Makina Otumizira Kuchokera ku China Kupita ku Portugal: Mavuto Ofunika Kwambiri Okhudza Kayendetsedwe ka Zinthu
Introduction
Kutumiza makina a mafakitale kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal ndi ntchito yaikulu kuposa kutumiza chidebe cha zinthu wamba. Zipangizo zolemera n'zovuta kusuntha chifukwa zimafunika khama lalikulu. EU ili ndi malamulo okhwima, mtunda wake ndi makilomita oposa 20,000 panyanja, ndipo misika ya katundu padziko lonse lapansi imasintha nthawi zonse. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta ndipo zimafuna chidziwitso chapadera pagawo lililonse.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, njira yachuma pakati pa China ndi Portugal yakula kwambiri. Mu 2025, malonda pakati pa mayiko awiriwa anali pafupifupi madola 9.65 biliyoni. Makina ndi zida zamagetsi zinali zina mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe Portugal imagula kuchokera ku China. Pamene opanga ambiri aku Portugal, makampani omanga, ndi ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale amapeza zida zawo zazikulu kuchokera ku mafakitale aku China, kufunikira kwa zida zoyendetsera makina zomwe zili zotetezeka, zovomerezeka, komanso zotsika mtengo sikunakhalepo kwakukulu kuposa kale lonse.
Anthu nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa panjira iyi. Anthu ambiri ochokera kunja amaganiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito makina otumizira katundu wamba ndikokwanira, koma pamapeto pake amakana satifiketi ya CE, malamulo a msonkho, zilango zosayembekezereka za demurrage ku Lisbon kapena Sines, kapena kuwonongeka chifukwa chonyamula katundu wolemera sikunachitike bwino. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zolakwika zomwe zilipo ndipo ikufotokoza mavuto enieni okhudza kusamutsa makina kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal komanso momwe angathanirane nawo bwino.
Kumvetsetsa Njira Yotumizira Zinthu ku China ndi Portugal
Malo a Portugal ku Iberian Peninsula amapatsa dzikolo malire a dzikolo omwe anthu ambiri ochokera kumayiko ena ku Europe samawaona. Dzikoli lili kumadzulo kwa dziko la Europe, moyang'anizana ndi nyanja ya Atlantic. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zombo zonyamula katundu zochokera ku madoko aku South China siziyenera kudutsa m'mizinda yotanganidwa ya kumpoto kwa Europe monga Rotterdam kapena Hamburg zisanafike komwe zikupita. Izi zimapangitsa Portugal kukhala imodzi mwa malo abwino kwambiri olowera katundu kuchokera ku Asia, makamaka chifukwa Port of Sines yakhala imodzi mwa malo akuluakulu otumizira katundu ku MSC ku Europe.
Njira yaikulu yapanyanja imayambira m'madoko akuluakulu aku China monga Shenzhen (Yantian/Shekou), Shanghai, Ningbo, kapena Guangzhou kumadzulo kudzera ku South China Sea, kupita ku Indian Ocean, kenako kudzera mu Suez Canal kupita ku Mediterranean musanayende kuzungulira Iberian Peninsula kapena kuzungulira Cape of Good Hope kupita ku njira ina ya ku Africa. Nthawi yoyendera kupita ku Lisbon kudutsa Suez Canal ndi pafupifupi masiku 30 mpaka 40. Njira yolowera ku Cape of Good Hope, yomwe inali yofunika panthawi yamavuto azachitetezo ku Red Sea kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2023 ndi kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2024, imawonjezera masiku 10 mpaka 14 ndipo imawononga ndalama zambiri mu mafuta.
Suez Canal ndiye njira yayikulu yotumizira katundu kunja pakati pa China ndi Portugal kuyambira mu 2026. Komabe, ogulitsa makina okwera mtengo ayenera kuyang'anira momwe zinthu zilili ndikukonzekera nthawi yowonjezera mu bajeti zawo. Onyamula katundu amatha kusintha njira mkati mwa milungu ingapo chitetezo chikayamba kuipa. Masabata awiri owonjezera oyendawo angayambitse kuchedwa kwa nyumba zosungiramo katundu, chindapusa chifukwa choswa mapangano, kapena kutsekedwa kwa mapulojekiti ku Portugal.
Kusankha Njira Yoyenera Yotumizira Makina
Ponena za kutumiza makina kunja, njira yomwe mungasankhe imakhudza zambiri osati mtengo wokha. Imakhudzanso momwe zinthuzo zidzasungidwire, momwe zidzagwiritsidwire ntchito, momwe zidzagawidwire m'magulu malinga ndi kasitomu, komanso zikalata zomwe mungafune. Tebulo ili pansipa likuwonetsa zosankha zazikulu za makina otumizira kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal.
| Njira Yotumiza | Nthawi Yoyenda | Mtengo (20ft/CBM) | Zabwino Kwambiri |
| Ocean FCL (kudzera ku Suez) | Masiku 30-40 | $1,700–$2,900/20ft | Malo odzaza makina |
| Ocean LCL | Masiku 35-45 | $30–$60 pa CBM | Katundu wochepa/wochepa |
| Sitima (yodzera ku Madrid) | Masiku 22-30 | Mtengo wapamwamba wapakati | Zigawo zamtengo wapatali |
| Kutumiza kwa Air | Masiku 5-7 | $4.60–$5.60/kg | Zida zosinthira mwachangu |
| Break Bulk / Ro-Ro | Masiku 35-50 | Mtengo wokhudzana ndi polojekiti | Kukula kwakukulu/OOG |
Ocean Full Container Load (FCL) ikadali muyezo wa zida zambiri zamafakitale, monga makina a CNC, mizere yopangira, majenereta, ma compressor, ndi zida zomangira. Makina ambiri apakatikati amatha kulowa mu chidebe cha mamita 20, koma chidebe cha mamita 40 High Cube ndi chabwino pamakina ataliatali kapena zotumizidwa ndi mayunitsi oposa limodzi. FCL imateteza katundu wanu ku zoopsa za LCL (Less than Container Load), komwe kugwedezeka, kusuntha katundu wina, kapena thukuta la chidebe kungawononge zigawo zolondola paulendo wa masiku 35.
Pa zinthu zomwe sizingalowe m'chidebe chokhazikika, monga ma cranes, ma turbine akuluakulu, makina osindikizira mafakitale, kapena zokumba, pali zotengera za flat rack, zotengera zotseguka pamwamba, zotengera za break bulk, kapena zombo za Ro-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off). Zotengera za flat rack zimagwira ntchito bwino pamakina akuluakulu koma ambiri a sikweya. Kutumiza kwa break bulk, zomwe zikutanthauza kukweza zinthu mwachindunji m'chombo chopanda chidebe, ndi za katundu yekhayo amene sangaikidwe m'chombo. Ro-Ro ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri ya makina oyenda ndi mawilo kapena odziyendetsa okha omwe amatha kuyendetsedwa m'chombo china pamalo omwe akuchokera komanso padoko lomwe akupita.
Njira ina yotumizira zida zamtengo wapatali komanso zinthu zina zofunika kufika kumeneko mwachangu koma osati mwachangu kwambiri moti katundu wa pandege amafunika kunyamulidwa. Kuyenda kumatenga masiku 22 mpaka 30, zomwe ndi zothamanga kwambiri kuposa katundu wa panyanja. Komabe, otumiza ayenera kudziwa kuti palibe kulumikizana mwachindunji kwa sitima kupita ku Portugal. Sitimayo imathera ku Spain, ndipo gawo lomaliza kupita ku Portugal liyenera kutumizidwa ndi galimoto, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatenga tsiku limodzi kapena atatu ndipo zimadula mtengo wokwera. Mitengo ya sitima nayonso si yodziwika bwino kuposa katundu wa panyanja, zomwe zimakopa otumiza katundu omwe akufuna kusunga katundu wawo kwa nthawi yayitali.
Madoko a ku Portugal: Kusankha Chipata Choyenera
Pali madoko atatu abwino otengera makontena ku Portugal obweretsera makina kuchokera ku China. Chilichonse chili ndi mawonekedwe ake omwe angakhudze mtengo wonse wopezera katunduyo komanso nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti apezeke.
| Port | Mphamvu ya pachaka | Ubwino waukulu | Mayendedwe Achizolowezi Ochokera ku Shanghai |
| Port of Lisbon | ~1.2M TEU | Pafupi ndi mzinda, malo oimikapo magalimoto atatu | Masiku 30-38 |
| Doko la Sines (PSA) | ~2.5M TEU | Madzi akuya, malo ofunikira a MSC, kukula mwachangu | Masiku 28-36 |
| Port of Leixões | ~800K TEU | Kulowera kumpoto kwa Portugal | Masiku 32-40 |
Otumiza makina ayenera kusamala kwambiri za Port of Sines (PSA Sines). Malo ake ozama kwambiri amatha kusunga maboti akuluakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kotero mautumiki ambiri olunjika amabwera ku Sines popanda kudutsa ku Algeciras kapena malo ena ozungulira nyanja ya Mediterranean. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sitima sizingapatsidwe katundu wambiri, mwayi wochepa wowonongeka panthawi yotumiza, komanso nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazifupi. Sines ndi yothandiza makamaka potumiza zida zolemera za FCL chifukwa imakulolani kugawa ndalama zonyamulira crane ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu mofanana pakati pa kuyitana kwa sitima mwachindunji.
Malo atatu oimika magalimoto ku Lisbon amapereka mwayi wokhala pafupi ndi likulu la dzikolo ndi madera ozungulira mafakitale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magalimoto ambiri oyenda pagalimoto akhale osavuta komanso achangu kwa anthu ambiri ochokera ku Portugal. Komabe, nthawi yotanganidwa, kuchulukana kwa magalimoto m'mabwalo kungayambitse kuchedwa kwa katundu wamkulu yemwe amafunikira zida zapadera zonyamulira katundu komanso kudziwitsidwa pasadakhale ku malo oimika magalimoto. Ngati mukutumiza makina akuluakulu kuposa chidebe wamba, ndibwino kusungitsa pasadakhale ndikugwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi woyendetsa malo oimika magalimoto, osati kudzera mwa wotumiza katundu wamba.
Vuto la Chitsimikizo cha CE: Vuto Lanu Lalikulu Lolamulira
Chitsimikizo cha CE ndi gawo lovuta kwambiri potumiza makina kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal (ndi EU) chifukwa chimakopa otumiza ambiri osadziwa ndipo chimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri ngati sichinachitike bwino. Portugal ndi membala wa European Union ndipo ikutsatira EU Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC). Lamuloli limati pafupifupi makina onse amafakitale omwe amagulitsidwa ku EU ayenera kukhala ndi chizindikiro cha CE chosonyeza kuti akukwaniritsa miyezo yoyambira yazaumoyo ndi chitetezo.
Ogulitsa zinthu ku China ndi ogula awo aku Europe nthawi zina amalakwitsa kuganiza kuti chizindikiro cha EU CE ndi chizindikiro cha China chotumizira zinthu kunja ndi chinthu chimodzi. Kusiyana kokha komwe mungawone ndi malo pakati pa zilembo, zomwe n'zosatheka kuziwona ndi maso. Koma ndizosiyana kwambiri: chizindikiro cha ku China cha "CE" (China Export) ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimangosonyeza komwe malondawo adachokera ndipo sichitanthauza chilichonse mwalamulo ku Europe. Akuluakulu a zamisonkho ku Portugal ndi oyang'anira msika amadziwa bwino kusiyana kumeneku. Makina omwe amabwera ndi sitampu ya CE yaku China koma osavomerezeka ndi EU Declaration of Conformity adzabwezedwa, kusungidwa, kapena kuwonongedwa.
Ngati wopanga waku China akufuna kupeza kutsata malamulo a CE pa makina awo, nthawi zambiri amafunika kulemba ntchito bungwe la European Notified Body kuti lichite kuwunika kogwirizana ndi malamulo a CE. Ngati wopanga sakufuna kapena sangathe kuchita zimenezo, wogulitsa katundu waku Europe ali ndi udindo motsatira lamulo la EU ndipo ayenera kulemba ntchito munthu wina kuti achite mayesowo. Njirayi ingatenge milungu kapena miyezi ndipo imawononga ndalama, koma singasinthidwe. Njira yokhayo yopewera kuchedwa kwakukulu ndi kutayika pamalire ndikuphatikiza kutsimikizira kutsata malamulo a CE mu njira yogulira makinawo asanatumizidwe.
Ogulitsa kunja ayenera kuganizira zambiri osati kungoganizira za malangizo a zida zokha. Ayeneranso kuganizira za malangizo a Low Voltage Directive (2014/35/EU) pazida zamagetsi, malangizo a EMC (2014/30/EU) pakugwirizana kwa magetsi, ndipo nthawi zina miyezo ya ATEX pazida zomwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mlengalenga wophulika. Malangizo aliwonse angafune kuti pakhale chilengezo chosiyana cha kuvomereza ndi mapepala aukadaulo, monga fayilo ya Technical Construction (TCF) kapena fayilo yaukadaulo (TF).
Zolemba: Zimene Simungathe Kulakwitsa
Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimachititsa kuchedwa ndi ndalama zowonjezera potumiza makina kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal ndi zolakwika zomwe zili mu mapepala. Pansi pa EU Customs Union, makasitomala aku Portugal amafunikira mapepala enaake. Ngati pali kusiyana kulikonse pakati pawo, adzayang'ana pamanja zomwe zingawonjezere masiku kapena milungu ku nthawi yanu yotumizira.
| Ndemanga | cholinga | zolemba |
| Inivoyisi yamalonda | Customs valuation | Iyenera kukhala ndi HS code, mtengo wa unit |
| Mndandanda wazolongedza | Kutsimikizira katundu | Kulemera, miyeso, kuchuluka kwa chinthu chilichonse |
| Bill Yotsogolera (B / L) | Mutu wa katundu | Choyambirira chikufunika kuti doko litulutsidwe |
| Satifiketi Yoyambira | Kutsimikiza kwa Tariff | Yoperekedwa ndi chipinda cha zamalonda cha ku China |
| Chidziwitso cha Kugwirizana | Kutsatira malamulo a chitetezo a EU/Portugal | Zofunikira pamakina olowera ku EU |
| Buku Lophunzitsira Zaukadaulo (EN/PT) | Kasitomu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ogwiritsa ntchito | Zofunikira pa makina ovuta |
| License yotumiza kunja (ngati ikuyenera) | Katundu woyendetsedwa | Katswiri wogwiritsa ntchito kawiri angafunike kuvomerezedwa ndi MOFCOM |
Samalani kwambiri ndi HS code (Harmonized System code). Chaputala 84 ndi 85 cha mndandanda wa makina olembedwa a Harmonized Tariff Schedule. Chaputala chilichonse chili ndi mitu yambirimbiri yapadera yomwe ili ndi mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya msonkho wolowera kunja. Ngati muyika chinthu molakwika m'gulu, ngakhale chitakhala mwadala kapena mwangozi, mutha kuimbidwa mlandu mwalamulo, muyenera kubweza misonkho, ndikulandira zilango zaupandu motsatira malamulo a EU custom ngati muchita mwadala. Pa kutumiza kulikonse kwa makina opitilira €150,000, tikukulimbikitsani kwambiri kuti broker wovomerezeka wa misonkho yemwe amadziwa malamulo onse otumizira kunja aku China komanso malamulo olowera ku Portugal ayang'ane gululo asanatumizidwe.
Ndikofunikanso kulemba chiwerengero cholondola cha CIF (Cost, Inshuwalansi, ndi Freight) pa invoice yamalonda. Makina akabweretsedwa ku Portugal kuchokera ku China, akuluakulu a kasitomu amafufuza mtengo womwe watchulidwa poyerekeza ndi ma database amsika ndi zolemba zakale zotumizira kuti atsimikizire kuti zikugwirizana. Ndi chiopsezo chodziwika bwino chochepetsa mtengo wa makina kuti achepetse msonkho wotumizira, ndipo ogulitsa ochokera ku EU akumana ndi zilango zazikulu chifukwa cha izi. Chizolowezi chofuna kukakamiza mwamphamvu sichikuwonetsa kuti chidzasiya.
Kulongedza, Kuteteza, ndi Kusamalira Makina Olemera
Kutumiza makina olemera kumafuna luso lolemba zinthu zosiyana kwambiri ndi kutumiza zinthu kwa ogula. Mwachitsanzo, malo ochitira makina a CNC olondola akhoza kukhala ndi malo ochitira zinthu zokoka omwe ndi osiyana ndi malo ake ochitira zinthu. Angafunikenso makina okonzera matabwa okhala ndi zomangira zoletsa kugwedezeka ndi ma spindles ake onse, mitu, ndi zinthu zosuntha kuti zitetezedwe ndikutsekedwa chitseko cha chidebe chisanatseke. Ngati simuchita bwino chilichonse mwa zinthuzi paulendo wa masiku 35 kudutsa Bay of Biscay, yomwe ndi imodzi mwa malo ovuta kwambiri ku North Atlantic, mutha kuyambitsa kuwonongeka komwe sikungatheke ndipo palibe malipiro a inshuwaransi omwe angakutetezeni kwathunthu.
Mukatumiza makina m'mabokosi, chinthu chomwe chimachitika nthawi zambiri ndi kupanga bokosi lamatabwa kapena chidebe chomwe chikugwirizana ndi kukula ndi kulemera kwa makinawo. Kutsekereza ndi kulimbitsa mkati mwa bokosilo kumaletsa chilichonse kusuntha mbali imodzi kupita mbali ina. Zingwe za polyester kapena zitsulo zimasunga makinawo m'bokosilo mpaka pansi pa chidebecho. Matumba oyeretsera madzi amateteza chidebecho kuti chisatuluke thukuta, chomwe ndi chinyezi chomwe chimasonkhana m'mabokosi achitsulo otsekedwa pamene akuyenda m'malo osiyanasiyana otentha. Malangizo anu oyika ayenera kuphatikizapo masitepe onsewa, ndipo fakitale yoyambira iyenera kuwayang'ana chidebecho chisanatsekedwe.
Mukatumiza katundu wopanda gauge (OOG) pa malo otsetsereka kapena m'makontena otseguka pamwamba, kapangidwe ka kulumikiza ndi kuteteza kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Wofufuza wovomerezeka wa zapamadzi ayenera kupanga izi. China ndi Portugal onse amafuna satifiketi yolumikizira katundu wa OOG. Izi zikusonyeza kuti momwe katunduyo amakhalira wotetezedwa zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngati mulibe chikalatachi, njira yotumizira katunduyo ingatenge nthawi yayitali ndipo imawononga ndalama zambiri. Makina ena akuluakulu amafunikanso kukhala ndi zida monga ma antenna, ma side guard, ndi ma booms otalikirapo asanatumizidwe kuti achepetse miyeso yawo ndikupewa ndalama za OOG, zomwe zingakhale zokwera kwambiri.
Kuyenda pa Kusakhazikika kwa Mitengo ya Katundu ndi Mikhalidwe ya Msika
Mitengo ya katundu wa m'nyanja pa msewu wa China-Portugal yakhala yokhazikika kwambiri kuyambira kusintha kwakukulu kwa 2021-2022, ngakhale kuti sizikudziwikabe. Mumsika wabwinobwino, mitengo ya FCL kuchokera ku madoko aku South China kupita ku Lisbon imayamba pa $1,700 pa chidebe cha mamita 20 ndi $2,900 pa chidebe cha mamita 40 kuyambira Epulo 2026. Komabe, mu kotala lachinayi la 2025, mitengo ya mamita 40 idakwera ndi zoposa 26% kuyambira mwezi umodzi kupita ku wina chifukwa kufunikira kunali kwakukulu ndipo mphamvu zinali zochepa. Ichi ndi chenjezo kuti kugula zida pamsika womwewo kungapangitse ogulitsa kunja kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kukwera kwamitengo mwachangu panthawi yovuta kwambiri.
Kwa anthu omwe amatumiza makina kunja, tanthauzo lake ndi losavuta: nthawi iliyonse yomwe mungathe, pezani mitengo motsatira mapangano amtsogolo kapena mapangano autumiki a nthawi yayitali m'malo mongotsatira msika wa malo. Pazida zazikulu zokhala ndi masiku otchulidwa operekera ntchito, kusinthasintha kwa kusungitsa malo sikuli koyenera chiopsezo. Kontrakitala womanga ku Porto yemwe amafuna crane ya nsanja ya ntchito yomwe imayamba pa tsiku linalake sangathe kuthana ndi kuchedwa kwa milungu iwiri chifukwa cha zida zomwe zimasamutsidwira ku sitima ina chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama komanso kusowa kwa malo.
Mapangidwe omwe amachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka nawonso ndi ofunikira. Pa Chaka Chatsopano cha ku China (Januware-Febuluwale), mafakitale amatseka kwa milungu iwiri kapena kuposerapo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti makina omwe ayenera kutumizidwa tchuthi chisanafike ayenera kukhala okonzeka ndikusungidwa pofika koyambirira kwa Disembala. Pambuyo pa Chaka Chatsopano cha ku China, kufunikira kumawonjezeka pamene makampani akuyamba kupanga zinthu kachiwiri. Izi zingayambitse kusungitsa zinthu mochedwa komanso kukwera kwa ndalama kwakanthawi. Kukonzekera nthawi yanu yotumizira ndi kugula motsatira zomwe zikuchitika nthawi zonse, m'malo mochitapo kanthu, ndi luso losavuta koma lomwe nthawi zambiri silimaganiziridwa.
Momwe Kutumiza kwa Topway Kumathandizira Kukonza Makina Kuchokera ku China Kupita ku Portugal
Mabungwe akamakumana ndi mavuto ovuta omwe afotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, kukhala ndi mnzanu woyenera wokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka katundu kungapangitse kusiyana kwakukulu pa mtengo, kutsatira malamulo, komanso kudalirika kwa kutumiza katundu. Topway Shipping, yomwe ili ku Shenzhen, China, yakhala ikupereka ntchito zaukadaulo zoyendera katundu kudutsa malire kuyambira 2010. Gulu loyambitsali lili ndi zaka zoposa 15 zokumana nazo mwachindunji ndi kayendetsedwe ka katundu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchotsera msonkho wa misonkho, ndipo amadziwa zambiri za momwe msewu wamalonda pakati pa China ndi Europe umagwirira ntchito.
Lingaliro la utumiki la Topway likufuna kusamalira unyolo wonse wa katundu popanda kupereka maudindo nthawi zovuta. Izi zikutanthauza mayendedwe oyamba kuchokera ku fakitale ku Guangdong, Zhejiang, kapena Jiangsu; kulumikizana kwaukadaulo kwa makina olemera ndi akuluakulu; kutumiza katundu kuchokera ku madoko aku China; ntchito zonyamula katundu panyanja za FCL ndi LCL kupita ku madoko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi - kuphatikiza Lisbon, Sines, ndi Leixões; kulumikizana kwa katundu wochokera kunja; kunja kwa dziko. kuwuzandi kutumiza katundu womaliza ku tsamba la kasitomala ku Portugal.
Njira yolumikizidwayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu omwe amatumiza makina chifukwa mavuto omwe afotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi—zolemba za CE, kulondola kwa HS code, kukonzekera katundu wa OOG, kulumikizana kwa madoko, ndi kasamalidwe ka kusinthasintha kwa mitengo—zonsezi zimafuna kulumikizana pakati pa anthu angapo. Kampani imodzi yokonza zinthu ikakhala ndi udindo pa unyolo wonse, chidziwitso chimayenda mwachangu, zolakwika zimapezeka msanga, ndipo aliyense amadziwa yemwe ali ndi udindo. Chidziwitso chambiri cha Topway panjira iyi chimachepetsa chiopsezo kwa ogulitsa aku Portugal ndi aku Europe omwe akugula makina kuchokera ku China koyamba kapena omwe adakumana ndi zovuta ndi zinthu zosakonzedwa bwino.
Topway ilinso ndi njira zina zosinthika za FCL ndi LCL zomwe zimalola otumiza makina kuti asankhe njira yabwino kwambiri yotumizira katundu wawo komanso nthawi yotumizira, m'malo mongoletsa kutumiza kulikonse kukhala yankho limodzi. Topway imathanso kugwirizanitsa kutumiza sitima ndi ndege kwa maoda ang'onoang'ono a makina kapena zida zina zomwe zimafunika kufika kumeneko mwachangu kuposa kutumiza kwapanyanja.
Zolakwa Zodziwika ndi Mmene Mungapewere
Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri akugwira ntchito pa msewu wa zida pakati pa China ndi Portugal, n'zoonekeratu kuti ogulitsa zinthu zamitundu yonse amalakwitsa zomwezo mobwerezabwereza. Kudziwa mavutowa pasadakhale ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera mavuto popanda kuwononga ndalama zambiri.
| Common Kulakwitsa | Njira Yothetsera |
| Khodi ya HS yolakwika kapena yosowa | Tsimikizirani ma code ndi broker wovomerezeka wa kasitomu musanatumize |
| Palibe Chilengezo cha CE cha Kutsatira | Pezani satifiketi ya CE yogwirizana ndi EU kuchokera kwa wopanga waku China kapena chipani chachitatu |
| Kuchepetsa ndalama zoyendetsera OOG | Pemphani mtengo wophatikizapo zonse; tsimikizirani ndalama zoyikira crane/lashing pasadakhale |
| Kunyalanyaza chiopsezo cha kusokonezeka kwa Nyanja Yofiira | Pangani buffer ya masiku 10-14; yang'anirani njira zotumizira katundu musanayike malo. |
| Kuchepetsa mtengo wa makina pa invoice | Lengezani mtengo wolondola wa CIF; kasitomu ya ku Portugal imachita kafukufuku |
| Ayi katundu inshuwalansi za zida zolemera | Gulani mtengo wa CIF osachepera 1.5%–2% ngati chivundikiro cha zoopsa zonse |
Chimodzi mwa zolakwika zodula kwambiri ndi kuchedwetsa kukonzekera za makina mpaka mgwirizano wogula utasainidwa. Ndipotu, zosowa za makina ena (monga momwe CE ilili, mafotokozedwe a magetsi, kutsatira malire a mayendedwe apamsewu aku Portugal potumiza katundu womaliza, zosowa zoyika) ziyenera kuganiziridwa popanga chisankho chogula. Makina omwe amawononga EUR 50,000 koma amafunikira EUR 20,000 poyesa CE kwa anthu ena, ma crate apadera, ndi kubwereka ma port crane kuti akafike komwe akupita ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi omwe ali kale ovomerezeka komanso okonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kutsiliza
Kutumiza makina kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal ndi vuto la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu lomwe limafuna kukonzekera mosamala, kudziwa malamulo, ndi gulu la akatswiri pa gawo lililonse la ntchitoyi. Kukula ndi kulemera kwa zida zamafakitale, malamulo otsatira malamulo a EU a CE, kulondola kwa mapepala omwe miyambo ya ku Portugal imayembekezera, komanso mfundo yakuti misika yapadziko lonse yonyamula katundu imasintha nthawi zonse zimapangitsa zinthu kukhala zovuta kwambiri kuposa kutumiza zinthu nthawi zonse.
Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti msewu wa China-Portugal wakhazikika bwino, madoko ndi okhoza, ndipo zonyamulira zasonyeza kuti zimatha kusuntha makina bwino ngati maziko amangidwa bwino. Kusiyana pakati pa kutumiza bwino ndi katundu wokwera mtengo kapena makina osweka nthawi zambiri kumakhala zisankho zomwe zimachitika milungu ingapo katundu asanachoke ku China. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusankha njira yoyenera yoyendera, kuyang'ana kutsatira malamulo a CE msanga, kuonetsetsa kuti mapepala ndi olondola, komanso kugwira ntchito ndi mnzanu wothandizana naye yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chenicheni panjirayi.
China ikadali imodzi mwa malo abwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ogulira zida zamafakitale, ndipo malo a Portugal pa Nyanja ya Atlantic amapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwa malo abwino kwambiri ogulira zida zamafakitale ku Europe. Pali mavuto enieni, koma amatha kuthetsedwa ndi mnzanu woyenera komanso kukonzekera koyenera.
Ibibazo
Q: Zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kutumiza makina kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal panyanja?
A: Njira yanthawi zonse ya FCL yochokera ku madoko akuluakulu aku South China kupita ku Lisbon kapena Sines kudzera mu njira ya Suez Canal imatenga masiku pafupifupi 30 mpaka 40. Onjezani masiku 10 mpaka 14 ngati njira ya Cape of Good Hope yatsegulidwa chifukwa cha mavuto achitetezo ku Red Sea. Makilomita omaliza otumizira kuchokera ku doko kupita kumalo anu ku Portugal amatenga tsiku limodzi kapena atatu, kutengera komwe mukupita.
Q: Kodi satifiketi ya CE nthawi zonse imafunika pa makina ochokera ku China kupita ku Portugal?
A: Inde, pafupifupi makina onse amafakitale omwe amagulitsidwa ku EU. Portugal ndi dziko lomwe lili membala wa EU ndipo limatsatira malangizo a EU Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC). Mukufunika chizindikiro chenicheni cha CE chokhazikika cha EU ndi Declaration of Conformity. Chizindikiro cha "CE" cha ku China (China Export) sichigwira ntchito ku EU.
Q: Kodi njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yotumizira makina olemera kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal ndi iti?
Yankho: Ocean FCL (Full Container Load) nthawi zambiri imakhala njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri pamakina olemera. LCL (Less than Container Load) imagwira ntchito pamakina ang'onoang'ono kapena zida zinazake. Kutumiza katundu pandege ndiye njira yokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zina zomwe ndi zamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndipo zimafunika kutumizidwa mwachangu. Pazinthu zina zamtengo wapatali, njanji ndi malo abwino pakati pa msewu.
Q: Kodi ndingatumize makina akuluakulu omwe sangagwirizane ndi chidebe chokhazikika?
A: Inde. Katundu wosakhala wofunikira (OOG) akhoza kuyikidwa m'mabokosi okhala ndi malo osalala, makontena otseguka pamwamba, kutumiza katundu wambiri, ndi ntchito za Ro-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off). Njira yoyenera yochitira izi imadalira kukula, kulemera, komanso ngati makinawo angayende okha. Chisankho chilichonse chimafunikira mapepala owonjezera, satifiketi yolumikizira, ndipo chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa kudzera mwa wotumiza katundu yemwe amadziwa momwe angasamalire katundu wa polojekitiyi.
Q: Ndi misonkho iti yochokera kunja yomwe imagwira ntchito pa makina omwe amafika ku Portugal kuchokera ku China?
A: Kugawidwa kwa makina enieni a HS code kumatsimikiza mitengo yolowera ku EU. Makina ambiri a mafakitale mu Chaputala 84 ndi 85 amalipira msonkho wa 0% mpaka 3.7%, komabe mitundu ina imalipira msonkho wotsutsana ndi kutaya katundu. Mtengo wamba wa VAT (IVA) ku Portugal ndi 23%, womwe umawonjezeredwa ku mtengo wa CIF custom ndi ndalama zolowera. Musanatumize, nthawi zonse funsani kwa broker wovomerezeka wa custom kuti muwonetsetse kuti muli ndi HS code yoyenera.
