He aha te tikanga o te CNF? Ngā rerekētanga mai i te FOB me te CIF
Kupu Whakataki
Ki te mahi koe i ngā mahi tauhokohoko ā-ao, ngā utu tuku kaipuke, te hokohoko ipurangi whakawhiti-rohe rānei, kua kite kē koe i ngā kīanga pēnei i te CNF, FOB, me te CIF e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā īmēra me ngā kirimana. He rite tonu te āhua, engari he rerekē te wā o ia kīanga ko wai e utu ana mō te aha, me te wā o wai e tango ana i te mōrearea i ngā wā rerekē o te haerenga.
Ko te hunga kāore e mārama ki ēnei kupu e toru, ka raru pea rātou, ka utu i ngā utu ohorere i te tauranga ūnga, ā, me tatari hoki mō tā rātou kete. Ko te rongo pai, ina mōhio koe ki te mahi a te CNF me tōna rerekētanga mai i te FOB me te CIF, ka māmā ake te whiriwhiri i te huarahi tuku.
E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga i te tikanga tūturu o te CNF i roto i te mahi, tōna rerekētanga mai i te FOB me te CIF, ngā utu me ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki ia taha, me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te kupu pai mō tō pakihi, inā koa mēnā kei te tuku kaipuke koe mai i Haina ki ētahi atu whenua.
He aha te tikanga o te CNF?
CNF me CFR – He ōrite rāua?
E whakamahia ana e te International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) te kupu "CFR" (Utu me te Uta) i roto i ngā Incoterms o nāianei. I te ao tūturu, he maha tonu ngā kaihokohoko, ngā kaituku uta, me ngā kaiwhakarato e whakamahi ana i te CNF, i te C&F rānei, inā koa i Āhia me ngā tuhinga tawhito.
I te whakamahinga o te ao tūturu:
- C&F = CNF = CFR (mō te nuinga o ngā tāngata pakihi)
- E kī ana rātou tokotoru i te kotahitanga:
Ko te kaihoko te utu mō ngā hua me te utu tuku ki te tauranga ūnga. Heoi, i muri i te whakatakotoranga o ngā taonga ki runga i te kaipuke i te tauranga tuku, ka riro i te kaihoko te mōrearea.
Ka taea e koe te whakaaro tika ki a "CNF Los Angeles" me "C&F Hamburg" rānei hei CFR i raro i ngā Incoterms.
Ngā mea e hipokina ana e te CNF
Ko te kaihoko te kawenga mō ngā mea e whai ake nei i raro i te tikanga CNF/CFR:
- Ngā mea me ā rātou takai
- Te kawe i ngā taonga mai i te whenua kaweake ki te tauranga tuku
- Te whakawātea tikanga me ngā tuhinga mō ngā kaweake
- Te whakahaere i te taunga i te tauranga uta (kei runga i ngā tikanga ā-rohe me te kirimana)
- Ko te utanga moana matua (te utu me te utanga) ka haere ki te tauranga ūnga kua tohua.
Ko te kaihoko te kawenga mō:
- Inihuarangatia (ki te kore e whiwhi motuhake)
- Tērā pea ka ngaro, ka pakaru rānei ina tae mai ngā taonga ki runga i te kaipuke.
- Ngā utu i te tauranga ūnga (te tango me te whakahaere i te taunga mena kāore i roto i te utu utanga)
- Ngā tari kawemai me ngā taake me te whakakore i ngā tikanga tuku iho
- Te kawe waka mā runga whenua mai i te tauranga ūnga ki te wāhi tuku whakamutunga
He mea nui: Ko te kaihoko te kawenga mō te kawe i ngā taonga ki te tauranga ūnga i raro i te CNF, engari ka tere ake te pahemo o te mōrearea, i te tauranga tuku i te wā e eke ana te utanga ki runga.
Te Mahi a te CNF i roto i tētahi Tukunga Noa
He Horopaki Ngāwari mō te Hipanga-i-te-Tauira
Whakaarohia tētahi kaihokohoko i Shenzhen e tuku ana i ngā papa hiko e 10 ki tētahi kaihoko i Los Angeles mā CNF Los Angeles:
- Ka whakarite te kaihokohoko kia haria ngā taonga e ngā taraka mai i tō rātou whare putunga ki te tauranga o Yantian, ki te tauranga o Shekou rānei i Shenzhen.
- Mā te kaihoko e tiaki te tuku i ngā taonga mā roto i ngā tikanga tuku taonga i Haina.
- Mā te kaihoko e whakarite ngā whakaritenga mō te utanga moana mai i Shenzhen ki te Tauranga o Los Angeles.
- Kia eke ngā ipu ki runga i te kaipuke, ka riro i te kaihoko te mōrearea.
- Ka haere te poti ki Los Angeles. Ko te kaihoko te kawenga mō ngā kino katoa e pā ana ki ngā hua i muri i te utaina, pērā i te kino o te moana pūkeri, ki te kore rātou i hoko mai. inihua utanga.
- I Los Angeles, ka utua e te kaihoko (te kaihoko rānei, te kaikawe utanga rānei):
- Utu i te tauranga ūnga
- Te whakawātea tikanga, ngā taake, me ngā takoha
- Te kawe i ngā taonga ki tō rātou whare putunga, ki te pokapū whakatutuki rānei mā te whenua
Ko te kaihoko tonu te kawenga mō ngā kino, ngā ngaronga rānei ka pā mai i te wā o te haerenga, ahakoa kua utua e te kaihoko te "utu me te utanga" ki Los Angeles i mua.
CNF vs FOB vs CIF: Ngā Rerekētanga Matua
Kia mārama ai ngā rerekētanga, he pai ki te whakatairite i te tangata e utu ana mō te aha, me te wā ka whakawhiti te mōrearea ki ngā ringaringa.
Whakataurite Taumata-Tiketike
- FOB (Kore utu i runga Papa)Ka wawe ake te utu me te mōrearea o te kaihoko.
- CNF/CFR (Utu me te Utu Utu)Ko te kaihoko te utu mō te utanga moana, engari ko te mōrearea ka neke ki te kaihoko i te tauranga utanga.
- CIF (Utu, Inihua, me te Kawenga)He rite tonu tēnei ki te CNF mō te utu me te mōrearea, engari ka whakatūria anō hoki e te kaihoko te inihua iti rawa.
Ngā Kawenga mā te Wā
Anei tētahi ripanga whakatairite māmā:
| āhuatanga | FOB (Kore utu i runga Papa) | CNF / CFR (Utu me te Utu Utu) | CIF (Utu, Inihua me te Kawenga) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mā wai e whakarite ngā tikanga kaweake? | Kaihoko i te nuinga o te wā | kaihoko | kaihoko |
| Ko wai te utu mō te kawe waka ki uta (kaweake)? | Kaihoko i te nuinga o te wā | kaihoko | kaihoko |
| Ko wai e utu ana i ngā utanga matua o te moana? | kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko |
| Mā wai e whakarite te inihua utanga? | Kaihoko i te nuinga o te wā | Kaihoko (kāore i te whakaurua mā te taunoa) | Kaihoko (he iti rawa te hipoki) |
| Te wāhi e whakawhiti ai te mōrearea | Ina eke ngā taonga ki runga i te tauranga uta | Ina eke ngā taonga ki runga i te tauranga uta | Ina eke ngā taonga ki runga i te tauranga uta |
| Ko wai e utu ana i ngā utu tauranga ūnga? | kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko |
| Ko wai e whakahaere ana i ngā taake me ngā taake kawemai? | kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko |
| Te whakamahi angamaheni | E hiahia ana te kaihoko ki te whakahaere i ngā utanga me ngā kaikawe | E hiahia ana te kaihoko kia utua e te kaihoko te utu utanga engari me whakahaere motuhake te mōrearea/inihua | E hiahia ana te kaihoko ki te utunga me te inihua taketake |
E kī ana ngā kīanga e toru ka puta te whakawhiti mōrearea i te wā kotahi: ina utaina te utanga ki runga i te kaipuke i te tauranga tuku. Ko te mea nui e rerekē ana ko wai e utu ana mō te tuku me wai e whiwhi inihua.
CNF me FOB: Ko wai me whakamahi i tēhea?
Ina nui ake te whai tikanga o te FOB
He tino rongonui te FOB i waenga i ngā kaihoko nui me ngā kaihokohoko mātau ki te kawemai. Mēnā he maha ngā wā e pai ake ai:
- He pai ngā hononga a te kaihoko ki ngā kamupene kaipuke, ki ngā kaituku utanga rānei, me te utu hoki.
- Ko te kaihoko e hiahia ana kia waiho hei kawenga mō:
- Te whiriwhiri i tētahi kaikawe
- Ngā wātaka mō te whakatere waka
- Ngā tauira o te ara me te whakawhiti kaipuke
- He pai ngā pūnaha tirohanga a te kaihoko, ā, ka taea e ia te tāpiri raraunga utanga ki tā rātou ake ERP/WMS.
Ina eke ngā taonga ki runga i te kaipuke, ka utua e te kaihoko te utu mō te utanga moana, ā, ko ia te kaiwhakahaere o te utanga. Mena e mōhio ana te kaihoko ki te mākete, ā, he nui tōna mana whiriwhiri, ka taea e tēnei te whakaiti i ngā utu katoa.
Ina He Watea Ake te CNF
He ātaahua te CNF ina:
- E hiahia ana te kaihoko ki tētahi whakatau utu e māmā ake ai te mārama, ā, kei roto hoki te utu tuku mā te moana ki te tauranga e haerea ana.
- Kei te ako tonu te kiritaki i ngā mahi whakahaere taonga, ā, e hiahia ana ia kia whakahaerehia e te kaihoko te taha kaipuke me te taha kaweake.
- Kāore te kaihoko e hoko nui ana, ā, tērā pea kāore e taea e ia te utu i ngā utu kaipuke pai ake.
- He pai te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te kaihoko me te kaihoko, ā, he pono te kaituku taonga a te kaihoko.
I roto i te hokohoko ipurangi whakawhiti-rohe, ko te tikanga ka whiriwhiri te kaihoko i ngā utu CNF ki tētahi tauranga nui, ā, mā ōna hoa mahi ā-rohe e whakahaere te whakakore i ngā tikanga tuku iho me te tuku whakamutunga.
CNF me CIF: He aha te rerekētanga tūturu?
He rite tonu te āhua o te CIF me te CNF i runga i te pepa. Ko te inihua te rerekētanga matua.
Te kawenga inihua
- Kāore te kaihoko e hiahia ki te whakarato inihua i raro i te CNF/CFR. Mena kei te hiahia te kaihoko ki te tiaki i a ia e haere ana i te moana, me whai inihua utanga anō ia.
- I raro i te CIF, me whiwhi te kaihoko i te iti rawa he inihua utanga taketake (ko te tikanga ko ngā Ture Utu Kawenga Institute C, he mea rite rānei) e kapi ana i te iti rawa te uara o te nama me te 10%. Ko te tikanga o tēnei he tiaki taketake mēnā ka puta he mate nui.
Engari ko te wā e whakawhitia ai te mōrearea he rite tonu mō te CNF me te CIF: ina kei runga te utanga i te kaipuke. Kāore te inihua e whakarerekē i te whakawhiti ture o te mōrearea; ka hoatu noa he kupenga haumaru ki a koe.
Nga Mahi Whakatika
I roto i te mahi:
- Ko te CIF te tikanga whānui e whakamahia ana ina kore ngā kaihoko e mōhio nui ki te inihua, ā, e hiahia ana rātou ki tētahi otinga e kapi ana i ngā mea katoa.
- He pai ake ki ētahi kaihoko atamai te CNF, ā, ka whakatū i tā rātou ake inihua whānui, pērā i te Institute Cargo Clauses A (ngā mōrearea katoa), e hangai ana ki tā rātou ake kōtaha mōrearea.
Ki te whakaranua e koe te CNF me te CIF, ka whakaaro pea koe kei roto te inihua i te mea kāore, ā, i muri i te ngaronga o te inihua ka kitea kāore he kaupapa here. Koia te mea nui kia pānuihia te kupu me te āta mohio kei roto te inihua.
Wehenga Utu me te Mōrearea: CNF vs FOB vs CIF
Hei kite i te pānga o ia kupu ki ngā pūtea a te kaihoko, he mea āwhina ki te whakaaro i te tawhiti o te kawenga a te kaihoko.
Te Utu mō ia Wā
Whakaarohia he maha ngā wāhanga o te haerenga:
- Te wheketere, te whare putunga rānei a te kaihoko
- Te kawe waka ki uta ki te tauranga kaweake
- Te whakahaere i te tauranga kaweake me te whakakore i ngā tikanga tuku iho
- Utu moana ki te tauranga e haerea ana
- Ngā utu mō te tauranga ūnga
- Te kawe taraka mai i te tauranga ki te whare putunga o te kaihoko
He huarahi māmā ake ki te tirotiro ko wai te kawenga mō ngā utu:
| Wāhanga o te Haerenga | FOB | CNF / CFR | Cif |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Te wheketere/whare putunga a te kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko |
| 2. Te kawe taraka ki uta ki te tauranga kaweake | kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko |
| 3. Te whakahaere i ngā tikanga kaweake me te tauranga (taha kaweake) | kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko |
| 4. Utu moana ki te tauranga ūnga | kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko |
| 5. Inihuarangatia mō te waewae moana | Kaihoko (mēnā e hiahiatia ana) | Kaihoko (mēnā e hiahiatia ana) | kaihoko |
| 6. Ngā utu tauranga ūnga | kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko |
| 7. Te kawe taraka ki uta ki te whare putunga o te kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko | kaihoko |
E tohu ana tēnei whakaritenga ka nui ake ngā utu a te CNF me te CIF ki te kaihoko, engari kāore e nui ake te mōrearea. Kei te neke tonu te mōrearea i te tauranga uta.
Ngā Māramatanga Noa mō te CNF
"Ko te Kaihoko te Kawenga kia Tae rā anō ngā Taonga ki te Tauranga e Haerea Ana"
He tokomaha te hunga e whakaaro ana ko te kaihoko anake te kai i te mōrearea katoa tae noa ki te taenga o ngā taonga ki te tauranga ūnga nā te mea ko rātou te utu mō te tuku. Kāore e pērā te āhua o te CNF. Kia eke ngā taonga ki runga, ka tukuna turetia te mōrearea ki te tauranga uta.
Ko te tikanga tēnei, mēnā ka pakaru te utanga i te wā e haere ana, ā, kāore he inihua, ko te kaihoko te tangata hei utu, ahakoa kāore rātou i tuhi i te utu utanga.
"Kei roto i te CNF ngā utu katoa mō te haerenga"
Kei roto i te CNF te utu me te utanga ki te tauranga ūnga, ahakoa kāore e whakaurua aunoatia:
- Ngā utu whakahaere i te taunga ūnga
- Ngā utu mō te penapena taonga ki te tauranga
- Ngā utu mō ngā tirotiro a te tari tāke (mēnā he utu)
- Ngā taake pēnei i te VAT, ngā takoha, me ētahi atu
- Te kawe taonga i runga whenua
Ka taea te tāpiri i ēnei whakapaunga mō te taenga ki te ūnga. Me pātai tonu ngā kaihoko ki tā rātou kaikawe taonga, ki tā rātou hoa mahi kawe taonga rānei, mō ngā utu ūnga noa mō ā rātou taonga me te ūnga.
"He iti ake te utu o te CNF i te FOB"
I ētahi wā ka tukuna e ngā kaiwhakarato he utu CNF pai hei whakapai ake i tā rātou tuku, engari ka taea e rātou te whakamahi i:
- Ngā ara roa mō te kawe waka
- Ngā kaikawe kāore i te tino pono
- Ngā utu tāpiri e huna ana i roto i ngā utu whakahaere, utu pepa rānei mō te ūnga
Ka iti ake te utu o te FOB mēnā he pai ngā utu tuku a te kaihoko, ā, ko ngā huarahi pai rawa atu hei whiriwhiri māna. Ko te kōwhiringa "tino iti te utu" i runga i te pepa, ehara i te mea he iti rawa te utu.
Āhea koe me whiriwhiri ai i te CNF?
Ngā Whakamahinga Pai mō te CNF
Ina he whakaaro pai te CNF:
- He hou koe ki te kawemai, ā, e hiahia ana koe kia tiakina e te kaihoko ngā wāhanga uaua o te kaweake.
- He toharite tō rahinga, ā, kāore i te nui tō mana hoko ina tae mai ki te utanga.
- Kei te tuku taonga koe ki ngā tauranga pukumahi o te ao pēnei i a Los Angeles, New York, Rotterdam, Hamburg, Singapore, me ētahi atu he iti, he ngāwari hoki ki te mārama ngā utu kaipuke.
- He pai ake ki a koe te mahi tahi me tētahi kaituku taonga ā-rohe i te taha e haere atu ana, e mōhio ana ki tō mākete, ki ngā ture tikanga, me ngā huarahi pai ki te whakatutuki i ngā mea.
Ina Kāore pea te CNF i te Tino Pai
Mena kāore te CNF i te tika mōu, kāore pea i te tika:
- E hiahia ana koe kia kite me te whakahaere i ngā utu o ngā mea katoa mai i te wheketere ki te whare putunga.
- Me whai wā motuhake koe mō ngā waka, mō ngā kaikawe rānei, hei taurite i ngā wā e taea ai e tō whare putunga te whiwhi taonga, ina rānei he hui whakarite tāu ki te Amazon FBA.
- He kaha ā koutou kirimana utanga, kei roto rānei koutou i tētahi rōpū kaihoko e whiwhi ana i ngā utu pai ake.
- Me whakauru e tō kaiwhakarato ratonga kawe taonga te inihua whakauru, te aroturuki, me te tātari raraunga.
He pai ake te FOB, te EXW rānei (Ex Works) me tāu ake otinga utanga i ētahi wā.
Ngā Tohutohu Whaihua mō te Whakamahi i te CNF i roto i ngā Kirimana Tuturu
Kia Tika te Mōhiotanga mō te Tauranga kua Whakaingoatia
Me kī tonu te tauranga ūnga tuturu, pēnei:
- CNF o Los Angeles
- CNF Niu Ioka (NY/NJ)
- CNF Rotterdam
- CNF Felixstowe
Kaua e whakamahi i ngā kupu whānui pēnei i te “CNF USA” me te “CNF Europe” rānei. Mēnā he tino motuhake tāu kupu, he iti ake te tūponotanga ka hē te whakaaro o tētahi.
Whakamāramahia ko wai ka utu i ngā utu tauranga
Pātai atu ki tō kaiwhakarato, ki tō hoa uta rānei:
- E hipokina ana e te utu CNF te whakahaere i te taunga kaweake?
- He "utu ā-rohe" kei te pūtake ka utua motuhaketia?
- He aha ngā utu mō te tauranga ūnga?
He tino whai hua te tiki i tētahi wehewehenga utu tauira mō tētahi uta kua tukuna kētia.
Kōrerohia te Inihuarangatia me te Mārama
Kāore te inihua i te whakaurua i roto i te CNF i te taunoa. Kōwhiria:
- Ka whiwhi koe i tāu ake inihua utanga?
- E hiahia ana koe kia whakaratohia he inihua e te kaihoko, e te kamupene kaipuke rānei pērā i a Topway Shipping hei taonga tāpiri?
- He aha te taumata kapinga e hiahiatia ana e koe? (iti rawa, mōrearea katoa rānei)
Mā te whakamahi i tētahi reo poto hei whakamārama i te inihua i roto i tō kirimana ka āwhina i a koe ki te karo i ngā raruraru ā muri ake nei.
Te Whakamahinga a te Hokohoko Ipurangi Whakawhiti-Rohe i te CNF, FOB, me te CIF
He mea tino nui ēnei kīanga mō tō mahere whakahaere ratonga ina mahi koe i te hokohoko ipurangi whakawhiti-rohe, inā koa mai i Haina ki te US me Ūropi:
- Ka taea e ngā umanga hokohoko ipurangi iti me te rahi te whiriwhiri i te CNF, i te CIF rānei hei whakahaere i ngā mahi kaweake, me te utu i tētahi hoa mahi kawe taonga ki te wāhi e haere atu ana hei tiaki i ngā tikanga me ngā mahi whakamutunga.
- He maha ngā wā ka huri ngā kaihoko nui ake, ngā kaiwhakakotahi rānei ki te FOB, ka whakamahi i ā rātou ake whakaritenga kua whiriwhiria me ngā kaikawe moana me ngā kaiwhakauru.
Ehara i te mea he ariā noa iho; ka pā ki tō rere moni, ki ngā wā arahi, ki te whakamahere taonga, me te whakaaro o ō kaihoko ki a koe. Ko te rautaki whakahaere taonga pai ka whakakotahi i ngā Incoterms i runga i te momo taonga, te rahinga o te uta, me te wāhi e tukuna atu ai.
Me pēhea te āwhina a Topway Shipping ki ngā tuku CNF, FOB, me CIF
Kei Shenzhen, Haina a Topway Shipping, ā, he kaiwhakarato ngaio ia mō ngā otinga whakahaere hokohoko ipurangi whakawhiti-rohe mai i te tau 2010. Ko te tikanga tēnei ka mahi mātou me ēnei Incoterms i ia rā mō ngā rau tuku.
Neke atu i te 15 tau te wheako o te hunga i tīmata i tā mātou kamupene ki ngā mahi kawe taonga o te ao me te whakawātea tikanga, inā koa i waenga i a Haina me te US. Ka taea e mātou te āwhina i a koe ki te tuku kaipuke i raro i te CNF/CFR, FOB, CIF rānei:
- Tirohia te utu whānui o te whenua i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē.
- Kia mōhio ki te wāhi e neke ai te mōrearea, me pēhea te whakarite i tō inihua.
- Kōwhiria te utanga pai rawa atu mō te roa o te haere, te pono, me te utu.
Kei a mātou ngā ratonga mō te mekameka kawe katoa, pērā i te kawe waka tuatahi mai i ngā wheketere me ngā whare putunga puta noa i Haina, te whakakotahitanga, me te whakahaere mō ngā kaweake. Kei a mātou ngā hongere hokohoko ipurangi me ngā hongere hokohoko ki tāwāhi. whare patu, te whakawātea tikanga i ngā mākete nui, me ngā otinga tuku whakamutunga i hangaia mō rātou anake.
Ka whakaratohia hoki e mātou ngā ratonga utanga moana mai i Haina ki ngā tauranga matua o te ao, arā, ko ngā utanga ipu-katoa (FCL) me ngā utanga ipu-iti iho (LCL). Ehara i te mea he kaiwhakarato utanga noa iho a Topway Shipping; engari he hoa mahi hoki rātou mōu. Ka taea e rātou te āwhina i a koe ki te whakatau mēnā ko te CNF, FOB, CIF rānei te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu mō tō tukunga e whai ake nei, kātahi ka whakahaere i te katoa mai i te tīmatanga ki te mutunga.
Opaniraa
I runga i te nama nama pro forma, ehara i te mea he waehere reta-toru noa iho te CNF, FOB, me te CIF. Ka whakatakotohia e ēnei ngā ture mō ō whanaungatanga arumoni ki tāwāhi, pērā i te tangata e utu ana mō te aha, te tangata e tango ana i ngā mōrearea, me te pehea e taea ai te matapae i ō utu me ō wā tuku.
Hei whakarāpopoto i ngā kōrero tino nui:
- Ko te tikanga o te CNF (CFR) ko te kaihoko te utu mō ngā utu nui o te uta moana ki te tauranga ūnga kua tohua. Heoi, ko te kaihoko te kawenga mō te mōrearea ina utaina ngā taonga ki runga i te kaipuke.
- Mā te FOB ka nui ake te mana whakahaere me ngā utu a te kiritaki nā te mea ko rātou te kaipupuri i ngā utanga nui, ā, he pai ake te whakaurunga me te kitea.
- He rite te CIF ki te CNF, engari he iti noa te inihua e whakatūria ana e te kaihoko, hei tiaki i te kaihoko i te wā e rere ana te kaipuke i te moana.
Ko tāu whiriwhiri i ēnei kīanga ka whakawhirinaki ki te nui o tō wheako ki ngā mahi kawe taonga, te nui o tō mana ki te whiriwhiri tahi me ngā kaikawe, me te mea he pai ake ki a koe te ngāwari, te mana whakahaere rānei. Mena e mōhio ana koe ki te nui o te kapinga utu, te whakawhiti mōrearea, me te tangata e tika ana kia utua ngā utu inihua me ngā utu ūnga, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri i ngā kirimana pai ake, ā, ka ārai i ngā ohorere kino i te tauranga.
Ina mahi tahi koe me tētahi hoa mahi kawe taonga e mōhio ana ki tā rātou mahi, inā koa mō te hokohoko ipurangi whakawhiti-rohe, ka taea e koe te huri i ēnei ture ariā hei otinga tuku kaipuke tūturu, pono hoki. Koinei te wāhi e tino āwhina ai ngā whakahaere pēnei i a Topway Shipping. Ka taea e rātou te whakawhanake me te whakahaere i ngā rerenga CNF, FOB, CIF rānei e mahi tahi ana me tō tauira pakihi, ō mākete, me ngā mea e hiahiatia ana e ō kaihoko.
FAQs
P: He Incoterm mana tonu a CNF, me whakamahi rānei au i te CFR?
A: E ai ki ngā Incoterms hou a te International Chamber of Commerce, ko te kupu mana ko CFR (Cost and Freight), ehara i te CNF. Engari i te ao tūturu, he maha tonu ngā kaiwhakarato, ngā kaituku utanga, me ngā kaihokohoko e whakamahi ana i te CNF, i te C&F rānei hei kupu tawhito. I roto i tētahi kirimana, he rite tonu te tikanga o te CNF ki te CFR. Kia mārama ai te katoa, he mea tika kia tuhia te "CFR (Cost and Freight)" i roto i ngā kirimana whaimana, ā, kia whakaae ngā taha katoa ki tōna tikanga.
Q: I raro i te CNF, ko wai te kawenga mēnā ka pakaru ngā taonga i te wā e haere ana i te moana?
A: Ki te CNF/CFR, ka neke te mōrearea mai i te kaihoko ki te kaihoko ina whakatakotoria ngā taonga ki runga i te kaipuke i te tauranga tuku. Ko te tikanga tēnei ko te kaihoko te kawenga mō ngā kino katoa o ngā hua e pā ana ki te haerenga moana, ahakoa i utua e te kaihoko te utu tuku. Me utu pea e te kaihoko te mate mēnā kāore he kaupapa here inihua motuhake. Koia te take me hoko e te hunga e whakamahi ana i te CNF tā rātou ake inihua utanga, me tono rānei ki te kaihokohoko, ki te kaiwhakarato ratonga kawe rānei kia mahi mā rātou.
P: He aha te rerekētanga o te CIF mai i te CNF i roto i ngā mahi o ia rā?
A: Ko te rerekētanga matua ko te inihua. He maha ngā wā ka whakarite inihua te kaihoko ina hoko ana i tētahi mea mā te whakamahi i te CNF. Ki te CIF, me whiwhi te kaihoko i te inihua utanga taketake hei painga mō te kaihoko. Ko te tikanga ka hipokina e tēnei te uara nama me te 10%. Engari ka noho tonu te wā e huri ai te mōrearea: ina kei runga ngā hua i te tauranga kawe. Kāore te CIF e whakarerekē i te whakawhiti mōrearea ture; ka tāpiri noa i tētahi kupenga haumaru inihua.
Q: He aha te take e pai ake ai te nuinga o ngā kaihokohoko mātau ki te FOB, kaua ki te CNF, ki te CIF rānei?
A: He pai ake ki te nuinga o ngā kaikawemai mātau te FOB nā te mea ka nui ake te mana whakahaere mō te tukanga tuku, tae atu ki te whiriwhiri i te kaikawe, te huarahi, me te wātaka. He maha ā rātou hononga pai me ngā kirimana kua whiriwhiria me ngā kaituku utanga, ngā raina tuku rānei, ka taea ai e rātou te whiwhi utu pai ake me te ratonga pono ake. Mā te FOB, he māmā ake mā rātou te tāpiri i te aroturuki, te raraunga, me te whakahaere mōrearea ki ā rātou ake pūnaha. Ko te tikanga o te FOB he nui ake te kawenga, engari mō ngā kaihoko nui ake, uaua ake rānei, he iti ake ngā utu katoa me te pai ake o te mahi.
P: Ka taea e au te whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga CNF engari me tono tonu ki taku hoa mahi kawe waka kia whakahaere i te whakawātea tikanga me te tuku whakamutunga?
Āe, he huarahi rongonui tēnei ki te mahi pakihi puta noa i ngā rohe. Ka taea e koe te kōrero ki tō kaiwhakarato mō ngā tikanga CNF e uru ana ki te taha kaweake me te uta nui ki te moana ki te tauranga ūnga. Whai muri i tēnā, ka taea e koe te utu i tētahi hoa mahi kawe taonga pēnei i a Topway Shipping hei tiaki i te whakakorenga tikanga, te tatau i ngā takoha me ngā taake, te whakahaere i te tauranga ūnga, me te tuku i te maero whakamutunga ki tō whare putunga, ki tō pokapū whakatutuki rānei. Mā tēnei huinga ka māmā ake ngā mahi i te taha kaweake, engari ka hoatu tonu ki a koe te mana whakahaere me te ngāwari ki te ūnga.
