Utauta Kakariki: Te Huarahi e Toa Marie Ana a Rerewē i te Ara Haina-Tiamana
Kupu Whakataki
Ina aro nui ngā purongo ki te raruraru o te Moana Whero, te pikinga o ngā utu utanga moana, me ngā tauranga ipu kī tonu, kua huri te huarahi hokohoko matua i Ūrāhia ki tētahi panonitanga marino. Ko te ara rerewē Haina-Tiamana, e neke atu ana i te 10,000 kiromita te roa mā roto i ngā whenua pāpaku, ngā pae maunga, me ngā rohe whenua e ono, kei te noho hei huarahi pono ake, whai hua ake, me te pai ake hoki mō te taiao mō te tuku taonga mā te rangi me te wai.
He kōrero tino whakamere tā ngā raraunga. I te tau 2024, i whakahaerehia e te China-Europe Railway Express (CR Express) he 19,000 tereina, ā, i nekehia e 2.07 miriona ipu, he 10% te nui ake i tērā o te tau i mua. I te marama o Noema o taua tau, kua eke te tapeke o ngā haerenga ki te 100,000, he rekoata tēnei mō te rerewē whakawhiti-whenua. Ko Tiamana tonu te wāhi rongonui rawa atu i Ūropi, e tukatuka ana i te 29% o ngā tereina katoa e tae mai ana mai i Haina. Ko te tauranga o uta o Duisburg te pokapū matua mō ngā mahi kawe waka i waenganui o te whenua.
Ahakoa tōna rahi, ripa tere Kāore te whakawhitiwhitinga i waenganui i a Haina me Tiamana e aro nui ana ki ngā tohunga kawe waka tuku iho. Kāore he raruraru o tētahi kaipuke e mau ana i te Awa o Suez, kāore hoki he hiahia nui ki ngā tūtohi utanga rererangi i te wā o te mate urutā. Engari, kua mahi tonu i tā te hanganga pai rawa atu e mahi tonu ana: kia noho hei mea nui, me te kore e ngangau. E kōrero ana tēnei tuhinga mō te take e ora tonu ai te ara tereina Haina-Tiamana i roto i tētahi taiao whakataetae maha-momo, engari he tino toa anō hoki ina tae mai ki te pumau, te pono, me te hiranga pakihi.
Te Ara o ngā Tau: He Mākete Kua Hurihia
Ko te uara o te mākete mō ngā utanga tereina i waenga i a Haina me Ūropi he $16 piriona i te tau 2025. E matapaetia ana ka piki ake ki te $31.44 piriona i te tau 2030, me te tere tipu ā-tau o te 14.46 ōrau. Ehara tēnei ara i te mirumiru whakapae; he hua o ngā kaha hanganga hohonu. Kei roto i ēnei ko te tipu o te haumitanga Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), te nekehanga o te hanga Hainamana ki uta, ngā mahi a Ūropi ki te whakanui ake i ngā mekameka tuku mai i te whakawhirinaki anake ki te kaipuke, me ngā pānga roa o ngā raruraru o te Moana Whero i tīmata i te mutunga o te tau 2023.
He mea tino whakamere te hokinga mai o te tau 2024 nā te mea kāore i te ōrite. Whai muri i ngā tau e rua o te hekenga nui, kua piki te tapeke o ngā waka tereina i waenga i a Haina me te EU mā te 80.2 ōrau ki te 380,434 TEU. I te ahunga Haina-ki-Ūropi i kite i taua pikinga katoa, me te pikinga o te 130.8 ōrau ki te 330,704 TEU. I tētahi atu taha, mai i Ūropi ki Haina, kua heke iho i te 26.7 ōrau ki te 49,730 TEU anake, ko te taumata iti rawa mai i te tau 2017. Ko tēnei taupatupatu he tohu o tētahi raruraru hanganga nui ake: kei te piki haere ngā kaweake Hainamana ki te EU, ko ngā kaweake EU ki Haina kei te heke. Kei te tupu tēnei nā te mea kāore ngā kaihoko Hainamana e hoko nui ana, ā, kei te huri haere ngā tauira hokohoko o Ūropi.
He uaua ake ngā tau ina tae mai ki Tiamana. I te tau 2024, ka tīmata anō te whanaketanga o te hokohoko i waenga i a Haina me Tiamana, ahakoa kei te iti tonu i roto i ngā tau o mua—tata ki te 23,790 TEU mā te ara tika. Nā tēnei ka waiho a Tiamana hei tuarua o ngā kuwaha nui rawa atu o Ūropi i muri i a Pōrana. Neke atu i te 6,700 ngā haerenga tereina i waenganui i a Haina me Ūropi i Duisburg mai i te tau 2023. I ngā wā tino pukumahi, tae atu ki te 70 ngā hononga tereina i te wiki e hono ana ki te neke atu i te 20 ngā tāone Haina, pērā i a Chongqing, Xi'an, Yiwu, me Wuhan.
| Momo | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
| Ngā TEU katoa o Haina-EU | ~ 430,000 | 211,000 | 380,434 |
| Haina→Ūropi TEUs | - | 143,000 | 330,704 |
| Ūropi→Haina TEUs | - | 67,800 | 49,730 |
| Ngā Haerenga Tereina Katoa | ~ 15,000 | ~ 17,000 | 19,000 |
| Ngā Ipu i Kawea | ~1.8M | ~1.9M | 2.07M |
| Uara Taonga ā-Tau | ~$55B | ~$60B | $ 66.4B |
Ngā Puna: Te Hononga Reriwe Pākehā (ERA), Te Rōpū Reriwe Kāwanatanga o Haina, Te Mana Whakahaere Tikanga o Haina
Te Take Kakariki: He aha i toa ai te Rerewē i runga i te Oranga Tonutanga
Ehara i te mea he mahi hokohoko noa iho ngā painga taiao o te utanga tereina; ka taea te ine, te whakaū, ā, kei te piki haere te hiranga mō ngā kaipuke Pākehā me whai i ngā ture. Mō ia tana-kiromita, ka tukuna e te utanga tereina te 1/15 o te nui o te waro e haurangi e mahi ana, ā, ko te 1/7 o te nui o te utanga rori. E 80% te iti iho o te CO₂ e tukuna ana e ngā tereina utanga mō ia waeine utanga e whakahaerehia ana i ngā waka utanga nunui. Mō ngā umanga me whakaatu ā rātou tukunga mekameka tuku i Tiamana, e mōhiotia ana ko te Nachhaltigkeitsbericht, ko te huri ki te tereina ka tohu pea i te hekenga nui o ngā tukunga Scope 3.
Kei te whakapakari ake te EU i tēnei painga mā roto i ngā kaupapa here. E hoatu ana e Tiamana me te Kotahitanga o Ūropi ngā pōnahi taiao me ngā whakahekenga taake ki ngā pakihi e huri ana mai i te rori, te rererangi rānei ki te tereina. E 200 ngā tereina e whakahaerehia ana e te Tauranga Tiamana o Hamburg i ia rā, nā te mea he āwhina tēnei ki te whakahaere i te waka taraka i te raki o Ūropi. Ehara i te mea he mea tūpono noa iho ēnei whakatenatena; he wāhanga hoki o tētahi hanganga ture kua whakaritea e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā utu o te kawe waka e nui ana te hinu pūmua.
I wehe atu te tereina utanga tuatahi kore-waro i waenganui i a Haina me Ūropi i Wuhan ki Hamburg me Duisburg i Tiamana i ngā marama kua taha ake nei. Koinei pea te huihuinga tohu nui rawa atu. I mahi tahi a Wuhan Asia-Europe Logistics me DB Cargo Eurasia ki te waihanga i te tereina. E rere ana i runga i te hiko matomato 100% i ngā wāhanga hiko, ā, ko ngā tukunga katoa e puta mai ana i ngā wāhanga kāore i te hiko ka whakakorengia e ngā kaupapa nama waro kua whakamanahia e te Gold Standard. E ai ki ngā kaiwhakahaere, ko te hua he mekameka waro kore-whakapūmau, he paerewa mō ngā utanga tereina o te ao pumau. E tautoko tika ana tēnei kaupapa i ngā wawata waro-rua a Haina me ngā kupu whakaari a Tiamana ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro, ka waiho hei angitu matomato tūturu mō ngā wāhanga e rua.
Kua oati hoki a Deutsche Bahn me China Railway ki te whakaneke rua i te nui o ngā tereina matomato e nekehia ana e rātou i te tau 2025. Ka tutuki i a rātou tēnei mā te hoko tereina hiko me ngā hangarau matihiko hei whakahaere i ngā tereina kia pai ake ai te haere. Ehara ēnei i te oati ki te whakapai ake i te mahi; he kaupapa tautoko ēnei me ngā oati ki te hanga hanganga.
| Aratau Uru | Ngā Tukunga CO₂ Whakatairanga | Wā Whakawhiti (Haina–Timana) | Te Utu Tata me te Rererangi |
| Air Freight | Tūāpapa (×1) | 3-5 ra | - |
| Rori Rori | ×7 vs Rerewē | Kāore e tika ana (i waenga i ngā whenua) | - |
| Te Kawenga Tere | 1/15 o te Rererangi, 1/7 o te Rori | 13-20 ra | ~1/5 o te Hau |
| Moana Matauranga | He iti ake i te hau | 30-45 ra | Tuhinga o mua |
Nga puna: China Railway Express raraunga kaiwhakahaere; VIPU Logistics; Heinrich Böll Stiftung tātaritanga
Te Take Tauhokohoko: Te Tere, te Utu, me te Pono o te Taurite
Kei te piki haere te uara o te utanga tereina nā te mea he tere ake i te utanga rererangi, he iti ake te utu i te utanga moana, ā, he pono ake hoki i ērā kōwhiringa e rua. E 13 ki te 20 ngā rā e pau ana ki te haere mā te tereina mai i Haina ki Tiamana, i runga i te huarahi me te wāhi i ahu mai ai. E 30 ki te 45 ngā rā e pau ana mā te moana, ā, e 3 ki te 5 noa iho ngā rā mā te rangi. Ko ngā whakapaunga tereina he tata ki te haurima o ngā utu utanga rererangi, ā, i ētahi wā he 8 ki te 20 ōrau te iti iho i ngā kōwhiringa tereina moana-tereina mō ētahi momo taonga.
He tino whai hua tēnei tūnga waenga-waenga ina puta he raruraru i te moana. I te wā o te raruraru o te Moana Whero i te mutunga o te tau 2023 me te tīmatanga o te tau 2024, i heke te nui o te waka i roto i te Awa o Suez mā te 60% i tōna taumata teitei. Nā tēnei i piki ake ai ngā utu o te waeine ōrite 40-waewae (FEU) mai i Shanghai ki Rotterdam mā te tata ki te 78%. I tētahi atu taha, i noho tonu ngā utu tereina. Nā tēnei pumau—ehara i te mea ko ngā utu iti anake, engari ko te matapae anō hoki—i piki ake ai te maha o ngā tuku tereina e haere ana ki te hauauru mai i Haina ki te EU ki te rua neke atu i te haurua tuatahi o te tau 2024.
Kua tino rerekē hoki te āhua o ngā utanga. I mua, ko te nuinga o ngā mīhini me ngā hikohiko te mea nui i te rerewē (ngā waehere HS 84 me te 85, e 30% tonu o ngā rahinga katoa), engari i nāianei ka nekehia hoki ngā taonga whare, ngā taputapu rama, ngā waka, me ngā wāhanga motuka, tae atu ki te piki haere o ngā kākahu, ngā kakahu, me ngā hu. I te tau 2024, i piki ake ngā uta waka mā te 192% i ia tau ki te 31,304 TEU. I kite te rāngai kākahu me te kakahu i te tipu nui ake, me te pikinga o ngā uta mā te 268.4% ki te 31,108 TEU. E whakaatu ana tēnei kanorau kei te tipu haere te ara whakawhiti, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i te whānuitanga o ngā taonga hokohoko me ngā taonga ahumahi, ehara i te mea ko ngā taonga hangarau utu nui anake.
Nā ngā kōwhiringa tereina iti iho i te utanga ipu (LCL) kua huaki te ara ki ngā pakihi iti me te rahi waenga (SME) me ngā kaihoko hokohoko ipurangi whakawhiti-rohe. I mua, kāore i a ēnei kamupene he kōwhiringa waenga pai i waenga i te utanga rererangi utu nui me te utanga moana whakaroa. Inaianei, ka taea e ngā kaipuke te whakamahere ngāwari ake nā te mea ka wehe atu ngā kaipuke i ngā tāone Haina pēnei i a Chongqing, Chengdu, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Yiwu, me Wuhan i ia wā, i ētahi wā i ia rā.
Te Hanganga Ara: Ngā Ara e Hono Ana i a Haina me Tiamana
E toru ngā ara tereina ā-rohe matua o Haina: te taha hauauru, te taha pokapū, me te taha rawhiti. Ka hono atu ēnei ara ki ngā ara whakawhiti rohe e toru e mōhiotia ana i te ao, ā, ka hono atu ki ngā tāone taunga o Ūropi. Me mōhio ngā kaituku kaipuke ki tēnei hoahoa kia taea ai e rātou te whiriwhiri i ngā huarahi pai rawa atu. Nā te mea he rerekē rawa ngā wā whakawhiti, ngā tikanga whakawhiti rohe, me ngā āhua mōrearea ā-ao.
Ko te ara raki, e haere ana i roto i a Rūhia me Belarus, koia tonu te ara tino nui. Ka hono i ngā wāhi pēnei i a Chongqing me Chengdu ki Duisburg me Hamburg mā Kazakhstan, Rūhia, Belarus, me Pōrana. Ko te ara Yu-Xin-Ou mai i Chongqing ki Duisburg he 10,987 kiromita te roa, ā, e 14 ki te 18 ngā rā te roa. Koinei te ara tawhito rawa atu kua whakapumautia, ā, kei te whakahaere tonu i te nuinga o ngā taumaha e anga ana ki te hauauru. Heoi, kua puta he huringa whakahaere nā te pakanga o Rūhia-Ukraine, ā, kua whakaroa ētahi o ngā kaipuke mai i te tau 2022.
Ko te Ara Waka o te Ao Trans-Caspian (TITR), e mōhiotia ana ko te Ara Waenga, e haere ana mai i Haina ki Kazakhstan, mā runga i te Moana Caspian mā te waka tere, kātahi ka haere mā Azerbaijan, Georgia, me Turkey ki Ūropi. Kei te tipu haere tonu tōna kaha, engari kua nui haere te haumi mai i Turkey, Azerbaijan, me Uzbekistan. Kei te hokohokohia hei huarahi haumaru ake i te ara raki e pā ana ki te ao tōrangapū. I wehe atu te tereina utanga tuatahi o Haina-Ūropi i Chongqing ki Istanbul i te Hui-tanguru 2024. He taahiraa nui tēnei ki mua mō te pumau o te arumoni o tēnei ara.
Ko Duisburg te tauranga uta nui rawa atu o Ūropi mā runga tereina, ā, koinei te pito matua o Ūropi me te pokapū tohatoha mō ngā utanga e haere ana ki Tiamana. Ina tae mai ngā taonga, ka tukuna ki Parani, ki ngā whenua o Benelux, ki Scandinavia, me Ūropi Waenganui mā runga moana, kaipuke awa, kātahi mā runga tereina. Ko Hamburg, Munich, Nuremberg, me Leipzig ngā pokapū tuarua e hono ana ki ētahi mākete ā-rohe.
| Ara | Nga Taone Taketake Matua | Wā Whakawhiti | Te tauranga whakauru ki te EU | Tauwehe morearea tuatahi |
| Te Raki (mā Rūhia) | Chongqing, Xi'an, Chengdu, Zhengzhou | 14-18 ra | Brest-Małaszewicze (Belarus/Poland) | Te mōrearea o te pakanga i waenganui i a Rūhia me Ukraine |
| Te Ara Waenga (TITR) | Chongqing, Urumqi | 18-22 ra | Te rohe o Turkey / Georgia | Ngā herenga kaha, te waka tere o Caspian |
| Te Rawhiti (mā Mongolia/Rūhia) | Ngā tāone o te raki-mā-rāwhiti o Haina | 14-16 ra | Pōrana/Pērarau | He rite ki te Raki |
Ngā Tūponotanga Whakahaere: Ngā Ārai me Ngā Mea e Mahihia ana
He maha tonu ngā take tautohetohe i te ara o Haina-Tiamana e kore e taea te wareware i tētahi aromatawai pono. Ko Khorgos (Haina-Kazakhstan) me Brest-Małaszewicze (Belarus-Poland) ngā wāhi e rua me huri ngā tereina mai i te paerewa whānui o Rūhia ki te ara paerewa o Ūropi. Koinei tonu te raruraru whakahaere nui rawa atu. Nā ēnei whakaroa ka uaua ake te matapae i ngā wā whakawhiti, ā, kua whakaaturia kua whakaitihia te kaha o te tipu o te ara mā te 2.4 ōrau o te CAGR.
Hei whakautu, kua nui ngā haumitanga a Haina ki ngā hanganga. Kua whakanuia ake e ngā āpiha rerewē e rima ngā tauranga rohe nui—a Alashankou, Horgos, Erenhot, Manzhouli, me Suifenhe—ā, kua hangaia hoki te Tauranga Rerewē o Tongjiang ki te Raki hou. Ka taea e ēnei tauranga e ono te whakahaere i te 184 whakawhiti tereina i ia rā, he 45% te nui ake i tā rātou i taea i te tau 2016. Ko ngā papaaho mamati pērā i te pūnaha 95306 o Haina, e tuku ana i te aroturuki wā-tūturu, ngā tuhinga e hangai ana ki te poraka mekameka, me ngā matohi tiaki matapae, kua āwhina hoki ki te whakaiti i te wā katoa e pau ana ki te whakakore i ngā tikanga.
I te tau 2024, i tīmatahia e tētahi tiriti tereina hou a te UN te tukanga kia ōrite ake ai ngā tikanga tikanga me ngā mahi pepa i waenga i a Haina me Tiamana. Ko te kaupapa he tere ake te tuku me te whakarite kia taea te matapae i ngā tukunga puta noa i ngā rohe. Kei te haere mai te moni Tiamana ki Duisburg, Hamburg, me Bavaria hei hanga i ngā taunga hou, hei whakahaere aunoa i ngā mahi, me te whakarite wāhi mō ētahi atu tereina e haere mai ana. E ai ki te Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, i te tau 2030, me $38 piriona tāra te utu tiaki ara mō te whatunga o Ūropi. E whakaatu ana tēnei he whakapau kaha roa te hanga i ngā hanganga, ehara i te werohanga poto.
Te Whakaurunga o Topway Shipping ki tēnei Ara
Kāore e ranea te tono tikiti tereina hei haere mā te ara tereina Haina-Tiamana. Mō te wheako whakawhiti-rohe pono, me nui atu i te urunga noa ki tētahi tūāpapa tono te hiahia o te hoa mahi kawe. Me āhei rātou ki te whakahaere i ngā uauatanga o te kawe waka maha-whenua, ngā paerewa ine rerekē, ngā pepa tikanga e horapa ana i ngā rohe e ono, neke atu rānei, me te whakarite i te tukunga o te maero tuatahi me te maero whakamutunga.
Ko Topway Shipping, e mahi ana i te pakihi mai i te tau 2010, ā, kei Shenzhen tōna turanga, kua whanakehia tana pakihi i runga i tēnei taumata uaua. Neke atu i te 15 tau te wheako o te tīma whakatū o Topway ki ngā mahi kawe taonga o te ao me te whakakore i ngā tikanga tuku iho. Ka tukuna e te kamupene ngā otinga kawe taonga hokohoko ipurangi whakawhiti-rohe katoa e kapi ana i te mekameka katoa, mai i te kawe waka tuatahi mai i tētahi wheketere, whare putunga rānei i Haina ki te whakakore i ngā tikanga tuku iho i te pūtake me te ūnga, ki ngā whare putunga ki tāwāhi i ngā pokapū matua o Ūropi, ki te tuku whakamutunga ki te kiritaki whakamutunga.
Ka tukuna e Topway ngā tuku kaipuke utaina-katoa (FCL) me ngā tuku kaipuke iti-i-te-utaina (LCL) mai i Haina ki ngā tauranga matua me ngā taunga tereina puta noa i te ao. He pono tēnei ahakoa he utaina mā te tereina, mā te moana, mā te rangi rānei. Ko te tauira ratonga whakauru a Topway he otinga whai hua, he otinga whakahaere ngaio mō ngā kaihoko hokohoko ipurangi, ngā waitohu whakawhiti-rohe, me ngā kaihanga e hiahia ana ki te whakamahi i te penapena wā me te utu o te utaina tereina ki Tiamana me te kore e raruraru ki te whakahaere i tētahi utaina o te ao maha-wāhanga i a rātou anō. He mātau hoki te kamupene ki ngā mahi whakahaere waka mō Ūropi, me tōna mōhiotanga whānui ki te kawe waka i waenga i a Haina me te US. Nā tēnei ka waiho hei hoa mahi ngāwari mō ngā umanga he maha ngā tono uaua.
Titiro whakamua: He aha nga tau e rima e whai ake nei
He pai te tirohanga roa mō te ara tereina Haina-Tiamana, nā ngā āhuatanga kāore pea e rerekē. I te tau 2030, e matapaetia ana ko te uara o te umanga utanga tereina Haina-Ūropi he USD 31.44 piriona, e piki ana i te tere o te 14.46 ōrau ia tau. Ko te utanga ipu paerewa, e 72% o ngā moni whiwhi i tēnei wā, ka noho tonu hei momo utanga nui rawa atu. Heoi anō, kei te whānui haere ngā wāhanga motuhake utu nui. Mā ngā waka e whakahaeretia ana te pāmahana ka taea te kawe tereina i ngā uta kai me ngā rongoā. Kei te tere ake te whakaurunga tikanga mamati i te wā e pau ana ki te whakawhiti rohe. Ko te pana mō ngā waka tereina hiko kei te whakaiti i ngā tukunga puta noa i te whatunga.
Mā te tipu o te Ara Waenga ka kaha ake tōna pakari. Ko te mahere a Haina ki te whakatakoto $60 piriona ki te pūnaha tereina o Turkey, tae atu ki te ara tereina i waenga i a Istanbul me Ankara, e whakaatu ana kei te kite a Beijing i te ara tonga hei tāpiri nui ki te ara raki, ehara i te whakakapinga. Ka mahi tahi ēnei ara ki te hoatu ki ngā whenua whakawhiti e manaaki ana i te whatunga tereina he maha atu ngā kōwhiringa, he nui ake te mana whiriwhiri, me te nui ake o te tautoko.
Ae, kei reira ngā hau ārai. Kei te puhoi tonu te ara hoki mai i Ūropi ki Haina, ā, ko ngā rahinga kei tōna taumata iti rawa mai i te tau 2017. Kāore i te rite te nui o ngā taonga o ngā utanga tereina e anga ana ki te rawhiti ki ngā utanga e anga ana ki te hauauru, ā, he uaua ake te whakahaere i ngā mahi taurite. Kua haere ētahi taonga ki te Ara Waenga kāore i te tino whanake me te utu nui ake nā te koretake o te tōrangapū i Rūhia. Ā, kei te iti tonu te tono a Haina ki te kāinga, ko te tikanga kāore i te tino rongonui ngā taonga Ūropi e whakakī ana i ngā tereina hoki.
Engari he mea whakamere te kōrero mō te haere ki te hauauru, arā, te kōrero mō Haina me Tiamana. Ka tere ake te pikinga puku o te tereina nā te mea kei te kaweake atu a Haina i ngā taonga, e hiahia ana a Ūropi ki ngā utanga tere-waenga, kei te kaha haere ngā ture oranga tonutanga, ā, kei te piki haere tonu te haumi ki ngā hanganga. Kei te wā tika ngā tereina. Kei te nui haere ngā whatunga. Ā, ko te nui o ngā utanga e neke ana i roto i tēnei ara - miriona ipu me ngā rau piriona tāra - e whakaatu ana kua neke atu i te whakamātautau ki te wāhanga o te hanganga.
Opaniraa
Kua piki ake te utanga tereina i waenga i a Haina me Tiamana i te arawhata whakahaere o te ao, ehara i te mea nā te mea hou, nā te mea hoki he mea whakararuraru, engari nā te mea kei te piki haere tonu te uara. Ka hoatu e ia ki ngā kaituku he wā whakawhiti e rua ki te toru wiki te poto ake i te moana, he hanganga utu e 80% te iti iho i te rangi, me te tapuwae waro e aro nui ana ki ngā kaihoko me ngā kaiwhakahaere Pākehā e aro nui ana ki te oranga tonutanga. Ko te hokinga mai o te tau 2024, i kite i te pikinga 80% o te rahinga, 19,000 tereina, 2.07 miriona ipu, me te uara katoa o ngā hua kua neke atu i te USD 450 piriona, ehara i te mea he huihuinga tatauranga onge. Engari he tohu kei te noho tēnei ara hei wāhanga tuturu o te hokohoko o Ēuropa.
Ko te whakaurunga o te tereina utanga kore-waro tuatahi o te ao i waenga i a Haina me Ūropi ki Hamburg me Duisburg he tohu i tētahi pikinga kounga o ngā mea ka taea e te reriwe te tuku: ehara i te mea he kōwhiringa kawe waka whakataetae noa iho, engari he kōwhiringa matomato tonu, e hangai ana ki ngā whāinga whakaiti waro a Tiamana me ngā whāinga waro-rua a Haina. I te mea e uaua ake ana te ripoata a te EU i ngā tukunga mai i ngā mekameka kaiwhakarato me ngā paerewa o te ao mō te pikinga o te pumau o ngā kamupene, ka nui ake te whai hua o tēnei whakaritenga i roto i te pakihi.
Mō ngā tohunga kawe waka, ngā kaihokohoko ki tāwāhi, ngā kaihokohoko kawemai, me ngā umanga hokohoko ipurangi whakawhiti-rohe e mahi ana i te taha o Haina-Tiamana, he mārama te karere: ehara te rerewē i te huarahi kē hei whakaaroaro ina puhoi rawa te wai, ā, he nui rawa te utu o te hau. He momo matua me tōna ake rautaki ahurei, ā, kei te toa puku.
FAQs
P: Kia pēhea te roa o te wā e pau ana mō te uta tereina mai i Haina ki Tiamana?
A: Ko te roa o ngā wā whakawhiti i waenga i te 13 me te 20 ngā rā, i runga i te wāhi e ahu mai ana te mōkihi me te wāhi e haere atu ana. Hei tauira, e 16 ki te 18 ngā rā e haere ai mai i Chongqing ki Duisburg, ā, e 12 ki te 14 ngā rā e haere ai mai i Xi'an ki Małaszewicze (Pōrana). He rerekē tēnei i te 30–45 ngā rā mā te moana, me te 3–5 ngā rā mā te rangi.
P: He aha te whakatauritenga o te utu utanga tereina ki te utu utanga rererangi me te utu utanga moana?
A: Tata ki te haurima o ngā utu utanga rererangi ngā utu tereina, nō reira koinei te huarahi pai rawa atu mō ngā taonga e hiahia ana kia tere te tae atu engari kāore i te tere. I te nuinga o te wā, he nui ake te utu o te tereina i te utanga moana, ahakoa ka iti haere te rerekētanga ina he raruraru kei te moana, pērā i te wā o te raruraru moana Whero o te tau 2024.
P: He kōwhiringa matomato te utanga tereina mai i Haina ki Tiamana?
Āe. E tukuna ana e ngā utanga tereina te 1/15 o te nui o te CO₂ e te kawe rererangi, me te 1/7 o te nui o te CO₂ e te kawe rori mō ia tana-kiromita. I tīmata a Wuhan i te tereina utanga kore-waro tuatahi mai i Haina ki Ūropi ki Hamburg me Duisburg i te tau 2025. I rere i runga i te hiko matomato, ā, i whakamahia ngā whakakorenga waro kua whaimana.
P: Ka taea e ngā pakihi iti te whakamahi i te utanga tereina mai i Haina ki Tiamana?
Āe. Kei ngā tāone nui o Haina ngā ratonga tereina LCL (iti iho i te utaina o te ipu). Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi rahi-waenga me ngā toa ipurangi te tuku mōkihi iti ake me te kore e hiahiatia kia whakakīia te ipu katoa. Kei te tuku a Topway Shipping me ētahi atu kamupene kawe waka i ngā otinga LCL whakauru tae atu ki te whakakore tikanga me te tuku whakamutunga.
P: He aha ngā mōrearea matua mō ngā utanga tereina Haina-Tiamana?
A: Ko ngā tūponotanga matua ko ngā whakaroa i ngā rohe o Khorgos me Brest-Małaszewicze, ngā raruraru ā-rohe i te ara raki o Rūhia-Belarus, me ngā huringa o te wātaka i ia wā nā te whakahoutanga o ngā hanganga. Ko te Middle Corridor, e haere ana mā Turkey, ā, kei te nui haere, he huarahi kē atu mō ngā kaipuke e hiahia ana ki te whakarerekē i ā rātou ara.
