Momwe Brexit Ikukhudzirabe Kuyenda kwa Katundu ku China-Ireland-UK
Introduction
Pa Januwale 31, 2020, UK idatuluka mwalamulo mu mgwirizano wa EU wa msika umodzi ndi kasitomu. Patha zaka zoposa zisanu kuchokera pamenepo. Koma kwa makampani omwe amatumiza katundu pakati pa China, Ireland, ndi UK, Brexit si mgwirizano womwe watha. Ikusinthabe njira zamalonda, ikukweza ndalama zotsatirira malamulo, ndikupangitsa oyang'anira zinthu kuti ayang'anenso mapulani omwe akuwoneka kuti akhazikika.
Mkhalidwe wa ku Ireland ndi wovuta kwambiri. Ireland ndi membala wa EU womwe uli ndi malire a dziko ndi Northern Ireland, yomwe ndi gawo la UK. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale malo oonekera bwino pomwe mikangano ya Brexit imakumana. Kwa ogulitsa katundu aku China ndi ogulitsa katundu omwe akufuna kuchita bizinesi ku Ireland ndi UK, zoona zake pambuyo pa Brexit ndikuti ayenera kuthana ndi machitidwe awiri osiyana a kasitomu, malamulo ndi malangizo osiyanasiyana, ndi malo omwe sanapangidwe kuti akhale ndi malire omwe ali nawo tsopano.
Nkhaniyi ikulongosola bwino phokosolo kuti ikupatseni chithunzi chomveka bwino cha zomwe Brexit ikutanthauza pa kayendedwe ka katundu pakati pa China, Ireland, ndi UK pakali pano, komanso zomwe muyenera kuchita nazo.
Maziko a Pre-Brexit: Chifukwa Chake Triangle Yamalonda Iyi Inali Yofunika Kwambiri
"Mlatho wa ku UK" unali gawo lofunika kwambiri potumiza katundu waku China ku Ireland Brexit isanachitike. Makontena ochokera kumadoko aku China monga Shanghai, Ningbo, ndi Shenzhen ankafika kumadoko akuluakulu aku UK monga Felixstowe kapena Southampton. Akalowa mu EU, ankadutsa pamisonkhano kenako n’kuyendetsa galimoto kudutsa England ndi Wales asanakwere bwato lalifupi kuchokera ku Holyhead kupita ku Dublin. Unali wanzeru, wotchipa, komanso wosavuta kukonzekera.
Ireland yakhala ikuchita malonda ambiri ndi China. Ireland idagula katundu woposa $12.75 biliyoni kuchokera ku China mu 2024 ndipo idagulitsanso ndalama zokwana $10.26 biliyoni. Mankhwala, zamagetsi, ndi mankhwala ndi omwe adapanga gawo lalikulu la malonda awa. Koma UK, kumbali ina, inali malo opitirako komanso malo ofunikira oyendera. Isanafike chaka cha 2020, ntchito ziwirizi sizikanatha kulekanitsidwa. Brexit idazigawanitsa.
Njira ya mlatho wapansi ku UK sinali yothandiza kokha; inalinso yolumikizidwa bwino ndi maukonde otumizira katundu, kukonza nthawi ya madoko, ndi mapangano otumizira katundu. Kuichotsa, ngakhale pang'ono, kwayambitsa mavuto ndi ndalama zomwe zimakhudza unyolo wonse wogulitsa katundu.
Zimene Brexit Inasinthadi: Zoona Zovuta Zolamulira
Zotsatira za Brexit zomwe zakhala zikuchitika nthawi yayitali komanso zokhalitsa pa katundu ndikuti tsopano pali malire a msonkho pakati pa UK ndi EU. Tsopano, nthawi iliyonse katundu akamadutsa malire, amafunika mapepala, kuwunika mitengo, ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi malamulo. Izi sizinali choncho msika umodzi wa EU usanayambe. Izi zinayambitsa mavuto ambiri, makamaka pa katundu waku China.
Brexit isanachitike, katundu wochokera ku China akanatha kulowa mu EU kudzera pa doko la UK kenako nkupita kulikonse ku Ireland popanda vuto lililonse. Masiku ano, katundu yemweyo ayenera kudutsa mu kasitomu ku UK akafika, kulipira ndalama zilizonse zolowera ku UK zomwe zikugwira ntchito, kenako, ngati akupita ku Ireland, ayenera kudutsanso njira yachiwiri yoyendetsera kasitomu akadutsa kuchokera ku Northern Ireland kapena akafika mwachindunji panyanja. Katundu wochokera ku China ayenera kulipira msonkho akalowa mu UK, ngakhale atalipira kale msonkho ku EU. Izi zikutanthauza kuti misonkho iwiri ndi vuto lalikulu ngati kukonzekera zinthu sikuchitika bwino.
Chikalata cha Windsor Framework, chomwe chinasainidwa mu Epulo 2023, chinayesa kukonza vuto la malire a dziko la Ireland, lomwe linali gawo loipitsitsa la izi. Chinakhazikitsa "njira yobiriwira" ya zinthu zochokera ku Great Britain kupita ku Northern Ireland zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi za msika wa Northern Ireland. Koma chinakhazikitsanso malamulo atsopano olembera, ponena kuti zinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa m'masitolo ziyenera kukhala ndi zilembo "zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ku EU". Masitolo aku UK akuyembekezeka kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi £180 miliyoni pachaka kuti atsatire kusintha kwa zilembo kumeneku komwe kumawoneka kosavuta. Chiwerengerochi chimakhudza zisankho zamitengo zomwe zimakhudzanso ogulitsa aku China.
N'zovuta kwambiri kudziwa za kutumiza zinthu pa intaneti komanso ma phukusi ang'onoang'ono. Mtundu wa Border Target Operating Model (BTOM) wa ku UK, womwe unayamba mu 2023 ndipo udzayamba kugwira ntchito pofika chaka cha 2025, ukuwonjezera zofunikira zatsopano pamapepala, zofunikira pa satifiketi ya chakudya ndi zinthu zaulimi, komanso njira yogawa zoopsa m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Pofika pa 1 February, 2025, code yakale ya zikalata "999L," yomwe ogulitsa kunja ku UK adagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuti apeze kuchotsera msonkho, sinalinso yogwira ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira zonse zotsatirira malamulo ziyenera kusinthidwa.
Kusintha Kwakukulu kwa Malamulo a Brexit Kokhudza China-Ireland-UK Freight
| Change | Tsiku Lokwanira | Zotsatira za Kutumiza kwa China-UK-Ireland |
| UK yachoka mu EU | Jan 31, 2020 | Kulengeza kwapadera kwa kasitomu kumafunika kumalire a UK |
| Chimango cha Windsor (Msewu Wobiriwira) | Apr 2023 | Kuchepetsa kayendetsedwe ka NI-Great Britain; mawu atsopano akuti 'osati a EU' |
| Chitsanzo Chogwirira Ntchito cha Border Target (BTOM) | 2023–2025 (mwa magawo) | Zolemba zatsopano ndi kuwunika koopsa kwa zinthu zochokera kunja kwa EU-UK |
| Khodi ya chikalata '999L' yatha | Feb 1, 2025 | Ogulitsa kunja ayenera kulengeza momveka bwino kuti alibe msonkho mu CDS |
| Kulengeza za Chitetezo ndi Chitetezo (ENS) ndikofunikira | 2024 | Chidule cha nkhani zatsopano zokhudza katundu wochokera ku EU-UK |
| Ndalama zolipirira makontena a padoko ku UK zakwera | Jan 2025 | Ndalama zambiri zochotsera msonkho, zosungira, ndi zomangamanga |
Kusintha Kwambiri Njira Zoyendera Katundu: Ireland Ikuyenda Mwachindunji
Kusintha kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha Brexit ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa momwe katundu waku Ireland amafikira ku Europe. Izi zimakhudzanso momwe katundu wochokera ku China amafikira ku Ireland. Njira zotumizira katundu mwachindunji pakati pa Ireland ndi EU zomwe sizidutsa ku Britain konse zachotsa bizinesi yambiri pa mlatho wamtunda wa UK.
Kusintha kumeneku kwawonetsedwa bwino ku Rosslare Europort kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Ireland. Kuyambira Brexit, kuchuluka kwa katundu pakati pa Rosslare ndi madoko a EU kwawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 500%. Uku si kukwera kwadzidzidzi; ndi kusintha kosatha kwa momwe katundu amatumizidwa. Malinga ndi deta ya Ports de Normandie, njira zoyendera maboti kuchokera ku Rosslare ndi Dublin kupita ku madoko aku France monga Cherbourg ndi Dunkirk zakhala zikukula pang'onopang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, katundu pakati pa Dunkirk ndi Ireland adakwera ndi 22% mu 2024 yokha.
Izi zimakhudza mwachindunji otumiza katundu aku China. M'malo motumiza makontena kudzera ku Felixstowe kapena Southampton ndikugwiritsa ntchito mlatho wamtunda, makampani ambiri otumiza katundu tsopano amatumiza katundu kuchokera ku China kupita ku madoko akumpoto kwa Europe monga Rotterdam, Antwerp, kapena Hamburg. Kuchokera pamenepo, kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi maboti kupita ku Ireland kumakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri. Nthawi zina, izi zimawonjezera nthawi paulendowu, koma zimachotsa kufalikira kawiri kwa misonkho komwe kuli mlatho wamtunda waku UK tsopano.
Ziwerengerozi zikusonyeza bwino kuti zinthu zikuyenda mosiyana. Ofesi Yoyang'anira Ziwerengero ku Ireland inati malonda pakati pa Great Britain ndi Ireland adatsika ndi ndalama zoposa €6 biliyoni mu 2024 chifukwa cha mavuto omwe ali pa Nyanja ya Ireland pambuyo pa Brexit. Izi sizili chifukwa cha mliriwu chokha; ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha Brexit komwe okonza zoyendera akuyamba kuwona ngati chinthu chatsopano.
Kuyerekeza kwa Njira Pakati pa China ndi Ireland Pambuyo pa Brexit
| njira | Nthawi Yoyenda | Malo Olumikizirana ndi Kasitomu | Kuchita Mtengo | Adalimbikitsa A |
| China → Doko la UK → Mlatho wa Land → Ireland | Masiku 32-42 | 2 (UK + Ireland/EU) | Zochepa (chiwopsezo cha ntchito ziwiri) | Mapangano akale okha |
| China → Rotterdam/Antwerp → Bwato Lolunjika → Ireland | Masiku 35-45 | 1 (Ireland/EU) | Misonkho yapamwamba (yokha) | Katundu wamba, FCL |
| China → Dublin Direct (Nyanja Yakuya) | Masiku 28-35 | 1 (Ireland/EU) | Zapakati (zombo zochepa) | FCL yochuluka kwambiri |
| China → Kutumiza kwa Air → Dublin | Masiku 4-7 | 1 (Ireland/EU) | Mtengo wokwera kwambiri, mwachangu | Zamtengo wapatali, zotengera nthawi |
| China → Northern Ireland (kudzera mu Windsor Framework) | Masiku 30-40 | Zimasiyana (msewu wobiriwira) | sing'anga | Katundu woperekedwa ku NI yekha |
UK ngati Malo Okhaokha: Kuwerengera Kosiyana
Pamene katundu waku China sakungodutsa mu UK popita kudziko lina, koma kwenikweni amathera kumeneko, dongosolo la pambuyo pa Brexit limapangitsa zinthu kukhala zovuta mwanjira yatsopano. UK tsopano ili ndi ndondomeko yake ya msonkho yomwe ndi yosiyana ndi Mayina Ophatikizana a EU. Mitengo ya katundu wochokera kunja ku UK nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa 0% mpaka 25%. Zamagetsi, mankhwala, ndi zinthu zamafakitale nthawi zambiri zimatsika pakati pa 4% ndi 14%. Koma mitengo iyi ingasinthe, kotero ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse kupeza HS code yolondola. Pafupifupi 30% ya kuchedwa kwa misonkho panjira ya China-UK kumachitika chifukwa cha ma code olakwika.
UK siilinso mbali ya mgwirizano wamalonda wa EU, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti katundu wochokera kumayiko ena sangalandirenso msonkho wabwino. Ogulitsa kunja aku China omwe kale ankalandira mapangano abwino akamatumiza kudzera m'madoko aku UK chifukwa cha zokambirana za EU alibenso mwayi umenewu. Komanso, malonda aku UK ndi China atsika kwambiri m'zaka zingapo zapitazi chifukwa cha mikangano yandale. Mwachitsanzo, katundu wochokera ku China kupita ku UK watsika ndi 10% kuyambira 2023 mpaka 2024, pomwe katundu wochokera ku Britain kupita ku China watsika ndi 27% panthawi yomweyi. Izi ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kuposa ubale wamalonda wa China ndi mayiko ena a EU.
Kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo a EU ochepetsa mtengo wotsika wa katundu wopita ku UK kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri kwa mabizinesi amalonda apaintaneti ndi makampani ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakatikati aku China omwe amagulitsa mwachindunji kwa ogula aku UK. UK yalowa nawo njira yolimba yogulitsira zinthu zotsika mtengo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ma phukusi ambiri ayenera kulengezedwa mokwanira ku misonkho ndikulipira mitengo yoyenera. Ndalama zotumizira pakati pa China ndi UK zidakwera ndi pafupifupi 15% mu 2025 chifukwa cha mavuto okhudzana ndi kutsata malamulo komanso kufunika kosintha magawo a katundu.
Mitengo Yosonyeza Misonkho Yochokera Kunja ku UK ya Magulu Omwe Amatumizidwa Ku China (2025)
| Chigamulo cha mankhwala | Mtengo Wochokera Kunja ku UK | Mtengo wa VAT | Mfundo Zazikulu |
| ogula zamagetsi | 0 - 14% | 20% | Kulondola kwa khodi ya HS ndikofunikira kwambiri; chiopsezo cha BTOM chili pamlingo wofunikira |
| Zovala & nsalu | 12 - 20% | 20% | Ntchito zoletsa kutaya zinthu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ena |
| Mipando & katundu wakunyumba | 0 - 6.5% | 20% | Mitengo yatsopano ya zinthu zina zamatabwa kuyambira mu Okutobala 2025 |
| asatayike | 0 - 6.5% | 0% (yopanda kuchotsedwa) | Zofunikira pa satifiketi yoyang'anira zikugwira ntchito |
| Makina amakampani | 0 - 3.7% | 20% | Pansi pa ndemanga ya Gawo 232 (chitetezo cha dziko) |
| Zogulitsa paulimi | 0 - 12% | 0 - 20% | Chitsimikizo cha zaumoyo chofunikira; Gawo 3 la BTOM |
| Mabatire a Lithium-ion (HS 850760) | 0 - 4% | 20% | Ma subcode atsopano otsatira malamulo achitetezo kuyambira 2025 |
Northern Ireland: Malo Owonera Katundu Omwe Sadzatha
Palibe kusanthula konse kwa momwe Brexit imakhudzira katundu wa China-Ireland-UK popanda kufufuza Northern Ireland, yomwe ili ndi malo odabwitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa Brexit. Ndi gawo la United Kingdom mwalamulo ndipo imagawana malire ndi Republic of Ireland, yomwe ndi membala wa EU. Windsor Framework idayesa kukonza izi mwa kusunga Northern Ireland mogwirizana ndi miyezo ya EU ya msika umodzi wa katundu pomwe ikadali gawo la ndale la dera la UK.
Izi zimapangitsa kuti katundu akhale ndi njira ziwiri pankhani ya katundu weniweni. "Mzere wobiriwira" ndi njira yosavuta yokhala ndi macheke ochepa a katundu wochokera ku Great Britain kupita ku Northern Ireland ndipo adzakhala komweko. "Mzere wofiira" ndi wa katundu amene angapite ku Republic of Ireland (ndipo motero amalowa mumsika umodzi wa EU). Katunduyu amadutsa mu macheke athunthu a msonkho. Ogulitsa kunja aku China omwe katundu wawo angagulitsidwe kwa makasitomala aku Northern Ireland ndi Irish Republic ayenera kukonzekera pasadakhale ndikusunga zolemba zabwino kuti apewe kulakwitsa komwe kungawawonongere ndalama zambiri.
Udindo wosankha zinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa m'masitolo akuluakulu aku Northern Ireland ndikutumizidwa kuchokera ku Great Britain popanda "kugwirizana ndi EU" umakhudza kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zomwe zimapita kwa opanga aku China. Ngati chinthu chapangidwa ku China ndikupakidwa pamsika waku UK, chingafunike njira zosiyanasiyana zopakira ku Northern Ireland ndi Great Britain ngati chingatumizidwe kumayiko ena a EU. Izi ndi ndalama zenizeni zomwe ogulitsa aku China omwe amasamala kutsatira malamulo ndi anzawo okonza zinthu ayenera kuganizira.
Ndalama Zotsatirira Malamulo: Misonkho Yobisika pa Malonda Odutsa Malire
Brexit yakhala ndi zotsatirapo zambiri, koma vuto lomwe silikukhudzidwa mokwanira ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito yomwe yagwira kwa mabizinesi. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti mabizinesi ambiri omwe amagulitsa malonda kumalire a UK-EU alipira ndalama zambiri chifukwa cha ndalama zokhudzana ndi kutsatira malamulo. Banki Yaikulu ya ku Ulaya yapeza kuti 77% ya mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati akuti ndalama zomwe amawononga potsatira malamulo a Brexit pakadali pano ndi zoposa 10% ya bajeti yawo yogwirira ntchito. Ili ndi vuto lalikulu kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono aku China omwe alibe madipatimenti akuluakulu otsatira malamulo.
Mu gawo la China-Ireland-UK, ndalama zolipirira malamulo zimawonjezeka m'malo angapo. Ngati katundu adutsa mumsewu wa mlatho, zikalata za msonkho ziyenera kuperekedwa padera kuti zilowe mu UK, kuchoka ku UK, ndi kulowa mu Ireland. Chidziwitso chilichonse chimafuna ma invoice olondola amalonda, mndandanda wolongedza katundu, zikalata zoyambira, ndi zina zambiri, ziphaso zomwe zikugwirizana ndi malondawo. Ziphaso zaumoyo ndi malamulo okhwima owunikira zakudya ndi zinthu zaulimi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zodula komanso zitenge nthawi yayitali.
Kuthamanga komwe malamulo amasinthira kumapangitsa zinthu kukhala zovuta kwambiri kwa oyang'anira. Kuyambira mu 2020, mabizinesi akhala akukumana ndi ndondomeko ya msonkho wapadziko lonse ku UK, Windsor Framework, kukhazikitsidwa kwa BTOM, kutha kwa malamulo akale a kasitomu, malamulo atsopano a Entry Summary Declaration (ENS), ndi kusintha kosiyanasiyana komwe sikukuwonetsa kuti liwiro likuchepa. Kuti mukhale ndi chidziwitso chatsopano, mukufunika akatswiri odzipereka amkati kapena mnzanu wothandizana naye yemwe angakupatseni chidziwitso chenicheni chokhudza malamulo.
Momwe Kutumiza kwa Topway Kumathandizira Kuyenda mu Zovuta
Pambuyo pa Brexit, makampani aku China omwe amatumiza katundu ku Ireland ndi UK amafunikira mnzawo wothandizana naye yemwe amadziwa zambiri za miyambo ya EU ndi UK, osati imodzi yokha.
Kampani ya Topway Shipping, yomwe ili ku Shenzhen, yakhala ikupereka chithandizo chaukadaulo cha njira zotumizira katundu kudzera m'mabanki kuyambira mu 2010. Topway ndi kampani yoyenera kuthandiza ndi mavuto ovuta komanso okhudzana ndi katundu omwe abwera kuyambira Brexit. Gulu loyambitsa kampaniyi lili ndi zaka zoposa 15 zokumana nazo pantchito yotumiza katundu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchotsa katundu wakunja. Ntchito za kampaniyo zimakhudza unyolo wonse wa katundu, kuyambira gawo loyamba la mayendedwe kuchokera ku malo opangira zinthu aku China mpaka kumayiko ena. kuwuza, chilolezo cha msonkho, ndi kutumiza katundu mochedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti otumiza katundu omwe sangakwanitse kuthana ndi opereka chithandizo ambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana olamulira akhoza kuyimba mlandu kampaniyo pa chilichonse.
Topway imaperekanso ntchito zosinthira zonyamula katundu wa m'nyanja (FCL) ndi less-than-container-load (LCL) kuchokera ku China kupita ku madoko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikuphatikizapo madoko akuluakulu omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri kumisika ya ku Ireland ndi UK, monga Rotterdam, Antwerp, Felixstowe, Southampton, ndi Dublin. Kusinthasintha kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri tsopano popeza Brexit yachitika. Njira yomwe katundu amatenga - kaya idutsa pakati pa Europe kuti ilumikizane mwachindunji ndi Ireland kapena mwachindunji ku doko la UK - imadalira mtundu wa katundu, komwe akupita, komanso momwe malamulo akuwopsezekera. Kukhala ndi mnzanu wodziwa bwino ntchito yemwe angakupatseni njira yochokera pazidziwitso zamakono m'malo mwa chizolowezi ndi mwayi waukulu kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo.
Njira yolumikizirana ya Topway Shipping ndi chidziwitso cha malamulo ndi zabwino kwambiri pankhaniyi, kaya ndinu wopanga ku Guangdong wotumiza zamagetsi ku Dublin, bizinesi yapaintaneti ku Shenzhen yotumikira makasitomala aku UK, kapena kampani yogulitsa yomwe imayang'anira kutumiza katundu wogawanika kudutsa malire a Ireland.
Chiyembekezo: Zoyenera Kuonera mu 2025 ndi Pambuyo pake
Pansi pa boma la Prime Minister Keir Starmer la Labour, lomwe linatenga mphamvu mu Julayi 2024, mkhalidwe wandale wokhudzana ndi ubale wamalonda pakati pa UK ndi EU wasintha pang'ono. Pali zabwino zambiri mu zokambirana zandale pakati pa UK ndi EU kuposa zomwe zinalipo pansi pa maboma awiri a Conservative. Chilengezo chogwirizana cha EU-UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly chikuwonetsa kuti pali chithandizo chokulirapo chosintha ubale wamalonda. Koma kusintha kwenikweni momwe kasitomu imagwirira ntchito kukadali kutali. UK sibwerera ku mgwirizano wa kasitomu kapena msika umodzi. Pakadali pano, mzere waukulu pakati pa malo olamulira UK ndi EU udzakhalabe womwewo.
Mu 2024, gawo la UK la malonda onse a EU pa katundu lidzakhala pafupifupi 10.1%, zomwe ndi zotsika pafupifupi magawo awiri poyerekeza ndi Brexit isanachitike. Zikuoneka kuti mulingo uwu udzakhalabe womwewo m'malo mokwera. Izi zikusonyeza kuti ogulitsa aku China ayenerabe kufunafuna msika waku UK, koma ayenera kuyika ndalama muzinthu zawozawo m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito njira zotumizira zinthu zoyendetsedwa ndi EU.
Zikuoneka kuti njira yosinthiratu yokhazikika kuchoka pa mlatho wamtunda wa UK ndi yomangidwa kumbali ya Ireland. Kuchuluka kwa doko panjira zolunjika za Ireland-EU sikunabwererenso momwe zinalili Brexit isanachitike, ndipo akatswiri ambiri amakampani akuganiza kuti apitilizabe kukwera. Poyamba idaganiziridwa, msewu wa Rosslare-continental Europe tsopano ndi njira yayikulu yogulitsira ku Ireland. Otumiza katundu aku China omwe sanasinthe mapulani awo oyendetsera kuti aganizire izi akuwononga ndalama ndipo akutenga chiopsezo chachikulu.
Komanso, chifukwa mitengo ya katundu padziko lonse lapansi idzakhala yosakhazikika mu 2025—chifukwa cha mfundo zatsopano za misonkho ku US zomwe zidzawononge katundu wochokera ku China, njira zatsopano zolipirira madoko ku UK zomwe ziyamba mu Januwale 2025, komanso ndemanga zomwe zikuchitika ku EU zotsutsana ndi kutaya katundu—zisankho zoyendetsera katundu zomwe zapangidwa lero ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa mobwerezabwereza. Pankhaniyi, kukhala ndi mapulani okhazikika azinthu zoyendera ndi lingaliro loipa. Mabizinesi omwe ali ndi ogwirizana nawo osinthika a katundu, chidziwitso chabwino cha misonkho, komanso kuthekera kosintha njira zinthu zikasintha adzakhala pamalo abwino kwambiri mu 2025 ndi kupitirira apo.
Kutsiliza
Brexit yasintha momwe katundu amayendera pakati pa China, Ireland, ndi UK kwamuyaya. Mlatho wamtunda wa UK unali njira yayikulu yopititsira katundu waku China ku Ireland, koma tsopano uli ndi ndalama zoyendetsera malamulo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maulendo a EU mwachindunji akhale okopa kwambiri kwa otumiza ambiri. Northern Ireland ikadali nkhani yalamulo yomwe ikufunika kulembedwa mosamala. Ndalama zoyendetsera malamulo zakwera kwa aliyense, ndipo palibe umboni woti kusintha malamulo kudzatha.
Makampani aku China ndi makampani otumiza katundu omwe akuyang'anira gawo la malonda awa ayenera kukhala omveka bwino: kugwiritsa ntchito mapulani oyendetsera zinthu mopanda kusinthasintha kutengera zomwe zanenedwa zisanachitike chaka cha 2020 kudzakuwonongerani ndalama ndi mwayi wopeza msika. Pachifukwa ichi, otumiza katundu omwe akuchita bwino ndi omwe amalemba ntchito akatswiri odziwa kutsatira malamulo, kupanga ubale ndi ogwira nawo ntchito zoyendetsera katundu omwe amadziwa malamulo ku EU ndi UK, ndikupanga zisankho zoyendetsera katundu kutengera zomwe zikuchitika m'malo mwa chizolowezi.
Pa ndale, Brexit ikhoza kutha, koma zotsatira zake pa katundu zikadali vuto lalikulu kwa mabizinesi. Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti ndi mnzanu woyenera komanso chidziwitso cholondola, mutha kuthana ndi vutoli.
Ibibazo
Q: Kodi katundu waku China tsopano akukumana ndi misonkho iwiri ya msonkho akamadutsa ku UK kupita ku Ireland?
A: Inde, ngati njira yotumizira katundu siichitika mosamala. Katundu akachokera ku China kupita ku UK, ayenera kulipira ndalama zolowera ku UK. Ngati katunduyo watumizidwa ku Ireland (dziko la EU), adzayenera kudutsanso kudzera pamisonkhano kumalire a EU. Kwa anthu ambiri otumiza katundu masiku ano, njira yabwino kwambiri ndikudumpha mlatho wamtunda wa UK ndikupita molunjika kuchokera ku madoko ku Europe kupita ku madoko ku Ireland. Mwanjira imeneyi, amalipira ndalama zoyendetsera katundu kamodzi kokha akalowa ku Ireland.
Q: Kodi Windsor Framework ndi chiyani ndipo kodi imathandiza ogulitsa aku China?
A: Inde, ngati njira yotumizira katundu siichitika mosamala. Katundu akachokera ku China kupita ku UK, ayenera kulipira ndalama zolowera ku UK. Ngati katunduyo watumizidwa ku Ireland (dziko la EU), adzayenera kudutsanso kudzera pamisonkhano kumalire a EU. Kwa anthu ambiri otumiza katundu masiku ano, njira yabwino kwambiri ndikudumpha mlatho wamtunda wa UK ndikupita molunjika kuchokera ku madoko ku Europe kupita ku madoko ku Ireland. Mwanjira imeneyi, amalipira ndalama zoyendetsera katundu kamodzi kokha akalowa ku Ireland.
Q: Ndiyitali bwanji? katundu wapanyanja kuchokera ku China kupita ku Ireland kutenga mu 2025?
Yankho: Nthawi zambiri zimatenga masiku 30 mpaka 40 kuti katundu wa panyanja apite kuchokera ku madoko akuluakulu aku China (Shanghai, Ningbo, ndi Shenzhen) kupita ku Dublin kapena Cork. Izi zitha kuchitika mwachindunji kudzera munjira yakuya kapena kudzera pa doko la kumpoto kwa Europe. Kutumiza katundu wa LCL (wosakwana-kontena) kungatenge nthawi yayitali chifukwa kumafunika kuphatikizidwa ndi kutumiza kwina. Kutumiza katundu wa pandege kumachepetsa izi kukhala masiku 4-7, koma zimawononga ndalama zambiri.
Q: Kodi njira ya mlatho wapansi ku UK yakhala yosatheka kugwira ntchito pambuyo pa Brexit?
A: Sizosatheka konse, koma sizingapambane kwambiri pa ntchito zambiri. Pa mapangano akale ndi mitundu ina ya zinthu, mlatho wamtunda wa ku UK ukadali womveka. Koma chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa misonkho, zofunikira zina zotsatizana, komanso njira zabwino zoyendera maboti kuchokera ku Ireland kupita ku EU, iyi si njira yabwino kwambiri pazinthu zambiri zochokera ku China zomwe zikupita ku Ireland. Akatswiri ambiri okonza zinthu tsopano akuwona njira yolunjika ya EU ngati yachizolowezi ndipo mlatho wamtunda ngati chosiyana chomwe chimachitika nthawi zina.
Q: Kodi ndi zikalata ziti zomwe ndikufuna kuti nditumize kuchokera ku China kupita ku UK mu 2025?
A: Mapepala ofunikira ndi invoice ya bizinesi, mndandanda wolongedza katundu, bilu yonyamula katundu kapena bilu ya ndege, satifiketi yochokera, ndipo, kutengera chinthucho, ziphaso zachitetezo, ziphaso zaumoyo, kapena zilengezo zotsatizana. Khodi yakale ya chikalata "999L" ya kuchotsera msonkho kosavuta sikuloledwanso kuyambira mu February 2025. Otumiza katundu ayenera tsopano kunena momveka bwino kuti ndi kuchotsera kuti kugwiritsidwe ntchito mu UK's Customs Declaration Service (CDS). Kuti mupewe kukanidwa kapena kuchedwa kwa kutumiza kwanu, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mugwire ntchito ndi broker wa misonkho kapena wotumiza katundu yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochuluka.
