Kusiyana Kwenikweni Pakati pa EXW, FOB ndi DDP Potumiza Katundu Waukulu Kuchokera ku China Kupita ku France
Introduction
Ngati mudagulapo sofa, treadmill kapena khitchini yogulitsa kuchokera ku fakitale yaku China ndikuyesera kutumiza khomo ndi khomo kwa kasitomala ku Paris kapena Lyon, mukudziwa kuti mawu oti katundu omwe amalembedwa pa invoice yanu ya proforma angatanthauze kusiyana pakati pa kutumiza bwino ndi vuto lalikulu la kasitomu. EXW, FOB, DDP si mawu ofupikitsa okha. Ndi malamulo amalonda ovomerezeka omwe amasankha mwini katundu wanu, ndani amalipira chiyani, komanso ndani amatenga chiopsezo pamene china chake chawonongeka pakati pa fakitale ku Shenzhen ndi adilesi yomaliza ku France.
Mu 2024, dziko la France linatumiza zinthu zokwana madola 77 biliyoni kuchokera ku China, zomwe zambiri zinali zinthu zazikulu komanso zolemera monga mipando, zipangizo zapakhomo, zida zolimbitsa thupi ndi zida zamafakitale. Pamene malonda apa intaneti akupitirira kukula, eni masitolo odziyimira pawokha komanso ogulitsa ochokera kunja ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakatikati akutumiza magulu awa koyamba, ndipo zotsatirapo za kusankha nthawi yolakwika yamalonda zimakhala zazikulu pa katundu wamkulu kuposa zinthu zazing'ono. Kusawerengera bwino mtengo wolowera pachidebe cha mipando yothira massage kungathe kuchotsa phindu kwa kotala lonse.
Mu bukhuli, tikufotokoza EXW, FOB ndi DDP m'mawu enieni, m'njira yeniyeni, ya katundu wamkulu komanso wochuluka wochokera ku China kupita ku France. Limafotokoza zomwe mawu aliwonse amakuwonongerani ndalama, komwe chiopsezo chimadutsa, momwe miyambo ya ku France ndi EU VAT zimagwirizanirana ndi zochitika zilizonse komanso nthawi yomwe gawo lililonse limakhala lothandiza pazachuma.
Kodi Mawu Awa Amatanthauza Chiyani - Ndipo Chifukwa Chake Katundu Wochuluka Amawapangitsa Kukhala Ovuta Kwambiri?
Matanthauzidwe ambiri a Incoterms amachokera pa mfundo imeneyi. EXW imatanthauza kuti wogulitsa sachita chilichonse. Wogula amakonza chilichonse kuyambira pachipata cha fakitale. FOB imasonyeza kuti wogulitsa amaika katundu m'sitimayo padoko loyambira ndipo amasamutsa udindo kwa wogula akangolowa m'sitimayo. DDP imasonyeza kuti wogulitsayo apereka katunduyo pakhomo la wogula, ndipo msonkho ndi misonkho zaperekedwa. Zowunikirazo ndi zomveka bwino, koma sizimafika pamkangano wothandiza wosuntha mpando wopaka minofu wa makilogalamu 400 kapena oda ya sofa yodzaza theka la chidebe cha mamita 40.
Katundu wamkulu komanso wolemera amakhala ndi mavuto pamalo aliwonse osamutsira katundu. Pakutumiza katundu kunja kokha, chinthu cholemera makilogalamu mazana angapo chiyenera kuyikidwa m'mabokosi amatabwa opangidwa ndi fumbi kapena ma pallet olimba omwe amagwirizana ndi malamulo a ISPM 15 okhudza ukhondo wa zomera. Kulemera kwa bedi ndi zida zonyamulira katundu ndizofunikira ponyamula katundu kuchokera ku fakitale yamkati kupita ku doko la ku China. Katunduyo angafunike kukonzedwa mwapadera padoko lopita ku Le Havre kapena Marseille-Fos. Kutumiza katundu womaliza ku France nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kutumiza katundu pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yokumana ndi gulu la anthu awiri kapena awiri. Chilichonse mwa izi ndi mfundo yokambirana yobisika kumbuyo kwa mgwirizano uliwonse wamalonda womwe mumavomereza kuchokera kwa ogulitsa anu.
EXW: Kuwongolera Kwambiri, Kulemera Kwambiri
EXW (Ex Works) – Zinthuzo zikangoyikidwa pamalo omwe atchulidwa (nthawi zambiri fakitale kapena nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya wogulitsa), udindo wa wogulitsa umatha. Wogula amalipira ndalama zonse zotsatirazi: kusungitsa galimoto yakomweko kuti ikatenge kuchokera ku fakitale, chilolezo cha kutumiza katundu ku China ndi chilolezo chotumiza katundu kunja komwe kukufunika, kusungitsa katundu wakunja, kutsimikizira katunduyo, misonkho yochokera ku France, kulipira misonkho ndi VAT ndikukonzekera kutumiza komaliza. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri kwa ogula omwe alibe ubale wokhazikika wotumizira katundu ku China. Wogula ayeneranso kukhala ndi kampani yovomerezeka ndi China kuti ikhale yotumiza katunduyo kuchokera ku China mwalamulo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wogula ayenera kukhala ndi wothandizira wakomweko kapena kulumikizana ndi wotumiza katundu yemwe ali ndi luso limenelo.
Katundu wochuluka kwambiri akuwonjezera vuto lina, kunyamula katundu wa EXW. Malo osungira katundu akhoza kukhala ochepa mufakitale kunja kwa Guangzhou m'malo opangira mafakitale. Wogula kapena wothandizira wake ayenera kudziwa momwe zipangizozo zikuyendera, njira zotumizira katunduyo komanso ngati fakitaleyo ingathandize kapena kungoyembekezera. Zinthu zonse sizikuphatikizidwa mu mtengo.
FOB: Zosasinthika Zamakampani — Ndi Mipata Yake Yobisika
FOB (Free On Board) ndi mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pogulitsa katundu wochokera ku China, ndipo ndi zoona. Wogulitsa waku China amakonza zoyendera zapakhomo kupita ku doko, kuchotsa katundu kuchokera kumayiko ena ndi kukweza katundu m'chombo. Kusamutsa zoopsa ndi ndalama kwa wogula katunduyo akalowa m'chombocho. Gawoli la ogwira ntchito ndi lomveka bwino chifukwa wogulitsayo amamvetsetsa momwe katundu amayendera m'deralo ndipo amatha kuchita bwino njira zogwirira ntchito ku China, pomwe wogulayo ali ndi udindo wosungitsa katundu wakunja ndi kukweza katundu komwe akupita.
Koma FOB ili ndi zofooka zenizeni pa msewu wa China-France wa katundu wamkulu. Kusankha doko ndikofunikira kwambiri. Wogulitsa mawu a FOB Jiangmen angakhale akunyoza zovuta chifukwa Jiangmen ndi doko lodyetsa katundu ndipo katunduyo ayenera kutumizidwa kudzera m'malo akuluakulu monga Shenzhen kuti akatenge katundu kunja kwa dziko. Kutumiza katundu kumawonjezera mtengo ndi nthawi, ndipo ngati doko lomwe latchulidwa silili malo ofunikira otumizira katundu kunja, mikangano yokhudza omwe akukumana ndi ndalamazo imakhala yofala. Ogula ayenera kukakamira FOB m'madoko akuluakulu monga Shanghai, Shenzhen, Ningbo kapena Guangzhou, ndikutsimikizira izi polemba asanavomereze proforma.
Kenako pali funso la zomwe zimachitika pambuyo poti FOB yatha. Wogula adzayenera kusankha chonyamulira katundu cha katundu wa panyanja kapena wa pandege, kuchotsa katunduyo kudzera mu kasitomu waku France, kulipira msonkho wa katundu wochokera kunja ndi VAT, ndikukonzekera kutumiza katunduyo mpaka kumapeto. Ngati iyi ndi nthawi yanu yoyamba kulowetsa zinthu zazikulu, chilichonse mwa izi ndi ubale watsopano ndi wogulitsa womwe muyenera kuthana nawo, wokhala ndi invoice yakeyake komanso kuthekera kwa zodabwitsa.
DDP: Yosavuta Kwambiri, Koma Yovuta Kutsatira Malamulo
Kumbali ina ya gawoli pali DDP (Delivered Duty Paid). Adzagwira ntchito yonse kuyambira kwa wopanga ku China mpaka ku adilesi yomwe muwapatsa ku France, kuphatikizapo chilolezo chotumiza kunja, katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, misonkho yochokera kunja ku France, kulipira misonkho, VAT ndi kutumiza komaliza. Pa kutumiza kwa malonda a pa intaneti kupita ku France, DDP ndi yokongola: mtengo umodzi, malo amodzi olumikizirana, palibe zodabwitsa zomwe makasitomala amalandira.
Komabe, kukula kwa kutsata malamulo a DDP mu EU sikophweka. Kuyambira mu 2021, EU yalamula kuti VAT igwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zonse zamalonda mosasamala kanthu za mtengo wake ndipo kuyambira mu 2024 mpaka 2025, lamulo la EU la ICS2 lokhudza chitetezo lakhazikitsa zofunikira pakupereka malipoti a data asanafike pazotumiza zonse. Kuti DDP igwire ntchito bwino, wopereka chithandizo cha mayendedwe ayenera kukhala ndi nambala ya EORI yolembetsedwa ku France kapena kwina kulikonse mu EU, athe kuchita ngati wotumiza katundu wolembetsa ndikuyang'anira DAF (Delta system advance declarations) ndi ma ICS2 files bwino. Kukhazikitsa DDP ndi wopereka chithandizo wopanda luso limeneli kungayambitse kusungidwa kwa misonkho, chindapusa kapena kubwezedwa kwa katundu - zonsezi zimakhala zodula, makamaka pa katundu wamkulu komwe ndalama zosungira tsiku ndi tsiku m'madoko aku France kapena m'nyumba zosungiramo katundu zitha kuchulukana posachedwa.
Mtengo Weniweni Womwe Udagulidwa: Kuyerekeza Mbali ndi Mbali
Kuti mudziwe ngati nthawi yogulira katundu imadula kwambiri, muyenera kuganizira za mtengo wonse wogulira katundu - mtengo wonse wosuntha katundu kuchokera ku fakitale yaku China kupita ku malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito ku France. Gome ili pansipa likuwonetsa kuwerengera mtengo wa katundu wonyamula katundu wolemera kwambiri pa nthawi iliyonse: chidebe chimodzi cha mipando ya 20ft yokhala ndi mtengo wa USD 15,000 FOB, yotumizidwa kuchokera ku Shenzhen kupita ku Le Havre, ndipo yomaliza kutumizidwa ku Paris.
| Mtengo wagawo | KAPI | FOB | DDP |
| Kunyamula katundu ndi magalimoto akuluakulu ku China | Wogula amalipira | Wogulitsa amalipira | Wogulitsa amalipira |
| Chilolezo cha Export Customs (China) | Wogula amakonza | Zogwira zogulitsa | Zogwira zogulitsa |
| Chilolezo chotumiza kunja / zikalata | Wogula amakonza | Zogwira zogulitsa | Zogwira zogulitsa |
| Kutsatira malamulo a ISPM 15 pa kulongedza matabwa | Wogula amakonza | Zogwira zogulitsa | Zogwira zogulitsa |
| Katundu wa m'nyanja (Shenzhen → Le Havre) | Wogula amalipira | Wogula amalipira | Wogulitsa amalipira |
| Inshuwaransi ya katundu | Wogula amakonza | Wogula amakonza | Wogulitsa amakonza |
| Kupereka zikalata zachitetezo cha EU ICS2 asanafike | Wogula amakonza | Wogula amakonza | Zogwira zogulitsa |
| Chilolezo cha msonkho cha ku France chochokera kunja | Wogula amalipira | Wogula amalipira | Zogwira zogulitsa |
| Misonkho yochokera kunja (yodalira zinthu, 0–12%) | Wogula amalipira | Wogula amalipira | Wogulitsa amalipira |
| VAT yaku France (20% pa CIF + msonkho) | Wogula amalipira | Wogula amalipira | Wogulitsa amalipira/kusonkhanitsa |
| Ndalama zoyendetsera malo opita ku doko (THC) | Wogula amalipira | Wogula amalipira | Wogulitsa amalipira |
| Kutumiza mkati mwa dziko la Le Havre → Paris | Wogula amalipira | Wogula amalipira | Wogulitsa amalipira |
| Utumiki wa nthawi yomaliza/chitseko chokwezera | Wogula amakonza | Wogula amakonza | Zogwira zogulitsa |
| Malo otengera zoopsa | Chipata chafakitale | Yodzazidwa pa sitima | Adiresi ya wogula |
Kuchokera ku kugawa kumeneku, EXW imapatsa makasitomala ulamuliro waukulu pa mtengo uliwonse ndi zosankha za wonyamula katundu, koma imafuna kuyang'anira mwachangu pakati pa maubwenzi osachepera asanu ndi limodzi apadera a ogulitsa ndi njira ziwiri zoyendetsera kasitomu. Kwa ogulitsa odziwa bwino ntchito omwe ali ndi maulumikizidwe otumizira katundu ku China, EXW ikhoza kukhala yotsika mtengo. Ndalama zobisika zogwirizanitsa zinthu zotumizira katundu ku China zimaposa phindu lililonse la mtengo wamba mu mtengo wa ogulitsa kwa makampani ambiri ogulitsa pa intaneti omwe amatumiza katundu wamkulu nthawi ndi nthawi.
FOB ndi malo abwino pakati. Wopereka katundu amasamalira gawo lomwe amadziwa bwino - katundu wochokera ku China komanso chilolezo chotumiza katundu kunja. Wogula amasamalira mtengo wa katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso chilolezo chochokera komwe akupita. FOB ndi yothandiza kwa ogula omwe amatumiza ku France nthawi zonse ndipo ali ndi broker waku France wa kasitomu komanso wotumiza katundu wodalirika kuti agwiritse ntchito pokambirana za mtengo ndi mitengo. Mtengo wotumizira katundu kuchokera ku China kupita ku Le Havre umasiyana kwambiri. Ogula akuluakulu amasungitsa katundu mwachindunji kuchokera ku kampani yonyamula katundu kapena kudzera ku kampani yotumiza katundu nthawi zambiri amapeza mtengo wabwino kuposa ogulitsa omwe amafunika kukonza katundu kwa makasitomala ambiri ang'onoang'ono.
Kwa wogula, DDP ndiye yosavuta ndipo ikukhala mawu okondedwa kwambiri potumiza katundu kudzera pa intaneti komwe kasitomala womaliza amayembekezera mtengo wonse. Chenjezo lothandiza ndi khalidwe la ntchito: mtengo wa DDP wochokera kwa wogulitsa yemwe alibe kulembetsa kolondola kwa misonkho ku EU, kuyimira ndalama za VAT ku France komanso kuthekera kolemba ma fomu ku ICS2 si DDP yeniyeni - ndi njira yopezera ndalama zosungira katundu ndi ma invoice osayembekezereka.
Kuyenda pa Misonkho ya ku France ndi VAT: Zomwe Zimachitikadi ku Le Havre
Le Havre, doko lalikulu kwambiri mdzikolo, limayendetsa zinthu zambiri zotumizira makontena ku France, ndipo zina zonse zimayendetsedwa ndi Marseille-Fos kum'mwera. Ngati mukusankha pakati pa FOB ndi DDP muyenera kuganizira zomwe zidzachitike mukalandira katundu wochuluka kwambiri m'madoko onse awiri. Njira yoyendetsera zinthu zakunja ku France yakhala yovuta kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Ku France, mitengo yolowera kunja imayikidwa pamlingo wa EU pogwiritsa ntchito EU Common Customs Tariff ndipo imawerengedwa pa mtengo wa CIF wa katundu wotumizidwa (monga mtengo wophatikizana wa zinthu, inshuwaransi ndi katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi kupita ku doko loyamba la EU lolowera). Mitengo ya msonkho ya magulu odziwika kwambiri omwe amatumizidwa ngati katundu wamkulu kuchokera ku China imayambira pa 0 peresenti ya zida zina zamafakitale mpaka pafupifupi 6 peresenti ya masofa ndi mipando yophimbidwa ndi upholstery mpaka 12 peresenti ya nsalu zina. Mtengo weniweni umatsimikiziridwa ndi HS code yomwe yaperekedwa pa chinthucho.
Ku France, VAT imayikidwa pamlingo wokhazikika wa 20 peresenti, komanso pamtengo wa CIF kuphatikiza msonkho wakunja, osati mtengo wokha wa zinthu zomwe zanenedwa. Kuphatikizika kumeneku ndikofunikira pankhani ya katundu wamkulu komwe mtengo wa katundu ndi wokwera poyerekeza ndi mtengo wa zinthuzo. Kutumiza ma treadmill okhala ndi mtengo wa FOB wa USD 20,000 kungakhale ndi USD 3,500 mu katundu wapamadzi ndi USD 500 mu inshuwaransi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wa CIF wa USD 24,000 ukhale. Ndi mtengo wa msonkho wa 3.7 peresenti, misonkho imafika pa USD 888 ndipo ndi VAT ya USD 24,888, izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale pafupifupi USD 4,978 mu VAT yokha. Msonkho wonse ndi woposa peresenti yophweka ya mtengo wa katundu wotumizidwayu: pafupifupi USD 5,800.
Dongosolo Lolamulira Kutumiza Zinthu ku EU 2 (ICS2) limafuna deta yowonjezereka yachitetezo chamagetsi ndi chitetezo cha katundu yense wolowa mu EU kuyambira 2024. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ponyamula katundu pandege muyenera kuyika detayo pasadakhale komanso katundu wapanyanja Zofunikira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo wa sitima ndipo zimafuna kufotokozera bwino katundu, ma code a HS ndi deta ya wotumiza/wotumiza katundu mu mawonekedwe amagetsi asanafike. Ngati pali cholakwika kapena deta yosakwanira, izi zingayambitse kusungidwa kwa misonkho padoko. Izi ndi nkhawa yayikulu pa katundu wamkulu chifukwa ndalama zosungiramo katundu zimayikidwa tsiku lililonse pa chidebe chilichonse. Ngati ndinu wotumiza katundu amene amagwiritsa ntchito FOB ndipo amachita chilolezo chanu cha misonkho, muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti broker wanu wa misonkho waku France ali wokonzeka ICS2. Ngati ndinu wotumiza katundu pogwiritsa ntchito DDP, muyenera kufunsa izi kwa wopereka chithandizo chanu cha mayendedwe.
| Mtundu wa Cargo | Mutu Wachizolowezi wa HS | Chiwongola dzanja cha EU | Chitsanzo: FOB USD 20,000 + USD 4,000 Katundu | Misonkho Yonse (Misonkho + 20% VAT) |
| Sofa yopangidwa ndi upholstery | 9401 | 5.7% | CIF USD 24,000 → Utumiki USD 1,368 | ~ $ 5,074 |
| Zipangizo zolimbitsa thupi / zopopera. | 9506 | 2.7% | CIF USD 24,000 → Utumiki USD 648 | ~ $ 4,930 |
| Kusamba | 8450 | 2.0% | CIF USD 24,000 → Utumiki USD 480 | ~ $ 4,896 |
| Mpando wokomera | 9402 | 2.7% | CIF USD 24,000 → Utumiki USD 648 | ~ $ 4,930 |
| Scooter yamagetsi | 8711 | 6.0% | CIF USD 24,000 → Utumiki USD 1,440 | ~ $ 5,088 |
| Chophimba cha kukhitchini / chipangizo chamagetsi | 8414 | 1.7% | CIF USD 24,000 → Utumiki USD 408 | ~ $ 4,882 |
Deta yomwe ili pamwambapa ikusonyeza chifukwa chake kusankha nthawi yogulitsira kumakhudza ndalama mwachindunji kuposa invoice yonyamula katundu. Pansi pa FOB ndalamazi zimaperekedwa ndi kasitomala ku French Customs mwachindunji kapena kudzera mwa broker wa Customs yemwe adzamulipira pambuyo pake. Mu DDP, ndalama zotere zimayikidwa mu invoice yonse ndi wopereka chithandizo cha katundu ndipo wogula amalipira mtengo umodzi wophatikizapo zonse. Chiwopsezo ndi DDP ndikuti wogula angalandire chiwongola dzanja china kuchokera ku French Customs mtsogolomu ngati woperekayo walakwitsa pa msonkho kapena wagwiritsa ntchito HS code yolakwika - ndichifukwa chake kuchita ndi mnzake wa logistics yemwe ali ndi luso lakuya la EU Customs sikosankha.
Ndi Nthawi Yotani Yosankha - ndi Liti
Yankho loyenera limadalira nthawi yomwe wogula akukonzekera kugula zinthu, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe amatumiza, mtundu wa zinthuzo komanso kudalirika kwa wogula katunduyo mbali zonse ziwiri za malondawo.
EXW ndi yoyenera kwa ogula omwe ali kale ndi kampani yodalirika yotumizira katundu yomwe ili ku China yomwe imatha kusamalira misonkho yotumizira kunja, kutumiza katundu wokwanira kuti igwirizane ndi mitengo yotsika mtengo ya katundu wa panyanja mwachindunji, komanso ali ndi kampani yodziwika bwino yogulitsa misonkho ku France yomwe ikutsatira malamulo a ICS2. Zimakhalanso zomveka ngati kasitomala akufuna kuphatikiza katundu kuchokera kwa ogulitsa angapo aku China nthawi imodzi, chifukwa kuyang'anira kunyamula katundu kuchokera ku fakitale ya wogulitsa aliyense kumalola kusinthasintha kwakukulu pa kayendetsedwe ka katundu.
Kwa anthu ambiri otumiza katundu wamkulu ku China omwe amatumiza nthawi ndi nthawi, FOB ndiye chinthu chokhazikika chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zomveka. Zimachotsa zovuta za katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi (mtengo waukulu kwambiri wosinthika mu equation) m'manja mwa wogula ndipo zimathandiza wogulitsayo kusamalira zovuta za ku China zomwe ali nazo bwino kuti azisamalira. Motsatira FOB, gawoli ndikupeza doko lalikulu ndikulitsimikizira polemba, kusankha broker wa kasitomu waku France yemwe ali wodziwa bwino ntchito za ICS2, ndikuyika ndalama zonse ndi VAT mu bajeti ya ndalama zoyambira tsiku loyamba.
DDP ndi njira yodziwikiratu kwa amalonda a pa intaneti omwe amadutsa malire omwe makasitomala awo akufuna kuwona mtengo wokwanira wofika pamtengo wolipira, komanso omwe alibe zomangamanga zamkati zogwirira ntchito kuti azitha kuchotsera katundu wawo pamtengo wokhazikika. Ndi chisankho choyenera kwa omwe amatumiza koyamba zinthu zazikulu omwe akufuna kumvetsetsa bizinesiyo asanakhazikitse maulumikizidwe awoawo ndi ogulitsa. Zofunikira kwambiri ndikusankha wopereka DDP wokhala ndi kulembetsa kwa misonkho ku EU, woyimira VAT yachuma ku France, komanso wodziwa bwino ntchito yotumiza katundu wamkulu, kuphatikiza kutumiza nthawi yomaliza ndi zida zoyenera.
| Mbiri ya Wogula | Nthawi Yovomerezeka | Chifukwa Choyambirira |
| Wogulitsa pa intaneti, kutumiza koyamba ku France | DDP | Kuphweka; palibe zofunikira pa zomangamanga za msonkho |
| Wotumiza kunja wa B2B wobwerezabwereza, woyambitsa kampani yogulitsa zinthu za msonkho | FOB | Kulamulira mitengo yonyamula katundu; kuwonekera bwino kwa mtengo |
| Wogula wophatikiza zinthu zambiri | KAPI | Kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kuphatikiza mbali ya China |
| Wogulitsa nsanja yokhala ndi ma SKU ambiri komanso odalirika | FOB kapena DDP | Zimatengera ngati wogulitsa amayang'anira kulembetsa kwa EU VAT |
| Kutumiza ntchito kamodzi kokha (makina, zida) | DDP | Amapewa kufunikira kokhazikitsa cholembera cha katundu wobweretsedwa kunja kuti chitumizidwe kamodzi kokha |
Momwe Kutumiza kwa Topway Kumathandizira Katundu Waukulu Kwambiri Kupita ku France
Yokhazikitsidwa mu 2010, Topway Shipping ndi kampani yopereka chithandizo chaukadaulo chodutsa malire, yodziwika bwino pa katundu wolemera komanso waukulu, yomwe ili ku Shenzhen China. Gulu loyambitsa kampaniyo lili ndi zaka zoposa 15 za chidziwitso chenicheni cha kayendetsedwe ka katundu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchotsera katundu wakunja komanso chidziwitso champhamvu cha magulu omwe amapanga makampani akuluakulu onyamula katundu, kuphatikizapo mipando, zida zolimbitsa thupi, zida zapakhomo, zida zamalonda ndi zina zambiri.
Topway Shipping ikugwira ntchito motsatira malamulo onse atatu amalonda omwe afotokozedwa pano. Topway imapereka makasitomala a FOB kutengera koyamba kuchokera ku mafakitale aku China, kuphatikiza katundu wamkati ku Shenzhen, kuchotsa katundu kunja ndi kusungitsa katundu wa m'nyanja m'misewu yodziwika bwino pakati pa China ndi Europe. Kampaniyo imatumiza katundu wapanyanja kudzera pa sitima, zomwe zimatenga masiku 45 mpaka 50 kupita ku madoko ku Europe, komanso kudzera pa sitima yapamadzi. katundu wa njanji kudzera mu netiweki ya sitima ya China-Europe, yomwe imatenga masiku 30 mpaka 45 ndipo imadula pakati pa katundu wapanyanja ndi wa pandege.
Topway imapereka chithandizo chokwanira cha DDP kwa ogulitsa ndi ogula omwe akugwira ntchito motsatira malamulo a DDP m'maiko 25 a EU kuphatikiza France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands ndi Belgium. Ntchitoyi imapereka chilolezo chotumiza katundu ku China, katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, chilolezo cha msonkho wa EU ndi kulembetsa kwa EORI, msonkho ndi malipiro a VAT komanso kutumiza katundu wa mtunda womaliza kuphatikiza kutumiza katundu pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yokumana ndi zinthu zazikulu ndi zazikulu. Malinga ndi deta ya DDP yotumizira katundu ya kampaniyo, 91 peresenti ya katundu wa DDP wotumizidwa panyanja amasainidwa ndikulandiridwa ndi kasitomala womaliza mkati mwa masiku 45 mpaka 55 kuchokera pamene adachoka ku China.
Kapangidwe ka katundu wamkulu wa Topway kamapangidwira zofunikira za gululi. Nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya kampaniyo ku Shenzhen imatha kusamalira katundu wolemera mpaka matani 8 ndipo imatha kutalika mpaka mamita 8 pamphepete imodzi, kuphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya katundu wolemera kuchokera ku mipando ya m'nyumba mpaka zida zamalonda ndi zida zopepuka zamafakitale. Nyumba zathu zosungiramo katundu zaku Europe zimathandiza kutumiza katundu, kubweza katundu, kusintha zilembo, ndi kukwaniritsa B2B kwa ogula.
Topway Shipping imapereka kutumiza komaliza kwa ogulitsa malonda apaintaneti omwe amadutsa malire ndi maoda a B2B ndi B2C kudzera pa netiweki yake yogwirizana ndi Europe yokhala ndi kutsatira phukusi kuyambira kutengera fakitale mpaka kusaina komaliza. Dongosolo loyendetsera kayendedwe ka zinthu la kampaniyo limalola kuwonekera pagawo lililonse, kuchepetsa mipata yazidziwitso yomwe nthawi zambiri imayambitsa mikangano ndi zopempha pakutumiza katundu waukulu.
Njira yogulira katundu ya Topway ikuwonetsa momwe msika waukulu wa katundu umagwirira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti anthu wamba onyamula katundu amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ziwerengero zolemera, mitengo ya Topway imadalira kukula ndi kulemera kwenikweni kwa katundu, kotero makasitomala amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owonekera bwino komanso odziwikiratu mtengo asanaperekedwe kutumiza. Izi zimakhudza ogulitsa omwe amagulitsa zinthu pamsika waku France. Kuwerengera mtengo wofika pamalo okhazikika mkati mwa peresenti yochepa ndiye maziko a njira yogulira katundu yogwira ntchito.
Zolakwa Zisanu Zofunika Kupewa Mosasamala Kaya Mumasankha Liwu Liti
Zolakwa zimachitika nthawi zonse potumiza katundu wambiri pakati pa China ndi France ndipo zimakhala zodula mokwanira kuti zifunike chisamaliro chapadera, kaya mutumiza EXW, FOB kapena DDP.
Choyamba ndi pamene mukuvomereza mtengo wa wogulitsa popanda kutsimikizira malo omwe atchulidwa. Kunena kuti FOB China yokha sikutanthauza kanthu ngati doko silinatchulidwe mwachindunji - ndipo ndi lalikulu. Tsimikizani FOB Shenzhen, FOB Shanghai kapena FOB Ningbo ndipo onetsetsani kuti woperekayo akhoza kutumiza ku malo omwe ali pa doko lokwezera katundu.
Chachiwiri ndi kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kulongedza katundu pa mtengo wonse wotera. Pa katundu wamkulu, mtengo wa ma crate okwanira a matabwa opangidwa ndi fumigated kapena ma pallets ogwirizana ndi ISPM 15 ukhoza kuwonjezera USD 50 mpaka USD 200 pa unit iliyonse ndipo kusachita izi kumabweretsa mavuto panthawi yowunika za phytosanitary ku EU. Mtengo uwu uyenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino mu kuyerekezera kwa ogulitsa ndikutsimikiziridwa mu kufotokozera kwa kulongedza katundu.
Chachitatu ndi kusalembetsa nambala ya EORI musanatumize katundu woyamba. Ngati mukutumiza katundu ku France motsatira malamulo a FOB, inu kapena broker wanu wa kasitomu muyenera kukhala ndi nambala yolembetsera ndi kuzindikiritsa ya Economic Operator kuti muchotse katundu kudzera mu kasitomu wa EU. Mafomu ofunsira amatenga nthawi ndipo ayenera kuyambitsidwa nthawi yayitali katundu woyamba asanalandire.
Chachinayi ndi kusayang'ana ma code a HS asanatumizidwe. Code ya HS imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa msonkho komanso m'magulu ena njira zotsutsana ndi kutaya katundu. Ku China, ogulitsa katundu nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito ma code ogawa katundu omwe amachepetsa msonkho wawo wotumiza katundu kunja, womwe sungagwirizane ndi gulu loyenera la katundu wotumizidwa kunja ku France. Ngati pali kusiyana, misonkho ya ku France ikhoza kukakamiza kuti katundu ayesedwenso, chindapusa ndi kusungidwa kwa katundu.
Chachisanu, komanso chofunika kwambiri pa kutumiza katundu ku DDP, ndi pamene wopereka katundu wasankhidwa kutengera mitengo yokha, popanda kutsimikizira ngati wopereka katunduyo walembetsedwa ndi EU Customs komanso ngati ali ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito yokwanira pazinthu zazikulu. Ngati mutalandira mtengo wotsika wa DDP kuchokera ku gwero lomwe silili ndi VAT yachuma yaku France kapena njira yotumizira chinthu cha 250kg ku adilesi ya komwe mukukhala, si mtengo wabwino - ndi udindo.
Kutsiliza
EXW, FOB ndi DDP zimasiyana kwambiri pa kugawana ndalama ndi zoopsa, ndipo zotsatira za kusiyana kumeneku zimakula kwambiri katundu akachuluka kwambiri. Kutumiza katundu wa 30kg komwe kumakakamira pa kasitomu ndi chinthu chokhumudwitsa. Tikukamba za kutumizidwa kwa mipando ya massage, ma pallet awiri omwe adayimitsidwa ku Le Havre chifukwa cha mavuto a data a ICS2 kapena kusasinthika kwa HS code. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri pazachuma.
Kwa ogulitsa ambiri ogulitsa pa intaneti komanso ogulitsa kunja a B2B omwe amalowa mumsika wa France ndi katundu wochuluka wochokera ku China, malangizo othandiza ndi kuyamba ndi DDP mpaka msewu utamveka bwino - ntchito, nthawi yoyendera, zochitika zenizeni m'mizinda ndi m'madera akumidzi aku France - kenako nkuwunika ngati FOB yokhala ndi kampani yodalirika yotumiza katundu komanso broker wa misonkho imapereka zabwino zambiri pamtengo wake. EXW ndi ya ogula omwe adamanga kale zomangamanga za logistics mbali zonse ziwiri, ndipo akufuna kukhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu.
Kaya dzina lanu ndi lotani, khalidwe la mnzanu woyendetsa katundu ndilofunika kwambiri kuposa dzinalo. Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri pakuwona ngati katundu wanu wochokera ku China kupita ku France afika pa nthawi yake, pa bajeti, komanso popanda zodabwitsa za msonkho ndikusankha wopereka katundu wokhala ndi luso lenileni la katundu wolemera, mphamvu yotsatira malamulo a msonkho wa EU, komanso kuwonekera bwino mu mtunda womaliza.
Ibibazo
Q: Kodi DDP nthawi zonse imakhala yokwera mtengo kuposa FOB potumiza katundu wamkulu kuchokera ku China kupita ku France?
A: Si nthawi zonse. DDP imayika ndalama zonse kuphatikizapo misonkho, VAT, katundu ndi kutumiza katundu wa mtunda womaliza kukhala mtengo umodzi womwe nthawi zina ungakhale wopikisana ndi ndalama zonse zomwe wogula angafunike kulipira akamagula zinthuzo padera (FOB). Kuyerekeza kwakukulu kumadalira kuchuluka kwa katundu wanu, mphamvu yanu yokambirana ndi onyamula katundu komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa broker wanu wodziyimira pawokha wa kasitomu. DDP nthawi zambiri imakhala mtengo wofanana kapena wotsika mtengo mukaphatikiza ndalama zogwirizanitsa zotumiza katundu wochepa kapena woyamba.
Q: Kodi ndingathe kubweza VAT ya ku France yomwe ndinalipira pazinthu zogulitsa kunja ngati ndili bizinesi?
A: Inde, nthawi zambiri, ngati muli ndi kulembetsa kwa VAT ku France kapena mgwirizano wa oimira ndalama ku France, mutha kubweza 20% ya VAT yochokera kunja yomwe mudalipira ku kasitomu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yobweza VAT yachizolowezi. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe obwereketsa wamba nthawi zina amasankha kugwiritsa ntchito ma FOB kapena DDP pomwe VAT imawonekera bwino patsamba lolowera ku kasitomu ndipo motero zimakhala zosavuta kubweza. Katswiri wanu wamisonkho ku France kapena broker wa kasitomu akhoza kuwona momwe zinthu zilili.
Q: Kodi nthawi yoyendera katundu wochuluka kuchokera ku Shenzhen kupita ku Paris nthawi zambiri imakhala yotani pa kayendedwe kalikonse?
Yankho: Kawirikawiri, katundu wa panyanja kuchokera ku Shenzhen kupita ku Le Havre amatenga masiku 30 mpaka 35 kuyenda panyanja. Ndi kayendetsedwe ka doko ndi kukonza zinthu zakunja, nthawi yonse yolowera pakhomo ndi khomo idzakhala masiku 45 mpaka 55 malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Katundu wa sitima yapamtunda ya China-Europe amatenga masiku 30-45 kuti ayende. Katundu wapamtunda umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa katundu wamkulu. Nthawi zambiri katundu wapamtunda amasungidwa pazinthu zofunika kwambiri kapena zamtengo wapatali. Ulendo ndi masiku 12 mpaka 15. Topway Shipping yakhala ikukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa 91 peresenti ya katundu wapamadzi m'masiku 45 mpaka 55 a DDP.
Q: Kodi ndi katundu wotani amene amawerengedwa ngati waukulu kwambiri wotumizidwa kuchokera ku China kupita ku France?
A: Tanthauzo lake limasiyana malinga ndi kampani yonyamula katundu ndi yopereka katundu, koma muyezo wofanana ndi wa makampani ndi katundu wolemera kuposa makilogalamu 150, kutalika kwa mamita 4, kapena kufunikira zida zapadera zogwirira ntchito. Topway Shipping imatanthauzira gulu lake lolemera kwambiri ngati zinthu zokhala ndi kulemera kwa yuniti imodzi pansi pa matani 8 ndi kukula kwa m'mphepete umodzi pansi pa mamita 8, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mipando yambiri, zipangizo zamagetsi, zida zolimbitsa thupi, ndi makina amalonda.
Q: Kodi msonkho woletsa kutaya katundu umagwira ntchito pa katundu wamkulu wochokera ku China wolowa ku France?
Yankho: Njira zoletsa kutaya katundu zitha kukhazikitsidwa pamagulu enaake azinthu ndipo zimasankhidwa pamlingo wa EU. EU yakhazikitsa kale ndalama zoletsa kutaya katundu pa njinga zamagetsi zochokera ku China ndi zinthu zina zachitsulo. Pa katundu wamkulu kwambiri m'magulu a mipando, zida zamagetsi ndi zida zolimbitsa thupi, mitengo yanthawi zonse ya msonkho wa EU imagwira ntchito popanda ndalama zina zowonjezera zoletsa kutaya katundu, komabe izi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa motsutsana ndi HS code yeniyeni ya katundu aliyense asanatumizidwe. Izi ziyenera kufufuzidwa ndi broker wanu wa msonkho ngati gawo la kuwerengera ndalama zotumizira katundu musanatumize katundu.
