e whai raihana rānei ki te whakarite i tētahi whakapuakitanga kohikohi me te kaweake wheketere mā rātou anō.

FOB: Koreutu i runga i te kaipuke, te hoiho mahi a te Utauta Moana Haina

Ko te FOB te kupu e tino whakahuatia ana mō ngā kaweake moana mai i Haina, ā, he take pai anō hoki. I raro i te FOB, me kawe e te kaihoko ngā taonga ki te tauranga wehenga atu, me whakawātea i roto i ngā tikanga kaweake, ā, me uta ki runga i te kaipuke i whakaingoatia e te kaihoko. Kia pahemo te utanga i te reriwe o te kaipuke, ka riro i te kaihoko te mōrearea me ngā utu ā muri ake nei. Mā te kaihoko e whakarite, e utu hoki ngā utu mō te utanga moana, te inihua moana, te whakaaetanga kawemai, ngā tari me te tuku ki uta ki te ūnga.

Ko te mea e kukume ana i te FOB ko te taurite. Kua whai taraka me ngā raihana kaweake te kaiwhakarato, ā, ko ngā wāhanga o te huarahi e mōhiotia ana e ia i roto i Haina te mea e tino mōhiotia ana e ia. Ka pupuri te kaihoko i te mana whakahaere o te pukapuka utanga o te ao. Mā tēnei ka taea e koe te whakataurite i ngā utu utanga moana, te whiriwhiri i tāu ake kaikawe utanga, me te karo i ngā utu tāpiri e whakatakotoria pukutia ana e ētahi kaiwhakarato ina whakahaere ana rātou i te wāhanga kaipuke.

Ko tētahi āhuatanga e whakararuraru ana i ngā kaikawemai hou ko te taunga o te tauranga. He whenua nui a Haina, ā, ki te whakahuahia e tētahi pakihi i te raki te FOB Shenzhen, ko te tikanga me haere tuatahi ngā taonga tata ki te rua mano kiromita ki te tonga kia tae atu ai ki tētahi kaipuke. Me whakaū tonu ko te tauranga kua whakahuatia te tauranga tata rawa atu ki te wheketere, ki te kore ka taea e ngā utu taraka o uta te muku marie i ngā penapena FOB i whakaarohia kia tukuna.

He mea nui hoki kia mōhiotia ko te FOB i hangaia i te tuatahi mō ngā taonga tuku iho, kāore i roto i ngā ipu. Mō ngā tuku ipu hou, he maha ngā tohunga whakahaere waka e whakaaro ana ko te FCA, ko te Free Carrier rānei, he huarahi hangarau tika ake, nā te mea ka whakawhitihia te mōrearea ina tukuna ngā taonga ki te kaikawe i te papa ipu kaua i te wā e whiti ana i te reera kaipuke hangai. Engari i roto i te mahi, tata tonu ki ngā kaiwhakarato Hainamana katoa te whakahua i te FOB, ehara i te FCA. He iti noa te rerekētanga mahi mō te nuinga o ngā kaikawemai, mena kua tuhia mārama te tauranga me ngā tikanga ki roto i te ota hoko.

DDP: Kua utua te kawenga tuku, ko te kaihoko te mahi i te nuinga o ngā mea

Kei te pito kē atu o te whānuitanga o te EXW te DDP. Ko te kaihoko, ko te kaituku uta rānei e mahi ana mō te kaihoko, te kawenga mō te haerenga katoa: te tukunga kaweake, te uta moana, rangi rānei, te tukunga kawemai, ngā takoha me ngā taake me te tukunga whakamutunga ki te tatau o te kaihoko. Ko te mahi a te kaihoko ko te tango i te taraka.

Mō ngā kaihoko kāore e hiahia ki te mahi tahi me ngā kaihoko tikanga, te whakarōpūtanga waehere HS, ngā tātaitanga takoha rānei, ka tangohia e te DDP te nuinga o taua uauatanga. Koinei tonu te take i noho ai te DDP hei paerewa mō ngā kaihoko hokohoko ipurangi e tuku ana mai i Haina e hiahia ana ki te utu taunga matapae, ā, e hiahia ana kia kore ngā kaihoko e whakakahore i te mōkihi nā te mea he pire takoha ohorere kei te tatau.

Ko te utu te mea e taupatupatu ana. Nā te mea ko te kaihoko, ko te kaituku uta rānei e tango ana i te utu me te mōrearea o ngā tikanga me ngā takoha, he nui ake te utu o ngā whakahua DDP i te FOB, i te EXW rānei mō te utanga kotahi. He wero hanganga anō hoki: i roto i te maha o ngā whenua e haere atu ana, he tino uaua ki te kaihoko o tāwāhi te rēhita hei kawemai kua rēhitatia, te utu tika i ngā takoha, me te mārama i ngā tikanga me te kore he māngai ā-rohe. Koinei tētahi o ngā take matua e whakahaerehia ana te nuinga o ngā tuku DDP mai i Haina e tētahi kaituku uta motuhake, kaua ko te wheketere tonu, nā te mea kua whiwhi kē te kaituku uta i ngā raihana, ngā here, me ngā hononga kaihokohoko e hiahiatia ana i te wāhi e haere atu ana.

Hei tauira, kua hangaia e Topway Shipping tana ratonga DDP kia rite ki tēnei āputa. Mai i te tau 2010, kua arotahi te kamupene kei Shenzhen te tari matua ki ngā mahi hokohoko ipurangi whakawhiti-rohe i waenga i a Haina me te Hononga o Amerika, ā, neke atu i te tekau mā rima tau o te wheako o tana tīma whakatū i roto i ngā mahi uta o te ao me te whakakore i ngā tikanga tuku iho. Nā te mea kei te whakahaerehia e Topway Shipping puta noa i te mekameka katoa, ko te kohikohinga tuatahi i Haina, te uta moana, te whare putunga ki tāwāhi, hokohoko hokohoko, me te tuku whakamutunga, ka karohia e te tuku DDP i tuhia mā te kaiwhakarato kotahi ngā raruraru tuku e puta ana ina whakahaerehia e ngā kaihoko e rima tetahi wāhanga o te haerenga.

Whakataurite Taha-Taha

Kei te ripanga i raro nei e whakarāpopoto ana ko wai te kawenga mō ia whakapaunga me ia takoha matua i roto i ngā wā e toru. Whakamahia hei tohutoro tere ina arotake ana koe i tētahi whakatau utu a te kaiwhakarato.

fatongia	NGĀ	FOB	DDP
Kaweake te taake	kaihoko	kaihoko	kaihoko
Te kawe taraka ki uta ki te tauranga	kaihoko	kaihoko	kaihoko
Kaweake te whakawātea tikanga	kaihoko	kaihoko	kaihoko
Te uta ki runga i te kaipuke	kaihoko	kaihoko	kaihoko
Te waka moana, te waka rererangi ranei	kaihoko	kaihoko	kaihoko
Inihua moana	kaihoko	kaihoko	kaihoko
Kawemai i te whakakorenga tikanga	kaihoko	kaihoko	kaihoko
Nga utu kawemai me nga taake	kaihoko	kaihoko	kaihoko
Te tuku whakamutunga ki te tatau	kaihoko	kaihoko	kaihoko
Te waahi whakawhiti morearea	Te waahi o te kaihoko	I runga i te kaipuke	Wāhitau o te kaihoko

 

Te Whakataurite i ngā Kupu e Toru mō te Matapae me te Whakahaere Utu

E rerekē ana ngā huarahi e toru e pā ana ki te matapae me te whakahaere utu. Ki a EXW, ko koe te mana whakahaere nui rawa atu mō ngā whakataunga utanga katoa, engari ko te iti rawa o te matapae i a koe e whakahaere ana i ngā nama maha mai i tētahi pakihi taraka, i tētahi kaihoko kaweake, i tētahi kaikawe moana me tētahi kaihokohoko kawemai. Ki a DDP, he iti noa iho ōu mana whakahaere mō ngā āhuatanga whakahaere engari ko te matapae teitei rawa atu nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka whiwhi koe i tētahi utu taunga i mua i te wehenga atu o te uta i Haina. Ko te FOB te wāhi waenga: kei a koe tonu te mana whakahaere i te pukapuka utanga o te ao, engari ko te kaiwhakarato ka tiaki i ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga e hiahia ana ki te mōhiotanga ā-rohe me te raihana i roto i Haina.

Ko tētahi huarahi hei whakaaroaro mō tēnei ko te titiro ki te tangata tino pai ki te mahi i ia mahi i te utu iti rawa. He pai ake te utu me te whanaungatanga o tētahi wheketere Hainamana, o tana kaituku taonga rānei, mō te kawe kaweake me te tikanga tuku iho i tā tētahi kaihoko mai i tāwāhi. Ko te kaihoko kawemai mātau e kawe ana i ngā taonga maha ki te whenua kotahi, he pai ake tana whakahaere i ngā reiti taake ūnga, ngā whare putunga here, me ngā kaikawe whakamutunga i tā tētahi kamupene Haina. Ko tētahi o ngā take e noho tonu ai te FOB hei taunoa mō te tuku ipu B2B, he pai te hono ki te wāhi kei reira te tohungatanga tūturu o ia taha.

Ngā hapa noa e mahia ana e ngā kaikawemai me ēnei tikanga

Ko te nuinga o ngā tautohetohe i waenganui i te kaihoko me te kaiwhakarato i ahu mai i te kore mārama ki ngā Incoterms, kaua i te take o ngā taonga tonu. Ko te raruraru noa ko te whakawhiti puku a te kaiwhakarato mai i te FOB ki te EXW i muri i te utunga o te moni tāpui, ā, ka waiho te kaihoko kia rapu kaihoko kaweake i te meneti whakamutunga. Kia mahara kia whakaurua tonutia te Incoterm kua whakaaetia, te tauranga kua whakaingoatia me te putanga Incoterms ki roto i te ota hoko tuhituhi, kaua ki roto i ngā whiriwhiringa ā-waha anake.

Ko tētahi atu whakaaro hē ko te whakaaro ko te tikanga o te DDP kāore he utu anō. Ko te tikanga o te DDP ko te takoha me te tuku. He maha ngā wā ka kore e whakaurua ngā whakapaunga haerenga kāore i hipokina e te kirimana a te kaihoko, pērā i ngā raihana motuhake mō ngā taonga kua whakaritea, ngā utu rokiroki rānei mēnā kāore te kaihoko i te rite ki te whakaae i te tuku ina tae mai. Mā te pānui i ngā tuhinga iti o te whakatau utu DDP, inā koa ko ngā utu haerenga kei roto, ka ārai i a koe i tētahi ohorere kino i muri mai.

Ko te tuatoru o ngā hapa ko te whakamahi i te kupu "moana anake" mō te tuku kaipuke rererangi. Ko te tikanga o te FOB he mea tika anake mō te tuku kaipuke moana me uta, nā te mea ko te tikanga he tuku taonga ki runga i te kaipuke. Ko te FCA te tauira tika mō te tuku kaipuke rererangi ina hiahia te kaihoko ki te whakahaere i te wāhanga o te ao, ahakoa he koretake te FOB i runga i te pire huarahi rererangi. I ētahi wā ka whakamahia noatia e ngā kaiwhakarato te FOB hei whakarāpopototanga ahakoa te momo kawe, nō reira he mea nui kia tirohia anō te momo kawe tuturu ki te kupu kua tāia ki runga i ō tuhinga.

Te Whakataurite i te Wā ki tō Tukunga

Mena kei te hoko koe i tētahi ipu kī tonu mō te wā tuatahi me tētahi kaiwhakarato hou, ko te FOB te wāhi haumaru hei tīmatanga. Ka taea e koe te whakataurite i ngā utu utanga moana mai i ētahi kaituku uta, kia mārama tonu te utu utanga, me te karo i ngā uauatanga o te raihana kaweake mō te EXW. Mena kua whai hononga kē koe ki tētahi kaihoko tikanga i tō whenua ake, ka taea tonu e koe te whakahaere i te tukanga tikanga e haere atu ana koe.

Mō ngā tuku hokohoko ipurangi iti ake, auau – inā koa ngā tuku tika ki te kaihoko, ina koa ka taea e ngā whakapaunga taake ohorere te huaki i te whakarērea e ngā kaihoko te tuku i te tatau – ko te DDP te kōwhiringa whaihua ake. He pai te matapae i te pikinga o te utu mō ia waeine, ā, ka tangohia te kawenga whakahaere o te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga kawemai mai i ngā pakihiwi o te kaihoko, nā te mea kāore pea he kaimahi i whakatapua ki te tukatuka tikanga.

Ko te EXW te mea pai rawa atu mō ngā kaihoko e kohikohi ana i ngā hua mai i ngā kaihanga maha i mua i te taenga ki te tauranga, mō te hunga rānei e whakahaere ana i ā rātou ake ratonga kawe taonga i Haina, ā, e hiahia ana ki te utu iti rawa atu i te wheketere. Ehara i te mea tika mō te tangata e tuku ana i tā rātou ipu tuatahi, mō te tangata rānei e whakahaere ana i tētahi toa ipurangi e aro ana ki te kaihoko.

Te Wāhi e Whakauruhia ai te Hoa Whakahaere

Ahakoa te wā e whakamahia ana e koe i roto i tō ota hoko, ko te wheako mahi o te utanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaituku utanga kei muri i ngā whakaaturanga, kaua ki ngā reta e toru o te kirimana. Mā te kaituku e whakahaere noa i te pukapuka moana ka waiho koe ki te whiriwhiri motuhake i te kaihokohoko tikanga, te whare putunga, me te maero whakamutunga, engari mā te kaituku e whakahaere ana i te mekameka katoa ka taea te hanga i tētahi tuku DDP uaua ki roto i tētahi waea kotahi.

Koinei te āputa i hangaia ai a Topway Shipping hei whakakī. Kei Shenzhen te tari matua mai i te tau 2010, he tohunga te kamupene ki ngā mahi kawe taonga hokohoko ipurangi whakawhiti-rohe i waenga i a Haina me te Hononga o Amerika, tae atu ki te kohikohinga tuatahi, te whare putunga o tāwāhi, te whakawātea tikanga me te tuku whakamutunga i raro i te tuanui kotahi. Mena he kawemai koe e hiahia ana ki te karo i te mamae o te mahi tahi me ngā kaihoko maha mō ia wāhanga o te tuku FOB, DDP rānei, ka tukuna e Topway Shipping he utanga moana ngāwari me te utanga ipu-katoa iti iho i te utanga ipu mai i Haina ki ngā tauranga nui o te ao, kia māmā ai te tauine mai i te papa kotahi ki te ipu kī tonu i te tipu haere o ngā rahinga ota.

Waihoki, mā te whai kaihoko kotahi e mārama ana ki ngā taha e rua o te ara hokohoko ka karohia ngā āputa pepa e puta ake ana i roto i ngā Incoterms. Ko te tīma kotahi anō e whakahaere ana i te whakaaetanga kaweake ki Haina me te whakaaetanga kawemai i te ūnga, nō reira he iti ake te tūponotanga o te momo whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e hua ake ai he ipu e noho ana i te tauranga i te wā e tautohetohe ana ngā kamupene e rua mō te tangata nāna te kawenga mō te puka ngaro.

Opaniraa

Ehara a EXW, FOB me DDP i te hunga whakataetae. E toru ngā huarahi motuhake hei tapahi i te utanga kotahi, ā, ko te whakatau tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te mana whakahaere e hiahia ana koe me te nui o te uauatanga e rite ana koe ki te whakahaere. Ka tukuna e EXW te wira me te mahi ki ō ringaringa. Ka tapahia e te FOB te haerenga i tētahi wā whaitake, ka taea ai e koe te whakahaere i ngā utanga o te ao, ā, ka tukuna te wheketere ki te whakahaere i ngā mea e mōhio ana ia. Ka hoatu e te DDP te wira ki te kaihoko, ki tā rātou hoa mahi kawe rānei, ā, ka utua he utu nui ake mō ia waeine mō tētahi utu taunga kotahi e taea te matapae.

Ahakoa te wā e whiriwhiria ana e koe, kia tino tuhia ki roto i tō kirimana, me te whakahua i te tauranga, te wāhi rānei me te putanga Incoterms, ā, kei te kaiwhakarato utanga kei muri i te whakatau utu te raihana me te whatunga hei whakatutuki i tēnā. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te kawemai maeneene me te ohorere utu nui ko te Incoterm mārama me te hoa mahi kawe ka taea te whakahaere i ia wāhanga o te haerenga, te momo kapinga pito-ki-te-pito e whakaratohia ana e ngā pakihi pēnei i a Topway Shipping mō ngā kaweake Haina ki US.

 

FAQs

Q: He iti ake te utu o te FOB i te DDP i ngā wā katoa?

A: Kāore e tika ana kia whakawhirinaki ki te utu whenua tuturu. He iti ake te utu FOB nā te mea kāore e uru ana ngā utu uta, inihua me ngā takoha haerenga, engari ina whakahokia aua utu, ka taea te tapeke te eke ki te utu DDP pai, ki runga ake rānei, inā koa mō ngā tuku iti ake, ina koa he pai ake te whakahaere tahi a te kaituku tuku i ngā mea katoa.

P: Ka taea e au te whakawhiti i ngā Incoterms i muri i te tuku ota?

Āe, engari me whakaae ā-tuhi mai i te kaiwhakarato i mua i te tukunga o ngā hua. I ētahi wā ka puta he tautohetohe i ngā huringa ki ngā tikanga i muri i te utunga o te moni tāpui, ā, me tuhi ngā huringa katoa ki roto i tētahi ota hoko hou, kaua ki te kōrero ā-waha.

P: He aha te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakarato Hainamana e pai ake ai ki te whakahua i te FOB kaua ki te FCA?

A: He tika ake te FCA mō ngā utanga ipu, engari kua tino whakauruhia te FOB ki roto i ngā tikanga hokohoko o ia rā puta noa i ngā kaihanga me ngā kamupene hokohoko Hainamana, nō reira ko te nuinga o ngā utu ka whakamahia tonutia ahakoa kua whakakiia katoatia te utanga ki ngā ipu.

P: He pai te EXW mō ngā ota hokohoko ipurangi?

A: Kāore i te nuinga o te wā. Me whakarite e te kaihoko te kohikohinga mai i te wheketere me te whakapuakitanga kaweake mā te EXW. Kāore tēnei e taea te whakatutuki mā te kaihoko ipurangi takitahi, ā, koinei tētahi o ngā take matua e whakamahia ai e te nuinga o ngā tuku mai i te kaihoko tika te DAP, te DDP rānei.

P: Mā te whakamahi i te DDP ka oati kāore he utu tāpiri?

A: Kāo. Kei roto i te DDP te utanga, te whakawātea tikanga me ngā taake, e ai ki te kirimana, engari he mea nui kia manatokohia te nui o te utu DDP nā te mea ka taea tonu te whakamahi i ngā utu kei tua atu i taua whānuitanga, pērā i ngā whakaaetanga motuhake mō ngā hua kua whakaritea, ngā utu rokiroki rānei mō te kohi whakaroa.