Kutumirwa kubva kuChina kuenda kuMexico: NAFTA Yapera — Hechino Chinonyanya Kutonga Mari Yako Iye Zvino
Kana uchiri kuronga kutumira zvinhu kubva kuChina kuenda kuMexico sokunge NAFTA ndiyo iriyo mitemo, uri kushanda kubva pamepu yasara nemakore matanhatu. NAFTA yakatsiviwa neUnited States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) muna Chikunguru 2020, uye muna 2026 mamiriro acho akachinja zvakare: Mexico yakaisa mitero mitsva yakawanda kunyika dzisiri dzeFTA kusanganisira China, USMCA pachayo iri kuongororwa kekutanga pamwe chete, uye mutemo weUS wemitero yezvinhu zvinofambiswa neMexico wave usingafungidzike. Uku hakusi ruzha rwemutemo. Zvinoshandura mutengo wekuburutsa kontena remamita makumi mana kubva kuShenzhen, kugona kwezvinhu zvako kupinda muUnited States pasina mutero gare gare, uye huwandu hwemapepa pakati pezvinhu zvako nemutengi wako.
Muchinyorwa chino, tichatsanangura mitemo chaiyo inodzora mitengo yekutumira zvinhu kubva kuChina kuenda kuMexico nhasi, tichaongorora mitengo yekutakura zvinhu nenhamba dzekutakura zvinhu dziri kuonekwa nevanopinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika pamusika izvozvi, uye ticharatidza kuti zvinhu zvinogona kusafamba zvakanaka sei kana divi rekutevedzera mitemo rikatorwa serisingafungidzirwe.
NAFTA Inhoroondo. Heino Hurongwa Hwakatsiva
Musi wa1 Chikunguru, 2020, NAFTA yakapera zviri pamutemo apo USMCA yakatanga kushanda. Asi musiyano iwoyo hauna kukosha sezvinofungwa nevakawanda kumakambani anotumira zvinhu kubva kuChina kuburikidza neMexico sezvo NAFTA kana USMCA dzisina kumbobvira dzavhara zvakananga zvinhu zvinobva kuChina. Zvibvumirano zvese zviri zviviri zvinotsanangura zvinoitika kune zvinhu zvinotumirwa kana zvasvika kuNorth America - zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kana kuunganidzwa muMexico zvinogona kuenda kuUnited States kana Canada pasina kubhadhara mitero zvakare.
Kodzero iyoyo inotsamira pamitemo yekwakabva pasi peUSMCA. Kungoisa mazita patsva, kurongedza patsva kana kuunganidza zvinhu zvishoma muMexico hakuiti kuti chigadzirwa chive "cheMexico" nekuda kwemitero. Chinhu chinofanira kushandurwa zvakanyanya, kazhinji kuburikidza nekuchinja kwemitengo, chiyero chehuwandu hwenzvimbo, kana zvese zviri zviviri. Mutoro wemagetsi akagadzirwa kubva kuChina, akaiswa mupakeji itsva muTijuana uye akatakurwa kuenda kuTexas nemotokari haukodzeri. Pasi pemitemo yeHS code, bhodhi redunhu rakagadzirwa kubva kuzvikamu zveChina uchishandisa kugadzirwa kwepasi pevhu mufekitori yeMexico rinogona kutorwa sechigadzirwa chakasiyana.
Musiyano uyu ndiwo wave nyaya inonyanya kukakavadzana sezvo nzira dzekuongorora pamwe chete dzeUSMCA musi wa1 Chikunguru 2026, dzakarayirwa pasi peChinyorwa 34.7 chechibvumirano. Hurumende nhatu idzi dziri kutarisana nechisarudzo chekuti dzivandudze USMCA kwemamwe makore gumi nematanhatu here, uye mitemo yekwakabva - kunyanya matanho akanangana nekusimbisa nzira dzekugadzira zvinhu dzakabatana neChina - dziri pamusoro penyaya iyi.
Rusvingo Rutsva rweMitero muMexico: Chinhu Chaicho Chinokonzeresa Mutengo Muna 2026
Musi wa29 Zvita 2025, Secretaría de Hacienda wekuMexico akazivisa chirevo chekugadzirisa Mutemo weGeneral Import and Export Tax kuti pave nemitero yekuwedzera mitero pamitero inosvika 1,463 muzvikamu zvemaindasitiri zvinosvika gumi nemaviri. Shanduko idzi dzakatanga kushanda musi wa1 Ndira 2026 uye dzinongobata zvinhu zvinobva kunyika dzisina chibvumirano chekutengeserana neMexico - runyorwa rwunosanganisira China, India, Vietnam, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia nedzimwe dzakawanda. Zvinhu zvinobva kuUnited States neCanada hazvina kukanganiswa, sezvo zviri pasi peUSMCA.
Kukwira kwemitengo hakusi kwechiratidzo. Kunobva pa5% kusvika pa50% zvichienderana nerudzi rwezvigadzirwa, uye kunokanganisa mamwe emhando dzinowanzo tengwa kubva kuChina nevatengesi vanopa misika yeMexico neNorth America.
| Sector Yakabatwa | Nhamba Itsva yeMutero weMFN | Chinyorwa Chinoshanda |
| Micheka uye zvipfeko | 10% - 50% | Pakati pekuwedzera kwakanyanya; shangu dzinotevera maitiro akafanana |
| Toys | 15% - 35% | Chikamu chakagara chichinyanya kutungamirirwa nezvinhu zvinobva kuChina |
| Footwear | 15% - 45% | Zvakabatanidzwa nezviito zviripo zvekurwisa kurasa marara pane mamwe makodhi eHS |
| Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi nearuminiyamu | 10% - 25% | Yakaiswa pamusoro pezviyero zveSection 232 kudivi reUS |
| Zvikamu zvemota nemota dzakapedzwa | 20% - 50% | Chikamu chinonyanya kukoshesa zvematongerwo enyika chisati chaitwa ongororo yaChikunguru 2026 |
| Mapurasitiki, dehwe, bepa, zvizoro | 5% - 20% | Kuwedzera kwakafara kwezvinhu zvepakati nepakati |
Kutumirwa kwekutumira zvinhu kwave kushoma pamwe nekukwira kwemitengo muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Mutengo wepasi rose wekutumira zvinhu zvisina mutengo wakaderera (pasi pemadhora zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu) wakawedzera kubva pa19% kusvika pa33.5% yekutumira zvinhu zvichibva kunze kweUnited States neCanada, kuratidzira kwakananga kwevatengesi vepaindaneti avo vanga vachivimba nehurongwa hweMexico hwekuti "de minimis".
Mutungamiriri weMexico Sheinbaum akataura izvi pamusangano wevatori venhau muna Ndira 2026. Kutaura chokwadi, China ndiyo yechipiri pakukura kweMexico inotenga zvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika mushure meUnited States, saka izvi zvichave zvakanyanya pazvigadzirwa zvinobva kuChina. Mwedzi iwoyo, Bazi rezvekutengeserana reChina rakatanga kuferefeta zviito zveMexico nezvekutengeserana nekudyara mari.
Nzira ye'Mexico seBackdoor' Yava Kupera
Vamwe vanotenga zvinhu kubva kunze kwenyika vave vachiendesa zvinhu zvavo kuMexico kwenguva yakareba: vanogadzira zvinhu zvavo kuChina, vozvitumira kuMexico kuti zvisagadziriswe zvakanyanya, vozozvitumirazve kuUnited States pasi peUSMCA, vachitarisira kudzivirira mitero yeUS-China zvachose. Mugwagwa uri kuramba uchidzikira kubva kumativi ese panguva imwe chete.
Chekutanga, mitero yeMexico pachayo yawedzera mutengo wekupinza zvinhu zveChina munyika yeMexico pakutanga, zvisati zvafungwa nezvekutumira zvimwe zvinhu. Chechipiri, ongororo yeUSMCA 2026 ingangosimbisa mitemo yekudzivirira kupararira kwezvinodhaka uye yekudzivirira kutengeswa kwezvinodhaka kuti ifukidze zvakajeka mamiriro ezvinhu apo kugadziriswa kwezvinodhaka zveMexico kunokundikana kuita shanduko huru. Vakuru veUS Trade Representative vakati nyaya dzakajairika dzakataurwa munguva yekutaura kwevanhu vasati vaongorora dzaisanganisira mitemo yekwakabva zvinhu uye kunetseka nezvekuchengetedzwa kwehupfumi.
Dambudziko iri riri pachena muindasitiri yemotokari. Vagadziri vemotokari dzemagetsi vekuChina kusanganisira BYD vakafunga kana kutanga kuronga mashandiro ekugadzira mota muMexico senzira yekupinda mumusika weUS vachitungamirirwa neUSMCA. Zvizhinji zvezvirongwa izvi zvakamiswa kana kubviswa muna 2025 pakati pekusawirirana kwekutengeserana kuri kuwedzera uye kuongororwa kuri kuwedzera kwekudyara kwemari yekugadzira mota dzekuChina muMexico, uye ongororo ya2026 inotarisirwa kuisa miganho chaiyo paindasitiri yeChina inobatsirwa neUSMCA.
Hapana chinhu pano chinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakagadzirwa muMexico zvinogona kukodzerwa kubatwa zvakanaka. Zvinoreva kuti mukana wekuratidza kuti shanduko ndeyechokwadi unoramba uchikwira uye magwaro - mabhiri ezvinhu, zvitupa zvevatengesi, tsananguro dzemaitiro akachengetwa kwemakore mashanu - haasisiri mapepa ekusarudza. Ndiwo musiyano uripo pakati pekupinda pasina mutero nemitero yakazara, kaviri - kamwe chete paunopinda muMexico uye zvakare paunopinda muUnited States.
Mutengo Wazvo: Kutakura Zvinhu Mugungwa Nemutengo Wekusvika Pasi Muna 2026
Mutemo wemitero ingori chikamu chemutengo. Chimwe chikamu ndechemari yekufambisa mudziyo kubva pachiteshi cheChina kuenda kune cheMexico. Rutivi urwu rwebhuku rwakachinjawo zvakanyanya kubva pakupera kwa2025, zvichikonzerwa nekuiswazve kwemidziyo isati yasvika zororo, kuwanda kwemidziyo uye kuwanda kwezviteshi zviviri zvepamusoro zveMexico zvePacific.
| Nzira | Mudziyo we 20ft (GP) | Mudziyo we 40ft (HQ) | Typical Transit |
| Shenzhen / Yantian → Manzanillo | $ 2,700 - $ 4,050 | $ 3,500 - $ 5,500 | 20 - 24 mazuva |
| Shanghai / Ningbo → Manzanillo | $ 2,600 - $ 3,900 | $ 4,200 - $ 6,400 | 24 - 30 mazuva |
| Chero chiteshi chikuru cheChina → Lázaro Cárdenas | $ 2,700 - $ 4,100 | $ 3,600 - $ 5,700 | 22 - 26 mazuva |
| Mhepo kutakura (China → MEX/GDL/MTY) | - | $4.50 - $7.50/kg | 3 - 7 mazuva |
Vatengesi vanogona kutarisira kubhadhara mari yekutenga zvinhu kubva kuChina, pamusoro pemari yekutenga zvinhu kubva kuChina (inenge $150 kusvika $300, yekunyora, kutakura zvinhu kubva kuchiteshi uye mari yekutumira zvinhu kunze kwenyika); mari yekutenga zvinhu kubva kuMexico (inenge $200 kusvika $450, kutakura zvinhu kubva kuchiteshi uye kuendesa zvinhu kuchitoro); uye mari yekutenga zvinhu kubva kuMexico, iyo yava neavhareji ye11% yemutengo wezvinhu kubva kumarudzi ese, kunyangwe mutengo unoshanda pane chero chinhu chakatumirwa unoenderana zvachose nekurongwa kwayo kweHS nenyika yakabva. Wedzera muripo kubva kuCustoms Broker wekugadzirira Pedimento inova ziviso yepamutemo yekutenga zvinhu kubva kuMexico uye chero muripo wekuyedza kana kunyora mazita kuti zvienderane nemitemo yeNOM (Normas Oficiales Mexicanas) kana zvichidikanwa.
Port Congestion: Manzanillo Versus Lázaro Cárdenas
Manzanillo ichiri chiteshi chengarava chine vanhu vakawanda muMexico uye ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa nemakambani mazhinji ekutakura zvinhu eChina, asi pane muripo wekubhadhara mukurumbira iwoyo. Muna 2026, makambani anotakura zvinhu munzira anotaura kuti ngarava dzakamirira kwemazuva mashanu kusvika gumi pachiteshi kuti dzisvike panzvimbo yekumisa ngarava, uye huwandu hwengarava dziri muchiteshi hunowedzera vhiki imwe kana maviri mota isati yatombogona kurongerwa kutora bhokisi. Kana nguva yekuzorora ikapera mukumirira ikoko, kuderedzwa kwemitengo nekuvharirwa zvinogona kuwedzera chimwe chiuru chemadhora kana kupfuura pachiteshi chimwe nechimwe kune zvaiita semutengo usingadhuri.
| Factor | Puerto de Manzanillo | Lazaro Cardenas |
| Kuzara kuripo iye zvino | Kazhinji kana paine mukana wekutakura zvinhu kana kuti pedyo; Kumirira kwekuisa zvinhu muchikepe kwemazuva mashanu kusvika gumi kwakataurwa muna 2026. | Zvakareruka zvichienzaniswa, kunyange zvazvo mavhoriyamu ari kuwedzera nekukurumidza |
| Rail connectivity | Njanji yakananga shoma; mvura yakawanda inoyerera nerori | Nzira dzechitima dzeKCSM dzakananga dzinoenda kuMexico City neMonterrey |
| Yakanyanya kukodzera | Kugoverwa kweCentral Mexico kana kwabhukwa kare kare | Migwagwa yeBajío neyekuchamhembe kweindasitiri, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinotakura |
| Demurrage ngozi | Yakakwira panguva dzekuwedzera zvinhu zvakanyanya | Dzakaderera, asi dzichikwira sezvo huwandu hwemvura huchichinja kuenda kumaodzanyemba |
Iye zvino Lázaro Cárdenas ndiyo vharuvhu yekumanikidza. Mashandiro ayo echiteshi chengarava otomatiki uye nzira dzakananga dzechitima dzinoshandiswa neKansas City Southern de México dzinobvumira makontena kutamiswa kubva muchikepe kuenda kuchitima pasina kupfuura nepaburi remota rinononoka Manzanillo. Kune zvinhu zvinotakura neMexico City, Bajío kana Monterrey, nzira neLázaro Cárdenas inogona kudzikamisa nzira yegungwa yakareba zvishoma nekubuda kwechikepe nekukurumidza uye njodzi yekuzara kwengarava.
Kuvaka Hurongwa hweKutumira Hunoenderana neMari, Hunodzorwa neMari
Nekuda kwekuti mari yakawanda yava kutengeswa yakavakirwa pamagwaro nesarudzo dzekufambisa, kwete pamutengo wekutakura zvinhu mugungwa chete, chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kune vanotenga zvinhu kunze kwenyika ndechekuona kutevedzera mitemo nemafambiro emota sedambudziko rimwe chete, kwete maviri akasiyana. Vanotakura zvinhu vari mukoridho vanokurudzira kubhuka mavhiki matatu kusvika mana zuva rekugadzirira kutakura zvinhu kuti vadzivise kukwira kwemitengo yemwaka wepamusoro uye miganho yenzvimbo. Kuwana maHS classifications nguva pfupi ngarava dzisati dzasvika pane kuti dzisvike mushure mekunge dzamhara kunodzivirira mhando yetsika dzinoshandura kutakura zvinhu kuita bhiri rekudzikisa mutoro.
Apa ndipo panobatsira kuva nekambani yekutumira zvinhu inobva kuChina ine ruzivo. Kubva mugore ra2010, Topway Shipping iri muShenzhen yave ichishanda muchikamu chekufambisa zvinhu munyika dzakasiyana kwemakore anopfuura gumi nemashanu, ichitarisa pakufambisa zvinhu uye kubvisa zvinhu kubva kuChina. Kambani iyi inopa mabasa anosanganisira zvinhu zvose zvinodiwa nekambani iyi: kutakurwa kwezvinhu kubva kumafekitori ekuChina, kutakurwa kwezvinhu kubva kuFCL neLCL kuenda kumachiteshi makuru pasi rose kusanganisira magedhi eMexico ePacific, mhiri kwemakungwa. warehousing, rutsigiro rwekubvisa zvinhu kubva kumitero uye kutumirwa kwekupedzisira kana zvinhu zvasvika kwazvainoenda. Rudzi irworwo rwekuvhara zvinhu kubva kumagumo kusvika kumagumo ndirwo runosiyanisa mutengo wepasi unofungidzirwa kubva pakushamisika kunodhura kune vanotenga zvinhu vanoedza kufamba nekuzara kwemidziyo muManzanillo, kusarudza pakati pekubatanidza LCL nekontena rakazara, kana kungowana nzvimbo chaiyo panzvimbo pekusimbisa pepa rinotanga kutumirwa paminiti yekupedzisira.
Kusiyanisa nzvimbo dzekupinda muchiteshi, kuchengetedza magwaro matsva ekwakabva, uye kuyedza kumanikidzwa kana danho rekugadzira reMexico richireva shanduko ine musoro pasi peUSMCA hazvichave zvakanaka. Sezvo kusimbiswa kuri kusimba uye ongororo yakabatana iri kuenderera mberi, ndiwo musiyano uripo pakati pekutumira zvinhu nekukurumidza uye kumwe kwakanyorwa, kunonoka kana kubhadhariswa mitero isina munhu akaronga kubhadhara.
mhedziso
Nzira yekutakura zvinhu kubva kuChina kuenda kuMexico inotongwa muna 2026 nemitemo inopindirana yaisavapo, kana kuti yaivapo muchimiro chisina kusimba, makore mashoma apfuura: mitemo yeUSMCA yekwakabva, purogiramu itsva yemitero yeMexico isiri yeFTA, kuongorora kweUS anti-circumvention, uye ongororo yakabatana yeUSMCA inogona kuichinjazve gore risati rapera. Nzira inokurumidza yekutambisa bhajeti remari yakatarwa ndeyekubata chero chikamu chayo sechinhu chisingachinji - tichifunga kuti mutengo wakataurwa mukota yapfuura uchiripo, kana kuti danho rekuunganidza zvinhu reMexico rinopa otomatiki kwakabva. Nhasi, vanopinza zvinhu vari kuita izvi zvakanaka ndivo vari kubatanidza ruzivo rwemazuva ano uye rwakarurama rwekutevedzera mitemo nevanoshanda navo vanogona kupa mafambiro, magwaro uye nguva chaiyo munguva chaiyo.
FAQs
Mubvunzo: Ko NAFTA ichiri kushanda kune chero chikamu chekutumira kubva kuChina kuenda kuMexico here?
A: Kwete, USMCA yakatsiva NAFTA muna Chikunguru 2020. Zvibvumirano izvi hazvina kumbobvira zvataura zvakajeka nezvezvigadzirwa zvinobva kuChina. Zvinosarudza kana zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kana kushandurwa muMexico zvichigona kutumirwa kuUnited States kana kuCanada pasina mutero.
Mubvunzo: Ko mitengo mitsva yemitero yeMexico inoshanda here pazvinhu zvinotumirwa kubva kuUS kana Canada?
A: Kwete zvachose. Kukwidzwa kwemitero kunotanga kushanda musi wa1 Ndira, 2026 ndekwenyika dzisina chibvumirano chekutengeserana neMexico dzakadai seChina, India neVietnam chete. Vadyidzani veUSMCA havabatanidzwe.
Mubvunzo: Ndichiri kukwanisa here kufambisa zvinhu zveChina kuburikidza neMexico kuti ndisvike kuUS pasina mutero?
A: Kana zvinhu zvacho zvachinjwa zvakanyanya muMexico nenzira inozadzisa mitemo yeUSMCA yekubva. Kuungana kana kurongedza patsva hazvikodzeri. Kusimbiswa kwemutemo panyaya iyi kuri kusimba pamberi peongororo yeUSMCA ya2026.
Mubvunzo: Ndechipi chiteshi chengarava chekuMexico chandinofanira kushandisa kudzivirira kunonoka?
A: Muna 2026, Manzanillo inoramba iri imwe nzira ine vanhu vakawanda uye ine vanhu vakawanda. Lázaro Cárdenas iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya senzira yekutakura zvinhu zvinoenda pakati nekuchamhembe kweMexico, nekuda kwezviteshi zvayo zvinozvishandira uye nzira dzakananga dzekufambisa chitima.
Mubvunzo: Ndinofanira kubhuka zvinhu zvemugungwa kuenda kuMexico nguva yakareba sei?
A: Zvichienderana nemiganhu iripo uye njodzi yekuti zvinhu zvinotumirwa zvinofambiswa panguva dzinonetsa, vazhinji vanotumira zvinhu vanoti bhukai mavhiki matatu kusvika mana zuva rekugadzirira zvinhu zvenyu risati rasvika.
