Kuchokera ku Shenzhen kupita ku Vienna: Buku Lotsogolera Gawo ndi Gawo la Ogulitsa Zinthu Zoyamba Kugulitsa
Introduction
Kutumiza zinthu kuchokera ku Shenzhen kupita ku Vienna kumamveka kosavuta mpaka mutachitadi zimenezo. Kenako mafunso amabwera mwachangu komanso mozama. Ndi njira iti yotumizira katundu yomwe ingakhale yoyenera pa katundu wanga? Ndi zikalata ziti zomwe zimafunika pa kasitomu ku Austria? Kodi ndingawerengere bwanji mtengo weniweni wofika? Kodi katundu wanga ku Hamburg ndi wotani?
Bukuli likufotokoza bwino phokoso lake. Zonsezi zili m'mawu osavuta, ndipo zikugwirizana ndi deta yaposachedwa ya msika wa 2025/2026 - kuyambira kusankha njira zanu zotumizira katundu mpaka kuchotsa katundu wa EU. Kaya ndi oda yanu yoyamba pa Alibaba ngati bizinesi yaying'ono yogulitsa pa intaneti kapena ndinu kampani yokhazikika yapakatikati yomwe ikukonzekera kumanga unyolo wodalirika wogulira katundu ku China ndi Europe.
Austria ndi dziko lopanda anthu ambiri pakati pa Europe, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti katundu yense wa panyanja ayenera kutumizidwa kudzera pa doko lolowera, nthawi zambiri Hamburg, Rotterdam kapena madoko a Adriatic a Trieste kapena Koper, asananyamulidwe kapena kutumizidwa ku Vienna ndi sitima. Malo amenewo amafotokoza zonse zokhudza momwe mumakonzekera, mtengo wake, komanso momwe mumagwirira ntchito kutumiza katundu kuchokera ku China kupita ku Austria. Kukonza zinthu kuyambira pachiyambi kudzakupulumutsirani nthawi, ndalama komanso kukhumudwa kwambiri.
Kumvetsetsa Korido ya Shenzhen-Vienna
Shenzhen ndiye likulu la mafakitale ndi zinthu zaku China. Doko lake, Yantian International Container Terminal, ndi limodzi mwa madera otanganidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kuyandikira kwake ndi makampani kudera lonse la Guangdong kumapangitsa kuti likhale malo oyambira kutumiza katundu wambiri wopita ku Europe.
Vienna ndi likulu la dziko la Austria komanso malo olumikizirana katundu ku Central ndi Eastern Europe. Limalumikizidwa bwino ndi sitima, msewu ndi ndege, ndipo katundu wotumizidwa ku Vienna akhoza kufika ku Bratislava, Budapest kapena Prague mkati mwa maola ochepa. Vienna ndi malo abwino otumizira katundu kwa ogulitsa katundu omwe akufuna kupita ku Austria yokha.
Njira yolumikizira mizinda iwiriyi ndi yokhwima komanso yopikisana. Magalimoto ambiri otumizira katundu amatumikira njira zapanyanja zochokera ku China kupita ku Europe. Kuyambira mu 2020, katundu wa njanji M'mphepete mwa msewu wa Belt ndi Road kwakula kwambiri. Mabungwe a ndege aku China adayambitsa maulendo atsopano pafupifupi 2,900 oyendera anthu ochokera ku China kupita ku Europe mu nyengo yachilimwe ya 2025, ndipo ndege iliyonse yayikulu ili ndi matani 10-15 a katundu wonyamula m'mimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katundu wonyamula katundu akwere. Zotsatira zake: zosankha zambiri, mpikisano waukulu, komanso - kwa otumiza kunja odziwa zambiri - mitengo yabwino kuposa yomwe msika wawonapo kwa zaka zambiri.
Kusankha Njira Yoyenera Yotumizira
Chisankho chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri chomwe mungapange ndi momwe mungasamutsire katundu wanu. Palibe yankho limodzi lolondola pazochitika zonse - zimatengera kuchuluka kwa katundu wanu, kufunikira kwake, mtengo wake, ndi bajeti yake.
Ocean Freight (FCL ndi LCL)
Kunyamula katundu m'nyanja ndiye njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yogulira katundu wamkulu, wosafunika mwachangu ndipo ndiye maziko a malonda a China-Europe. Muli ndi njira ziwiri zazing'ono: Kunyamula katundu wonse (FCL) komwe mumasungitsa chidebe chonse cha mamita 20 kapena mamita 40, ndi Kunyamula katundu Wosakwana Mamita (LCL) komwe katundu wanu amagawana malo ndi katundu wa otumiza ena.
Ngati katundu wanu ali ndi ma cubic metres 10-12 kapena kuposerapo, FCL nthawi zambiri ndiyo njira yoyenera, koma LCL nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika mtengo. FCL imakupatsaninso ulamuliro wowonjezereka, katundu wanu amakhala wotsekedwa ndipo sakhudzidwa ndi munthu wina aliyense paulendo. LCL ndi njira yabwino kwa ogulitsa ang'onoang'ono omwe sangathe kudzaza chidebe koma akufuna kuchepetsa ndalama zoyendera panyanja.
Popeza Austria ilibe doko, katundu wa panyanja nthawi zonse amakhala ndi gawo lofunikira mkati mwa dzikolo. Kuyenda ndi magalimoto akuluakulu kuchokera ku Hamburg kupita ku Vienna kumawonjezera pafupifupi 900 km ndipo kumawononga USD 900-1,400 pa chidebe chilichonse kutengera nthawi ya chaka komanso kusungitsa pasadakhale. Kuchokera ku Koper kapena Trieste kuli pafupi ndi 500 km ndipo kulumikizana kwa sitima zamakono kumapangitsa kuti msewu wa Adriatic uwu ukhale wosangalatsa kwambiri.
Kutumiza kwa Air
Kunyamula katundu pandege ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri ngati liwiro ndi lofunika kwambiri kuposa mtengo, kapena ngati katundu wanu ndi wokwera mtengo komanso wotsika. Ntchito zonyamula katundu zomwe zakonzedwa ku Vienna International Airport (VIE) zikuphatikizaponso Shenzen Bao'an International Airport (SZX), Shanghai Pudong (PVG) ndi Guangzhou Baiyun (CAN).
Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2026, mitengo yonyamula katundu kuchokera ku China kupita ku Austria kuchokera ku China kupita ku Austria inali pafupifupi USD 3.80 pa kilogalamu, kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mitengo yokwera kwambiri ya 2024-2025, chifukwa cha makampani opanga ndege aku China omwe adadzaza msika ndi mphamvu zatsopano zonyamula katundu mu 2025. Uwu ndi mwayi wabwino kwa ogulitsa zinthu zomwe zimafuna nthawi kapena zotsika mtengo. Nthawi yoyendera kuchokera kunyumba kupita kunyumba poganiza kuti zikalata zovomerezeka nthawi zambiri zimakhala masiku 5-8 ogwira ntchito.
Express Courier
Pa katundu wolemera wosakwana 100 kg, ntchito zotumizira mwachangu - DHL, FedEx, UPS kapena SF Express - ndi njira yachangu komanso yothandiza kwambiri yotumizira. DHL, yomwe imachoka ku likulu lake lalikulu ku Europe ku Leipzig/Halle, imatumiza kuchokera ku China kupita ku ma adilesi aku Austria mkati mwa masiku atatu kapena asanu ogwira ntchito. FedEx ndi UPS zalengeza kuwonjezeka kwa mitengo yonse ndi 5.9% pamene tikuyandikira chaka cha 2026 kotero yerekezerani mitengo mosamala musanasungitse. Express ndi yoyenera zitsanzo, kubwezeretsanso mwachangu komanso malonda ang'onoang'ono pa intaneti.
Kutumiza Njanji
Sitima yapamtunda ya China-Europe kudzera pa Belt and Road ndi malo apakati pakati pa nyanja ndi mpweya: nthawi yoyendera ya masiku pafupifupi 18-25 pamitengo yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi katundu wa pandege. Njirazi nthawi zambiri zimayambira ku Yiwu, Xi'an kapena Chongqing ndipo zimapita ku Austria kudzera mu msewu kudzera ku Poland kapena Hungary. Mphamvu yowonjezera yotumizira ku Central Europe ikuwonjezeredwa ndi ntchito yatsopano ya Suparna Airlines yonyamula katundu wonse pamsewu wa Chongqing-Liege, womwe unayamba mu Januwale 2026 ndi ndege za B777, mpaka kanayi pa sabata. Katundu amatumizidwa mosavuta kupita ku Vienna.
Gome ili m'munsimu likufotokoza mwachidule miyezo yofunika kwambiri ya njira iliyonse kutengera deta ya msika wa 2026:
| Njira Yotumiza | Nthawi Yoyenda (Khomo ndi Khomo) | Mtengo Wachibale | Zabwino Kwambiri |
| FCL Ocean Freight | Masiku 30-40 + kunyamula katundu wamkati | Otsika kwambiri pa CBM | Ma voliyumu akulu, katundu wosafulumira |
| LCL Ocean Freight | masiku 35-45 | Wapakatikati | Yaing'ono-yapakatikati, yotsika mtengo |
| Kutumiza Njanji | masiku 18-25 | sing'anga | Kuchuluka kwa voliyumu yapakati, liwiro/ndalama |
| Kutumiza kwa Air | masiku 5-8 | High | Katundu wamtengo wapatali, wosamva nthawi |
| Express Courier | masiku 3-5 | Wammwambamwamba | Zitsanzo, maphukusi osakwana 100 kg |
Kuwerengera Mtengo Wanu Weniweni Wofikira
Chimodzi mwa zolakwa zazikulu zomwe anthu obwereketsa katundu amachita koyamba ndikusokoneza mtengo wa katundu ndi mtengo wonse. Mtengo wa katundu ndi chinthu chimodzi chokha, Mtengo weniweni wa katundu wofika, ndalama zonse zomwe mukulipira kuti musamutse katundu kuchokera ku fakitale ya Shenzhen kupita ku nyumba yanu yosungiramo katundu ku Vienna, ndi ndalama zina zomwe ngati sizili mu bajeti zingawononge bajeti yanu ndi 20-35%.
Mtengo wamba wa VAT ku Austria ndi 20% pa mtengo wa CIF (Mtengo + Inshuwalansi + Katundu mpaka kufika polowera ku EU) kuphatikiza misonkho ina iliyonse yokhudzana ndi kasitomu. Misonkho ya kasitomu ku EU imakhudza zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mtengo wapakati wa EU wolowera kunja ndi pafupifupi 2 peresenti, ndipo pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya zinthu zitha kutumizidwa kunja popanda msonkho, koma mitengo imatha kufika pa 12 peresenti kapena kuposerapo m'magulu enaake - nsalu, zamagetsi, makina. Choyamba, muyenera kudziwa HS code yanu kuti muthe kudziwa bwino udindo wanu.
Samalani ndi ndalama zowonjezera zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasiyidwa pamitengo, kuwonjezera pa misonkho ndi VAT. Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF) pa katundu wa panyanja, mtengo wa mafuta, umawonjezera USD 200-600 pa chidebe chilichonse panjira zoyendera kuchokera ku Asia kupita ku Northern Europe. Ndalama zowonjezera za mafuta onyamula katundu wa pandege kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2025 zinali USD 3.50-4.50 pa kilo. Kuyenda ndi magalimoto ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku madoko aku Europe kupita ku Vienna ndi USD 300-800 pa chidebe chilichonse kapena kuposerapo, kutengera nyengo. Osatchulanso zikalata ndi Customs brokerage ndalama zolipirira, ndalama zoyendetsera doko, ndi ndalama zowunikira kapena kutsatira malamulo. Chimodzi mwa zowongolera zabwino kwambiri zomwe zikupezeka panjira iyi ndikusungitsa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto akuluakulu mkati mwa dzikolo msanga, makamaka nthawi yachilimwe komanso Khirisimasi isanafike.
Kuwerengera mtengo wa katundu wapakati wa FCL wochokera ku Shenzhen kupita ku Vienna:
| Mtengo wagawo | Chiyerekezo (USD) | zolemba |
| Katundu wa m'nyanja (FCL 40′) | 2,500 - 4,500 | Zimasiyanasiyana ndi nyengo ndi chotengera |
| Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF) | 400 - 600 | Pa chidebe chilichonse; zimasinthasintha malinga ndi mitengo ya mafuta |
| Malipiro Oyambira (THC, zolemba) | 200 - 400 | Kulipira pa doko la Shenzhen/Yantian |
| Kuyendetsa Magalimoto Aatali Kwambiri (Hamburg → Vienna) | 900 - 1,400 | Sungani koyambirira; mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri munyengo yotanganidwa |
| Customs Brokerage | 150 - 350 | Kulowa mu EU + ku Austria kulembetsa misonkho |
| Misonkho Yochokera ku EU | 0% - 12% ya mtengo wa CIF | Zimatengera HS code ndi mtundu wazinthu |
| VAT ya ku Austria (20%) | 20% ya CIF + ntchito | Ikhoza kubwezedwanso ngati VAT yalembetsedwa ku EU |
| Cargo Inshuwalansi | 0.3% - 0.5% ya mtengo | Ndikulimbikitsidwa |
Zolemba Zofunikira pa Kasitomu ku Austria
Dongosolo la kasitomu la Austria ndi kuphatikiza malamulo a EU ndi njira zapadera zamagetsi ku Austria. Austria ndi dziko lomwe lili membala wa EU ndipo limatsatira Union Customs Code (UCC) yomwe idagwirizana kwathunthu m'maiko omwe ali mamembala mu 2016. Zambiri zolengeza zakunja zimatumizidwa pa intaneti kudzera mu dongosolo la e-Zoll la Austria, loyang'aniridwa ndi Unduna wa Zachuma wa Austria (BMF). Kutumiza katundu kunja kwa malonda kumaloledwa kudzera pa eyapoti yapadziko lonse ya Vienna, Hamburg ndi Rotterdam kudzera m'madzi kapena m'malire a Salzburg ndi Innsbruck.
Kukonza mapepala anu ndi njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yodziwira ngati zinthu zanu zikuyenda bwino kapena sizikuyenda bwino - sikofunikira kusankha. Austria yawonjezera ma cross-check odziyimira payokha mu 2025, ndi akuluakulu a kasitomu omwe adalemba ma HS code motsutsana ndi ma invoice descriptions ndi ma database a mitengo yamsika. Ngati kusokoneza kumeneku sikuli mwangozi kapena mwadala, chindapusa chikhoza kuperekedwa mpaka 30% ya mtengo wa katundu kuphatikiza misonkho ina iliyonse yofunikira. Kuchepetsa mtengo wa ma invoice a bizinesi kumaonedwa ngati chinyengo cha misonkho ndipo kasitomu nthawi zambiri amalemba ma cross-check ndi mapulatifomu a e-commerce ndi deta yotumizidwa kale.
Pa kutumiza kulikonse kwa malonda kuchokera ku China, pali zikalata zofunika. Izi ndi invoice yolongosoka yamalonda yosonyeza mitengo ya mayunitsi, mtengo wonse ndi mbali zonse ziwiri zomwe zagulitsidwa; mndandanda wolongedza katundu wokhala ndi kulemera kwa granular ndi kusanthula kwa miyeso; ndi Bill of Lading (ya panyanja) kapena Air Waybill (ya pamlengalenga) ngati mgwirizano wa kunyamula katundu. Mungafunike Satifiketi Yoyambira kuti muyenerere mitengo yabwino yamitengo motsatira mapangano amalonda.
Nambala ya EORI (Kulembetsa ndi Kuzindikiritsa Ogwira Ntchito Zachuma) imafunika kwa bungwe lililonse lomwe likutumiza zinthu zamalonda ku EU - katundu wanu sangatulutsidwe popanda izo. Zinthu zomwe zili ndi malamulo olembera CE - zamagetsi, zoseweretsa, zida, zida zamankhwala, PPE - ziyenera kukhala ndi chizindikirochi zisanayikidwe pamsika wa EU. Malinga ndi EU General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR) yomwe imayamba kugwira ntchito mu Disembala 2024, katundu wogula ayeneranso kukhala ndi munthu wosankhidwa kukhala ndi udindo ku EU.
Zosintha zofunika kwambiri mu 2025: Mayina Ophatikizana a EU aphatikiza mitu yatsopano pansi pa HS 8507 ya mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi zida zogwirizana nazo. Ngati mukutumiza zida zoyendetsedwa ndi mabatire - imodzi mwa magulu odziwika kwambiri otumizira kunja ku China kupita ku Europe - yang'anani momwe mwasankhidwira m'magulu anu motsutsana ndi mayina atsopano a 2025 musanatumize. Mitu yakale idzagwiritsidwa ntchito powunikira nthawi yomweyo.
Chidule chachidule: zikalata zofunika malinga ndi mtundu wa kutumiza:
| Ndemanga | Maulendo apanyanja | Kutumiza kwa Air | Express Courier |
| Inivoyisi yamalonda | Amafuna | Amafuna | Amafuna |
| Mndandanda wazolongedza | Amafuna | Amafuna | Amafuna |
| Bill of Lading / AWB | B/L ikufunika | AWB ikufunika | Bilu yotumizira katundu wa kampani |
| Nambala ya EORI | Amafuna | Amafuna | Amafuna |
| Chizindikiro cha CE (ngati kuli kotheka) | Amafuna | Amafuna | Amafuna |
| Satifiketi Yoyambira | akulimbikitsidwa | akulimbikitsidwa | Kawirikawiri amadumphadumpha (chiopsezo) |
| Chilolezo Cholowetsa Kunja (katundu woletsedwa) | Ngati kuli kotheka | Ngati kuli kotheka | Ngati kuli kotheka |
| EU Customs Declaration (e-Zoll) | Adalembetsedwa ndi broker | Adalembetsedwa ndi broker | Mafayilo onyamula katundu |
Kuyenda mu Incoterms: Ndani Ali ndi Udindo pa Chiyani?
Incoterms — Malamulo Amalonda Apadziko Lonse omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi International Chamber of Commerce — amatchula maudindo a wogula ndi wogulitsa pa gawo lililonse la ulendo woyendera. Chimodzi mwa zokambirana zofunika kwambiri zomwe mungakhale nazo ndi wogulitsa wanu waku China ndikusankha Incoterms yoyenera, ndipo ambiri omwe amatumiza koyamba amalakwitsa.
EXW (Ex Works) imatanthauza kuti wogulitsa wakwaniritsa udindo wake popereka katunduyo pachipata cha fakitale yake. Kuyambira pamenepo, inu, wogula, konzani ndikulipira chilichonse: mayendedwe amkati ku China, kuchotsera katundu kunja, kutumiza katundu panyanja kapena pandege, misonkho yochokera kunja ndi kutumiza katundu ku Vienna. EXW imakupangitsani kukhala woyendetsa koma zikutanthauza kuti mudzafunika mnzanu wothandizana naye ku China kuyambira pachiyambi.
FOB (Free on Board) ndi mawu otchuka kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogulitsa kuchokera ku China kupita ku Europe. Ku China, wogulitsa amakonza zoyendera zapakhomo ndi kutumiza katundu kunja. Udindo ndi chiopsezo zimaperekedwa kwa inu pamene katundu wakwezedwa m'chombocho. Kuchokera pamenepo mumasamalira chilichonse. FOB ndi chisankho chabwino kwa wogulitsa katundu amene ali ndi wotumiza katundu wodalirika kuti agwire ntchito m'nyanja.
CIF (Ndalama, Inshuwalansi ndi Katundu) imatanthauza kuti wogulitsa amalipira ndikukonza katundu woyambira panyanja ndi inshuwaransi. Kusamutsa zoopsa padoko loyambira. Chofunika kwambiri, CIF sizitanthauza kuti wogulitsa amachotsa katundu ku Austria - ndi udindo wanu. Otumiza katundu ambiri amaganiza kuti akupeza mwayi woti agwiritse ntchito njira ya CIF, kenako amadabwa mtengo wa kampani yogulitsa katundu wa panyanja ukaonekera kumbali ina.
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) ndi mawu omveka bwino kwambiri: bwenzi la logistics limasamalira chilichonse kuphatikiza mitengo ya EU yolowera ndi VAT ndipo limatumiza ku adilesi yanu ya Vienna pamtengo wokwanira. DDP ikutchuka kwambiri pa malonda apaintaneti chifukwa imapanga mtengo wokhazikika komanso wodziwikiratu. Chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti bwenzi la logistics likhale ndi nambala ya EU EORI ndikukhala okonzeka kuthana ndi kutsata malamulo a EU VAT - si onse otumiza katundu omwe angathe kuchita izi.
Momwe Kutumiza Zinthu ku Topway Kumathandizira Kusavuta Njira
Kudziwa nzeru za kayendedwe ka Shenzhen-Vienna ndi chinthu chimodzi. Chinanso ndikuchita popanda kulakwitsa kwakukulu. ” Apa ndi pomwe mnzake wogwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chachikulu pakati pa China ndi Europe amalipira ndalama zambiri.
Kampani ya Topway Shipping, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2010, ndi kampani yodziwika bwino yogulitsa zinthu pa intaneti, yomwe ili ndi likulu lake ku Shenzhen kwa zaka zoposa 10. Gulu loyambitsali lili ndi zaka zoposa 15 zaukadaulo wothandiza pa ntchito zogulitsa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchotsa katundu wakunja, ndipo likuyang'ana kwambiri njira zoyendera za China-US ndi Europe-China. Chidziwitso cha mabungwe ndichofunika: Gulu la Topway lakumana ndi kusintha kwa mitengo, kusintha kwa malamulo ndi kusokonezeka kwa ndale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ubale wa makampani onyamula katundu ndi mabuku ogwiritsira ntchito njira zomwe zimamasulira mwachindunji zotsatira zabwino za makasitomala.
Chitsanzo cha utumiki cha Topway chili m'gulu lonse la zinthu zoyendera, osati gawo lokha la katundu. Kumbali ya China, amachita ntchito yoyamba yotumiza katundu kuchokera ku fakitale/nyumba yosungiramo katundu kupita ku doko, kuphatikizapo kuphatikiza katundu kuchokera kwa ogulitsa ambiri. Pamsika wa ku Austria, amapereka ntchito zosinthira za FCL ndi LCL zonyamula katundu m'nyanja kupita ku madoko ofunikira padziko lonse lapansi monga Hamburg, Rotterdam ndi Trieste, komanso ntchito zonyamula katundu wa pandege kuchokera ku Shenzhen, Guangzhou ndi Shanghai. Kumbali ya komwe akupita, Topway imayang'anira kuchotsera katundu wakunja (kuphatikizapo malamulo olowera ku EU ndi njira zina zaku Austria), kusungiramo katundu kunja ndi kutumiza katundu mtunda womaliza.
Luso limeneli limagwira ntchito kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto pothetsa vuto la kugawikana komwe kumavutitsa anthu ambiri obwera ndi katundu: momwe fakitale yanu, wotumiza katundu, wogulitsa katundu ndi wotumiza katundu wa m'magalimoto ndi magulu anayi odziyimira pawokha omwe sadziwana bwino ndi zochita za wina ndi mnzake. Zinthu zikasokonekera - ndipo pamapeto pake zimasokonekera pankhani yokhudza kayendetsedwe ka katundu padziko lonse lapansi - mnzawo m'modzi wodalirika yemwe ali ndi udindo wolamulira unyolo wonse ndi wopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa mabungwe anayi osiyana omwe akulozana zala.
Mapangano a Topway nthawi zambiri amapereka ndalama zokwana 20-40% kuchotsera pamitengo yogulitsa katundu kwa ogulitsa kunja omwe amafuna mitengo yogwirizana. Topway imatha kulumikiza makasitomala ndi mabungwe oyenerera a EU okonza zinthu zakunja ndi akatswiri otsatira malamulo - chinthu chofunikira kwa anthu omwe akuyamba kutsatira malamulo a CE kapena kulembetsa VAT. Ndipo kwa makampani omwe akukulitsa ntchito zawo ku Austria, kuthekera kosungira katundu kunja kwa dzikolo kumathandiza kuyika katundu pafupi ndi kasitomala womaliza - kuchepetsa ndalama zomaliza ndikuwonjezera liwiro lotumizira nthawi yomweyo.
Mndandanda Wowunikira Zinthu Zolowera Pang'onopang'ono
Kwa munthu amene amabwera koyamba, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosuntha kungakhale koopsa. Chifukwa chake chomwe ndimachita ndikugawa njira yonseyi m'magawo omwe angachite chimodzi ndi chimodzi.
Choyamba, tsimikizirani khodi ya HS ya malonda anu ndikuwunikanso msonkho wa EU wolowera kunja. Chitani izi musanasainire pangano lanu la ogulitsa - zimakhudza mwachindunji kuwerengera kwanu mtengo ndi phindu. Ngati gulu la malonda anu likufuna chizindikiro cha CE, yambani msanga chifukwa njira yotsimikizira ikhoza kutenga milungu ingapo mpaka miyezi kutengera mtundu wa malonda.
Kenako, kambiranani za Incoterms yanu ndi omwe akukupatsani. FOB kapena DDP idzakhala njira yabwino kwambiri kwa omwe akutumiza katundu koyamba. Pezani invoice yovomerezeka ndi mndandanda wa zonyamula katundu kuchokera kwa omwe akukupatsani katunduyo ndipo pitani kwa otumiza katundu osachepera awiri kapena atatu. Onetsetsani kuti mitengo ndi yofanana ndi ya maapulo - onani ndalama zowonjezera zomwe zaphatikizidwa ndi zomwe zimalipidwa padera komwe mukupita.
Lemberani nambala yanu ya EORI pasadakhale. Muyenera kulembetsa ku bungwe la kasitomu la dziko lanu la EU ndipo izi zingatenge nthawi. Popanda izi katundu wanu sangachotsedwe. Ngati mukufuna kutumiza katundu m'misika nthawi zonse, muyenera kulembetsa ku VAT ya ku Austria - mutha kubweza 20% ya VAT yomwe mudalipira pazinthu zomwe mudagula kuchokera kunja motsutsana ndi VAT yomwe mudalandira pogulitsa kwanu, yomwe ndi phindu lalikulu la ndalama.
Mukamaliza kutumiza katundu wanu ndipo katunduyo akupita, konzani mapepala anu olowera katundu pasadakhale. Gwirani ntchito ndi wotumiza katundu wanu kapena broker wa katundu kuti mupereke chilolezo chanu pasadakhale pamene katunduyo akadali paulendo - makamaka wa ndege, popeza katundu wa ku Austria nthawi zambiri amalipira katunduyo mkati mwa maola 24-48, koma amatha kusunga katunduyo kwa masiku angapo ngati zikalatazo palibe kapena sizikugwirizana. Chonde konzani zotumizira katunduyo mtunda womaliza mutatulutsa katunduyo. Nthawi yotumizira katundu ku Vienna nthawi zambiri imakhala mkati mwa maola 24, m'mizinda ina ya ku Austria monga Graz, Linz kapena Innsbruck, chonde lolani kuti pakhale masiku ena 1-2 ogwira ntchito.
Zolakwa Zomwe Muyenera Kuzipewa
Cholakwika chachikulu pa msewu uwu ndi kusagawa katundu molakwika pa HS code yolakwika. Mabungwe a kasitomu aku Austria ndi EU amagwiritsa ntchito macheke odziyimira pawokha a ma HS code omwe atchulidwa motsutsana ndi ma invoice kufotokozera, ndipo zolakwika zimayambitsa ma audit ndi zilango zofika 30% ya mtengo wa katundu kuphatikiza pa mitengo yoyenera. Ngati simukudziwa, lembani ntchito katswiri kuti alembe katundu wanu m'magulu molondola - ndi wochepa kwambiri kuposa chindapusa.
Chachiwiri china ndi kuchepetsa ma invoice a zinthu zomwe zili pa invoice yamalonda kuti muchepetse ngongole ya msonkho. Akuluakulu a misonkho amasunga ma database amitengo, omwe amawunikidwa motsutsana ndi nsanja zamalonda apaintaneti komanso deta yakale yotumizidwa. Kusunga msonkho kwakanthawi kochepa sikoyenera chiopsezo cha chindapusa, kulanda katundu komanso kulembedwa pamndandanda wazinthu zomwe EU imatulutsa mtsogolo. Makampani ovomerezeka ayenera kupereka malipoti olondola nthawi zonse.
Chachitatu, anthu ambiri ochokera kunja saganizira za malo omwe ali ku Austria omwe ali kutali ndi gombe m'mabajeti awo. Amalandira mtengo wonyamula katundu wa panyanja, amawonjezera msonkho ndi VAT ndipo amaganiza kuti amaliza ndi mtengo wokwerera. Kenako mumalandira invoice ndipo pali ndalama zokwana USD 1,200 zoyendera magalimoto amkati kuchokera ku Hamburg osati mu mtengo woyambirira. Nthawi zonse onani ngati mtengo wanu wonyamula katundu ukuphatikizapo gawo lamkati kupita ku Vienna - ndipo ngati sichoncho, lembani chiwerengerocho musanagule.
Pomaliza, kumbukirani kufunika kwa nyengo zotumizira katundu zomwe zimafika pachimake. Kuchuluka kwa katundu wochokera ku China kumawonjezeka kwambiri panthawi ya Chaka Chatsopano cha ku China (Januware-February) komanso nthawi ya tchuthi cha kotala lachinayi (Okutobala-Disembala). Kuchuluka kwa katundu kumakhala kochepa, mitengo imakwera, ndipo nthawi yoyendera imakwera kwambiri. Ogulitsa katundu odziwa bwino ntchito nthawi yomwe katundu wawo amakwera kufika pa nthawi imeneyi, kuchuluka kwa katundu woti asungidwe milungu ingapo kapena miyezi ikubwerayi. Ogulitsa katundu obwera chifukwa cha kubweza katundu akulipira mtengo wapamwamba pamitengo yomweyi kapena akukumana ndi kutha kwa katundu wokwera mtengo.
Kutsiliza
Njira yamalonda yochokera ku Shenzhen kupita ku Vienna ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe anthu ambiri amapitako padziko lonse lapansi. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri - ntchito zapanyanja, maulalo a sitima, kuchuluka kwa ndege, njira zoyendetsera katundu - sizinakhazikitsidwepo kapena kupikisana kwambiri. Kuvuta kumeneku kungawoneke koopsa kwa munthu amene amatumiza katundu koyamba koma kumatha kuthetsedwa bwino ndi kukonzekera bwino komanso ogwirizana nawo oyenera.
Zinsinsi zake ndi zosavuta: Dziwani malamulo a HS a malonda anu ndi zosowa zanu musanagule chilichonse; Mvetsetsani mtengo wonse wofika, osati mtengo wongonyamula katundu; Sankhani Incoterms yanu mosamala, kutengera kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro ndi udindo womwe mukufuna; Konzani nambala yanu ya EORI ndi kulembetsa kwa VAT msanga; ndipo konzani nthawi yotumizira katundu m'malo mochitapo kanthu.
Chofunika kwambiri, musayese kugwirizanitsa ogulitsa anayi osiyanasiyana: fakitale, wotumiza katundu, broker wa kasitomu ndi wonyamula katundu wa mtunda wautali. Mnzanu wochokera ku kampani imodzi kupita ku ina akhoza kuchita zonse bwino komanso ndi udindo waukulu. Iyi ndi njira yomwe Topway Shipping yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira mu 2010: unyolo wosavuta komanso waluso wonyamula katundu kuchokera ku Shenzhen kupita ku Vienna ndi kwina, kotero ogulitsa katundu ochokera kunja akhoza kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga bizinesi yawo, osati kuletsa unyolo wawo wopereka katundu.
Ibibazo
Q: Kodi kutumiza kuchokera ku Shenzhen kupita ku Vienna kumatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji?
A: Momwe mukugwiritsira ntchito. Kutumiza katundu mwachangu masiku atatu kapena asanu a ntchito, kutumiza katundu pandege masiku 5-8 kupita khomo ndi khomo, kutumiza katundu pa sitima masiku pafupifupi 18-25, kutumiza katundu panyanja masiku 30-40 kuphatikiza kutumiza katundu wamkati masiku awiri kapena asanu kupita ku Vienna kuchokera ku doko la ku Europe.
Q: Kodi ndikufunika chizindikiro cha CE pazinthu zonse zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku China kupita ku Austria?
A: Ayi. Magulu enaake azinthu (monga zamagetsi, zoseweretsa, makina, zida zachipatala ndi zida zodzitetezera) okha ndi omwe amafunika kulembedwa kwa CE motsatira malamulo enaake a EU. Zakudya zambiri ndi zinthu zosaphika sizikhudzidwa. Wopanga waku China alibe udindo mwalamulo pakutsatira malamulo a CE, koma wotumiza kunja ndiye ali ndi udindo.
Q: Kodi nambala ya EORI ndi chiyani ndipo kodi ndikuifuna?
A: Nambala ya EORI (Economic Operators Registration and Identification) ndi nambala yokakamizidwa ya EU kwa kampani iliyonse yotumiza zinthu zamalonda ku EU. Simudzadutsa mu kasitomu popanda imodzi. Musanafike katundu wanu woyamba, lembani ku bungwe la kasitomu la dziko lanu la EU.
Q: Kodi kutumiza kwa DDP ndi njira yabwino yotumizira ku Austria?
A: DDP ikhoza kukhala chisankho chabwino, makamaka kwa makampani ogulitsa pa intaneti omwe akufuna mtengo umodzi wodziwika bwino wogulira katundu. Wogulitsa katundu adzalipira msonkho wa msonkho ndi kulipira msonkho ndi VAT m'malo mwanu. Chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti mnzanu wa katundu ali ndi nambala ya EU EORI ndipo akhoza kuthana ndi malamulo a EU VAT, zomwe Topway Shipping ingachite.
Q: Kodi ndingapewe bwanji ndalama zosayembekezereka pa msewu wa Shenzhen-Vienna?
A: Funsani mtengo wokwanira wa katundu woyambira, katundu wa panyanja kapena wa pandege, ndalama zowonjezera mafuta (BAF), magalimoto akuluakulu opita ku Vienna, ma brokerage a kasitomu, mitengo ya katundu ndi VAT. Musanatumize, onetsetsani kuti HS code yanu ndi yolondola apo ayi mutha kulipitsidwa chindapusa. Sungani kuchuluka kwa magalimoto akuluakulu oyenda ku madera akutali msanga, makamaka nthawi ya Chaka Chatsopano cha ku China ndi nyengo yachisanu ndi chinayi.
