Michina yekutumira kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal: Matambudziko Akakosha Ekutakura Zvinhu
ziviso
Kutumira michina yemumaindasitiri kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal ibasa guru pane kutumira kontena yenguva dzose ine zvigadzirwa. Midziyo inorema yakaoma kutakura nekuti inoda kushanda nesimba. EU ine mitemo yakasimba, daro racho rinodarika makiromita zviuru makumi maviri nechikepe, uye misika yepasi rose yekutakura zvinhu iri kuchinja nguva dzose. Zvese izvi zvinoita kuti zvinhu zviome uye zvinoda ruzivo rwakadzama padanho rega rega.
Mumakore achangopfuura, nzira yehupfumi pakati peChina nePortugal yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Muna 2025, kutengeserana pakati penyika mbiri idzi kwaikosha mari inosvika mabhiriyoni 9.65 emadhora ekuAmerica. Michina nemidziyo yemagetsi ndizvo zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvePortugal kubva kuChina. Sezvo vagadziri vakawanda vekuPortugal, makambani ekuvaka, nevanoshanda mumaindasitiri vachiwana michina yavo kubva kumafekitori ekuChina, kudiwa kwemidziyo yemuchina yakachengeteka, inoenderana nezvinodiwa, uye inodhura zvishoma hakuna kumboitika.
Vanhu vanowanzo kanganisa nzira iyi, zvakadaro. Vazhinji vanotenga zvinhu kunze kwenyika vanofunga kuti kushandisa nzira yekutakura zvinhu nguva dzose kwakakwana, asi vanopedzisira varambwa neCE certification, vapihwa mvumo yekupinda mumigwagwa, vabhadhariswa mari yekudzikisa zvinhu zvisingatarisirwi kuLisbon kana Sines, kana kukuvara nekuti kutakura zvinhu zvinorema hakuna kuitwa nemazvo. Rondedzero iyi inojekesa mafungiro asiri iwo uye inotsanangura matambudziko chaiwo ekutamisa michina kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal uye kuti vangagadzirisa sei matambudziko aya zvinobudirira.
Kunzwisisa Nzira yekutumira zvinhu kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal
Nzvimbo yePortugal iri paIberian Peninsula inoita kuti ive nzvimbo isingaonekwe nevazhinji vanotenga zvinhu kubva kuEurope. Nyika iyi iri kumadokero kweEurope, mhiri kweAtlantic. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ngarava dzemakontena dzinobva kuSouth China ports hadzifanirwe kupfuura nemaguta ekuchamhembe kweEurope akaita seRotterdam kana Hamburg dzisati dzasvika kwadzinoenda. Izvi zvinoita kuti Portugal ive imwe yenzvimbo dzakanakisa dzekutumira zvinhu kubva kuAsia, kunyanya nekuti Port of Sines yave imwe yenzvimbo huru dzeMSC dzekutumira zvinhu muEurope.
Nzira huru yegungwa inobva pazviteshi zvikuru zvekuChina zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakaita seShenzhen (Yantian/Shekou), Shanghai, Ningbo, kana Guangzhou kumadokero kuburikidza neSouth China Sea, kupinda muIndian Ocean, uye wobva wapfuura nemuSuez Canal wapinda muMediterranean usati watenderera Iberian Peninsula kana kutenderedza Cape of Good Hope kune imwe nzira yeAfrica. Nguva yekufambisa kuenda kuLisbon uchiyambuka Suez Canal inotora mazuva angangoita 30 kusvika 40. Kutenderera kweCape of Good Hope, uko kwaidikanwa panguva yedambudziko rekuchengetedzwa kweRed Sea pakupera kwa2023 nekutanga kwa2024, kunowedzera mazuva gumi kusvika gumi nemana uye kunodhura peturu yakawanda.
Suez Canal ndiyo nzira huru yekutumira zvinhu kunze kwenyika pakati peChina nePortugal kubva muna 2026. Zvisinei, vanotenga michina inodhura vanofanira kutarisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu uye kuronga nguva yekuwedzera mubhajeti ravo. Vatakuri vanogona uye vanochinja nzira mukati memavhiki kana kuchengetedzeka kwawedzera. Mavhiki maviri ekuwedzera ekufamba anogona kukonzera kunonoka muzvitoro, faindi dzekutyora zvibvumirano, kana kutovhara mapurojekiti muPortugal.
Kusarudza Nzira Yakakodzera Yekutumira Michina
Kana zvasvika pakutumira michina kunze kwenyika, nzira yaunosarudza inokanganisa zvakawanda kupfuura mutengo chete. Inokanganisawo marongero ezvinhu, mabatirwo azvo, marongerwo azvo netsika, uye kunyange magwaro aunoda. Tafura iri pazasi inoratidza sarudzo huru dzekutumira michina kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal.
| Kutumira Mamiriro | Transit Time | Mutengo (20ft/CBM) | Best For |
| Ocean FCL (kuburikidza neSuez) | Mazuva 30-40 | $1,700–$2,900/20ft | Nzvimbo dzemichina yakazara |
| Ocean LCL | Mazuva 35-45 | $30–$60 paCBM | Mitoro midiki/isina chikamu |
| Njanji (inopfuura neMadrid) | Mazuva 22-30 | Yepamusoro-soro yepakati | Zvikamu zvakakosha |
| Air Freight | Mazuva 5-7 | $4.60–$5.60/kg | Urgent spare parts |
| Kuputsa Huru / Ro-Ro | Mazuva 35-50 | Mutengo wepurojekiti chaiyo | Yakakura/OOG |
Ocean Full Container Load (FCL) ichiri chiyero chezvishandiso zvakawanda zvemaindasitiri, zvakaita semichina yeCNC, mitsetse yekugadzira, majenareta, macompressor, uye michina yekuvaka. Michina mizhinji yepakati inogona kukwana mumudziyo wemamita makumi maviri, asi mudziyo weHigh Cube wemamita makumi mana uri nani kune michina yakareba kana kutumirwa ine mayuniti anopfuura rimwe chete. FCL inochengetedza zvinhu zvako zvakachengeteka kubva panjodzi dzekubatanidzwa kweLCL (Less than Container Load), uko kudedera, kuchinjika kwezvimwe zvinhu, kana dikita zvinogona kuparadza zvikamu zvemhando yepamusoro parwendo rwemazuva makumi matatu nemashanu.
Kune zvinhu zvisingakwane mumudziyo wenguva dzose, zvakaita semacrane, maturbine makuru, michina yekudhindisa yeindasitiri, kana ma excavators, kune ma flat rack containers, ma open-top containers, break bulk containers, kana ngarava dzeRo-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off). Ma flat rack containers anoshanda zvakanaka kune michina mikuru asi yakawanda ine sikweya. Break bulk shipping, zvinoreva kuti kurodha zvinhu zvakananga mungarava isina mudziyo, ndeyekutakura zvinhu zvisingagone kuiswa mumudziyo chete. Ro-Ro ndiyo sarudzo yakanakisa yemichina ine mavhiri kana inozvifambisa inogona kufambiswa mungarava yakati panzvimbo yainobva uye pachiteshi chekuenda.
Nzira yeYiwu-Madrid ndeimwe nzira yekutumira zvinhu zvemidziyo zvinokosha uye zvikamu zvinoda kusvika ikoko nekukurumidza asi kwete nekukurumidza zvekuti kutakurwa nendege kunodiwa. Kutakurwa kunotora mazuva ari pakati pe22 kusvika ku30, izvo zvinokurumidza kupfuura kutakurwa negungwa. Zvisinei, vanotumira zvinhu vanofanira kuziva kuti hapana kubatana kwechitima zvakananga kuenda kuPortugal. Chitima chinopera muSpain, uye chikamu chekupedzisira kuenda kuPortugal chinoda kuendeswa nerori, izvo zvinowanzotora rimwe kusvika matatu mamwe mazuva uye zvinodhura zvakawanda. Mitengo yechitima hainawo kufungidzirwa zvakanyanya kupfuura kutakurwa kwegungwa kumusika, izvo zvinokwezva vanotenga zvinhu kunze kwenyika vanoda kuchengeta zvinhu zvavo kwenguva yakareba.
Zviteshi zvePortugal: Kusarudza Gedhi Rakakodzera
Kune nzvimbo nhatu dzakanaka dzekutakura macontainer muPortugal dzekuunza michina kubva kuChina. Imwe neimwe ine zvinhu zvayo zvinokanganisa mutengo wekutenga zvinhu uye nguva yazvinotora kuti zviwanikwe.
| poti | Kubatsira kwegore negore | Kubatsira Kwakakosha | Kufamba Kwakajairika kubva kuShanghai |
| Port yeLisbon | ~1.2M TEU | Pedyo neguta, zvivako zvitatu | Mazuva 30-38 |
| Chiteshi cheSines (PSA) | ~2.5M TEU | Mvura yakadzika, MSC hub, kukura nekukurumidza | Mazuva 28-36 |
| Port of Leixões | ~800K TEU | Kusvika kuNorthern Portugal | Mazuva 32-40 |
Vanotenga michina vanofanira kunyatsoteerera Port of Sines (PSA Sines). Nzvimbo dzayo dzemvura yakadzika dzinogona kutakura zvikepe zvikuru zvekutakura zvinhu zvakakura kwazvo pasi rose, saka mabasa akawanda akananga anouya kuSines pasina kupfuura neAlgeciras kana dzimwe nzvimbo dzeMediterranean. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kutakura zvinhu zvishoma, mukana mudiki wekukuvadzwa panguva yekufambisa, uye kazhinji nguva pfupi yekufambisa zvinhu. Sines inobatsira zvikuru pakutumirwa kweFCL kwemidziyo inorema sezvo ichikubvumidza kugovera mari yekusimudza crane uye kubata kwakakosha zvakaenzana pakati pekufona kwezvikepe zvakananga.
Zviteshi zvitatu zvemakontena zveLisbon zvinopa mukana wekuva pedyo neguta guru nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza dzemaindasitiri, zvichiita kuti kufamba nemarori kwenguva refu kuve nyore uye nekukurumidza kune vazhinji vanotenga zvinhu kubva kuPortugal. Zvisinei, munguva dzakabatikana, kuwanda kwemagadhi kunogona kukonzera kunonoka kwezvinhu zvakakura zvinoda michina yekusimudza yakakosha uye chiziviso chepamberi kune chiteshi. Kana uri kutumira michina yakakura kupfuura kontena yakajairika, zvakanaka kubhuka pachine nguva uye kushanda zvakananga nemushandi wechiteshi, kwete kungoshandisa muchina wekutumira zvinhu nguva dzose.
Dambudziko reCE Certification: Dambudziko Rako Guru reMutemo
Chitupa cheCE ndicho chinhu chakaoma pakupinza michina kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal (neEU) nekuti inobata vanopinza michina vakawanda vasina kutarisirwa uye ine mhedzisiro yakaipa kana ikasaitwa nemazvo. Portugal inhengo yeEuropean Union uye inotevera EU Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC). Mutemo uyu unoti michina yese yeindasitiri inotengeswa muEU inofanira kunge iine CE mark inoratidza kuti inosangana nezvinodiwa zvehutano nekuchengetedzeka.
Vatengesi vekuChina nevatengi vavo vekuEurope dzimwe nguva vanoita chikanganiso chekufunga kuti chiratidzo cheEU CE nechiratidzo cheEC chekutumira kunze cheChina chinhu chimwe chete. Musiyano chete waunogona kuona inzvimbo iri pakati pemabhii, izvo zvisingaite kuti uzvione nemaziso ese. Asi zvakasiyana zvikuru: chiratidzo cheChinese "CE" (China Export) ingori label inoratidza kwakabva chigadzirwa uye hazvireve chero chinhu pamutemo muEurope. Vakuru vezvemitero vekuPortugal nevanoongorora musika vanoziva musiyano uyu. Michina inouya nechitambi cheEC cheChinese asi isina EU Declaration of Conformity inoshanda ichadzoserwa, kubatwa, kana kuparadzwa.
Kana mugadziri wekuChina achida kuwana kutevedzera kweCE chaiyo kwemichina yake, anowanzo fanirwa kuhaya European Notified Body kuti iite ongororo yekutevedzera mitemo. Kana mugadziri asingade kana kuti asingakwanise kuita izvozvo, mutengesi wekuEurope ndiye ane basa pasi pemutemo weEU uye anofanira kuhaya mumwe munhu wechitatu kuti aite bvunzo. Maitiro aya anogona kutora mavhiki kana kunyange mwedzi uye anodhura mari, asi haagone kuchinjwa. Nzira chete yekudzivirira kunonoka kukuru nekurasikirwa pamuganhu ndeyekuisa ongororo yekutevedzera mitemo yeCE mukutenga michina isati yatumirwa.
Vanotenga zvinhu kunze kwenyika vanofanira kufunga nezvezvinopfuura kungotevedzera giya chete. Vanofanirawo kufunga nezveLow Voltage Directive (2014/35/EU) yemidziyo inoshandisa magetsi, EMC Directive (2014/30/EU) yekushanda kwemagetsi, uye dzimwe nguva ATEX standards yegiya richashandiswa munzvimbo dzinoputika. Directive yega yega inogona kuda Declaration of Conformity yakasiyana uye mapepa ehunyanzvi, seTechnical Construction File (TCF) kana Technical File (TF).
Magwaro: Zvausingakwanise kuita zvisina kunaka
Chikonzero chikuru chekunonoka uye kushandisa mari yakawanda pakutumira michina kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal zvikanganiso zviri mumapepa. Pasi peEU Customs Union, tsika dzemuPortugal dzinoda mapepa chaiwo. Kana paine musiyano pakati pavo, vanozoongorora nemaoko izvo zvinogona kuwedzera mazuva kana mavhiki kune purogiramu yako yekutumira.
| Document | chinangwa | Notes |
| Invoice yezvekutengesa | Customs valuation | Inofanira kusanganisira kodhi yeHS, kukosha kweyuniti |
| Packing List | Cargo verification | Huremu, saizi, huwandu pachinhu chimwe nechimwe |
| Bhiri Yekutakura (B / L) | Title of goods | Yekutanga inodiwa kuti port ibudiswe |
| Chitupa Chekutanga | Tariff kutsunga | Yakabudiswa neChina chamber of commerce |
| CE Chirevo Chekuenderana | Kutevedzera mitemo yekuchengetedza yeEU/Portugal | Inosungirwa kumichina inopinda muEU |
| Bhuku reMashoko eUnyanzvi (EN/PT) | Tsika nekushandiswa kwevashandisi vekupedzisira | Zvinodiwa pamichina yakaoma |
| Rezinesi rekutengesa kunze (kana zvichibvira) | Zvinhu zvinodzorwa | Tekinoroji inoshandisa zvinhu zviviri ingangoda mvumo yeMOFCOM |
Nyatsoteerera kodhi yeHS (kodhi yeHarmonized System). Chitsauko 84 ne85 chehurongwa hweHarmonized Tariff Schedule. Chitsauko chimwe nechimwe chine mazana emisoro midiki yakasiyana ine mitengo yakasiyana yemitero yekupinda munyika. Kana ukaisa chimwe chinhu muzvikamu zvisizvo, kunyangwe chiri nemaune kana netsaona, unogona kupiwa mhosva zviri pamutemo, kudzoserwa mitero, uye kurangwa nemhosva pasi pemutemo weEU customs kana ukachiita nemaune. Kune chero kutumira michina inokosha kupfuura €150,000, tinokurudzira zvikuru kuti mutengesi wecustoms ane rezinesi anoziva mitemo yekutumira kunze kwenyika yeChina nemitemo yekupinda yePortugal aongorore kupatsanurwa kwayo isati yatumirwa.
Zvakakoshawo kunyora pasi nhamba chaiyo yeCIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) painvoice yekutengeserana. Kana michina ikaunzwa kuPortugal kubva kuChina, vakuru vezvemitero vanoongorora kukosha kwayo zvichienderana nemadhatabhesi emusika uye magwaro ekare ekutumira zvinhu kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti zvinoenderana. Ingozi inozivikanwa yekusakoshesa michina kuitira kudzikisa mitero yekutumira zvinhu, uye vanopinza zvinhu muEU vakatarisana nefaindi huru nekuda kweizvozvo. Maitiro ekusimbisa mutemo zvakanyanya haaratidzi kuti achamira.
Kurongedza, Kuchengetedza, uye Kubata Michina Inorema
Kutumira michina inorema kunoda hunyanzvi hwekurongedza hwakasiyana zvikuru nekutumira zvinhu zvevatengi. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo yekugadzira michina yeCNC chaiyo inogona kunge iine nzvimbo yegiravhiti yakasiyana nepakati payo. Inogonawo kuda macrating emapuranga emuchina ane ma "anti-vibration mounts" uye ma "spindles" ayo ese, misoro, uye zvikamu zvinofamba kuti zvivharwe uye zvivharwe musuwo wekontena usati wavharwa. Kana ukasaita chero chimwe chezvinhu izvi zvakanaka parwendo rwemazuva makumi matatu nemashanu muBay of Biscay, inova imwe yenzvimbo dzakaoma zvikuru muNorth Atlantic, unogona kukonzera kukuvara kusingagadzirisike uye kusina muripo weinishuwarenzi unofukidza zvese.
Pakutumira michina mumagaba, chinhu chinowanzoitwa kugadzira bhokisi rehuni kana chigaro chehuni chinoenderana nehukuru chaihwo hwemuchina uye kugoverwa kwehuremu. Kuvhara nekusunga mukati megaba kunodzivisa chero chinhu kufamba-famba. Matambo epolyester kana esimbi anobata michina iri mugaba kusvika pasi pegaba. Mabhegi ekubvisa tsvina anochengetedza gaba kuti risadikitira, inova hunyoro hunoungana mugaba resimbi rakavharwa sezvarinofamba munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekupisa. Mirairo yako yekurongedza inofanira kusanganisira matanho ese aya, uye fekitori yekutanga inofanira kuaongorora isati yavharwa gaba.
Pakutumira zvinhu zvisina gauge (OOG) pamatanda akatsetseka kana mumakontena akavhurika, dhizaini yekusunga nekuchengetedza inova inonyanya kukosha. Muongorori wezvikepe ane certification anofanira kuzviita. China nePortugal dzinoda chitupa chekusunga zvinhu zveOOG. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti nzira yakachengetedzwa nayo zvinhu inogona kutora nguva yakareba uye inodhura zvakanyanya. Mimwe michina mikuru inodawo kuva nezvikamu zvakaita seantenna, side guards, uye extended booms zvisati zvatumirwa kuti zvideredze saizi yazvo uye kudzivirira mari yeOOG, iyo inogona kunge yakakwira zvikuru.
Kufamba Nekuchinja Kwemitengo Yekutakura Zvinhu Uye Mamiriro Emusika
Mitengo yekutakura zvinhu kubva mugungwa munzira yeChina nePortugal yave yakadzikama zvikuru kubva pakuchinja kukuru kwa2021-2022, kunyange zvazvo zvisati zvichiri kufanotaurwa zvakanyanya. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa emusika, mitengo yeFCL kubva kuSouth China ports kuenda kuLisbon inotangira pamadhora angangoita $1,700 kune kontena ine 20-foot uye $2,900 kune kontena ine 40-foot kubva muna Kubvumbi 2026. Zvisinei, muQ4 2025, mitengo ye40-foot yakakwira neanopfuura 26% kubva pamwedzi mumwe kusvika kune unotevera nekuti kudiwa kwacho kwakakwira uye kugona kwacho kwakaderera. Iyi inyevero yekuti kutenga zvishandiso pamusika wepo kunogona kusiya vatengesi vari kunze vari panjodzi yekuwedzera kwemitengo nekukurumidza panguva yakaipa kwazvo.
Kune vanhu vanotenga michina kubva kunze kwenyika, zvinoreva zviri nyore: pese paunogona, tenga mitengo pasi pezvibvumirano zvepamberi kana zvibvumirano zvebasa renguva refu pane kutsvaga musika wekutengesa michina. Kune michina mikuru ine mazuva akatarwa ekutumira mapurojekiti, mukana wekubhuka michina panzvimbo imwe chete hauna kukodzera njodzi yacho. Muvaki muPorto anoda crane yetower yepurojekiti inotanga pazuva rakati haakwanise kunonoka kwemavhiki maviri kunokonzerwa nekutamiswa kwemichina kuenda kungarava inotevera nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemari yekubhadhara uye kushomeka kwenzvimbo.
Mapatani anoitika panguva dzakasiyana dzegore akakoshawo. Munguva yeGore Idzva reChinese (Ndira-Kukadzi), mafekitori anovhara kwemavhiki maviri kana kupfuura. Izvi zvinoreva kuti michina inofanirwa kutumirwa isati yasvika zororo inofanira kunge yagadzirira uye yabhukwa pakutanga kwaZvita. Mushure meGore Idzva reChinese, kudiwa kunokwira sezvo makambani anotanga kugadzira zvinhu zvakare. Izvi zvinogona kutungamira mukubhuka kwemari uye kukwira kwemari yenguva pfupi. Kuronga hurongwa hwekutumira nekutenga kwako maererano nemaitiro aya akajairika, pachinzvimbo chekupindura, hunyanzvi huri nyore asi hunowanzo regeredzwa.
Kutumirwa kweTopway Kunotsigira Sei Kugadzirwa Kwemichina kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal
Kana masangano achifanira kugadzirisa nyaya dzakaoma dzakurukurwa munyaya ino, kuva nemubatsiri wezvekutakura zvinhu akakodzera kunogona kuita mutsauko mukuru mumutengo, kutevedzera mitemo, uye kuvimbika kwekutumira zvinhu. Topway Shipping, iyo iri muShenzhen, China, yave ichipa mabasa ehunyanzvi ekutakura zvinhu kubva muna 2010. Chikwata chekutanga chine ruzivo rwakawanda rwemakore anopfuura gumi nemashanu mukutakura zvinhu pasi rose uye kubvumidzwa kwemitero, uye vanoziva zvakawanda nezve mashandiro anoita nzira dzekutengeserana pakati peChina neEurope.
Pfungwa yebasa reTopway yakagadzirirwa kutarisira zvese zvekutakura zvinhu pasina kupa mabasa panguva dzakaipa. Izvi zvinoreva kutakurwa kwekutanga kubva kufekitori iri muGuangdong, Zhejiang, kana Jiangsu; kurongeka kwehunyanzvi hwekurongedza michina inorema uye yakakura; kuburitswa kwemitero kubva kumachiteshi eChina; masevhisi ekutakura zvinhu mugungwa eFCL neLCL kuenda kumachiteshi makuru pasi rese - kusanganisira Lisbon, Sines, neLeixões; kurongeka kwemitero kubva kunze kwenyika; mhiri kwemakungwa warehousinguye kuendesa zvinhu zvako kune webhusaiti yemutengi muPortugal.
Nzira iyi yakabatana inobatsira zvikuru kune vanhu vanotenga michina kubva kunze kwenyika nekuti matambudziko ataurwa munyaya ino—magwaro eCE, kururama kwekodhi yeHS, kuronga zvinhu zveOOG, kurongeka kwechiteshi, uye manejimendi yekuchinja kwemitengo—zvose zvinoda kutaurirana pakati pevanhu vakati wandei. Kana kambani imwe chete yekutakura zvinhu iri kutarisira cheni yakazara, ruzivo runofamba nekukurumidza, zvikanganiso zvinowanikwa nekukurumidza, uye munhu wese anoziva kuti ndiani ane mhosva. Ruzivo rwakakura rweTopway pakoridho iyi rwunoderedza njodzi kune vanotenga michina kubva kuPutukezi neEurope vari kutenga michina kubva kuChina kekutanga kana kuti vakambosangana nematambudziko nekutakura michina zvisina kurongeka.
Topway inewo dzimwe nzira dzeFCL neLCL dzinochinjika dzinobvumira vanotenga michina kuti vasarudze nzira yakanakisisa yekutumira zvinhu zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvavo uye purogiramu yekutumira, pachinzvimbo chekuganhurira zvinhu zvese zvinotumirwa kuita mhinduro imwe chete. Topway inogonawo kuronga kutakurwa kwechitima nendege kune michina midiki kana zvikamu zvinoda kusvika ikoko nekukurumidza kupfuura kutakurwa kwegungwa.
Zvakajairika Kukanganisa uye Nzira Yokunzvenga Nadzo
Mushure memakore akawanda ekushanda pamugwagwa wemidziyo yeChina nePortugal, zviri pachena kuti vanotenga zvinhu kubva kune dzimwe nyika vehukuru hwakasiyana-siyana vanoita zvikanganiso zvakafanana kakawanda. Kuziva nezvematambudziko aya pachine nguva ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yekugadzirisa njodzi pasina kushandisa mari yakawanda.
| Common Mistake | Yakurudzirwa Solution |
| Kodhi yeHS isiriyo kana kuti isipo | Simbisa makodhi nemutengesi wezvemitero ane rezinesi usati watumira |
| Hapana CE Chiziviso cheKutevedzera | Tora chitupa cheCE chinoenderana neEU kubva kumugadziri wekuChina kana bato rechitatu |
| Kurerutsa OOG yekubata mubhadharo | Kumbira mutengo unosanganisira zvese; simbisa muripo we crane/lashing pachine nguva |
| Kuregeredza njodzi yekukanganiswa kweGungwa Dzvuku | Gadzira buffer yemazuva 10–14; tarisa nzira yekutakura zvinhu usati wabhuka. |
| Kuderedza kukosha kwemichina pa invoice | Taura kukosha kweCIF kwakarurama; tsika dzemuPortugal dzinoita ongororo |
| Aihwa cargo insurance yemidziyo inorema | Tenga huwandu husingasviki 1.5%–2% yeCIF sechifukidzo chenjodzi dzese |
Chimwe chezvikanganiso zvinodhura zvikuru ndechekumbomira kuronga zvekushandisa michina kusvika chibvumirano chekutenga chasainwa. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinodiwa zvekushandisa michina yemimwe michina (CE status, power supply specifications, kutevedzera mitemo yekufambisa mumigwagwa yePortugal yekuendesa zvinhu kusvika pakupera, zvinodiwa zvekuisa) zvinofanirwa kufungwa nezvazvo pakusarudza kutenga. Muchina unodhura EUR 50,000 asi uchida EUR 20,000 mukuyedzwa kweCE kwechitatu, macrating akasarudzika, uye kuhaya macrane echiteshi kuti usvike kwaunoda kuenda wakasiyana zvikuru neuyo watove uchitevedzera mitemo uye wakagadzirira kushandiswa kwemidziyo.
mhedziso
Michina yekutumira zvinhu kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal idambudziko guru rinoda kuronga nokungwarira, ruzivo rwemitemo, uye vashandi vane hunyanzvi padanho rega rega rekuita izvi. Hukuru nehuremu hwemidziyo yeindasitiri, mitemo yekutevedzera mitemo yeEU yeCE, kururama kwemapepa anotarisirwa netsika dzemuPortugal, uye chokwadi chekuti misika yepasi rose yekutakura zvinhu iri kuchinja nguva dzose zvinoita kuti zvinhu zviome kupfuura kutumira zvinhu mumakontena nguva dzose.
Mashoko akanaka ndeekuti nzira yeChina-Portugal yakavakwa zvakanaka, zviteshi zvengarava zvinokwanisa, uye vatakuri vezvinhu varatidza kuti vanogona kufambisa michina zvinobudirira kana pasi pakavakwa nemazvo. Musiyano uripo pakati pekutumira zvinhu zvakanaka nemutengo unodhura kana muchina wakakuvara kazhinji isarudzo dzinoitwa mavhiki akawanda zvinhu zvisati zvatumirwa kubva kuChina. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusarudza nzira chaiyo yekufambisa, kutarisa kutevedzera CE nekukurumidza, kuve nechokwadi chekuti mapepa acho akarurama, uye kushanda nemumwe munhu ane ruzivo rwekufamba nemotokari ane ruzivo rwechokwadi munzira iyi.
China ichiri imwe yenzvimbo dzakanakisa pasi rose dzekutenga zvishandiso zvemaindasitiri, uye nzvimbo yePortugal iri paAtlantic inoita kuti ive imwe yenzvimbo dzakanakisa dzekupinda mumusika weEurope. Kune matambudziko chaiwo, asi anogona kugadziriswa nemubatsiri akakodzera uye kuronga kwakakodzera.
FAQs
Mubvunzo: Zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kutumira michina kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal nechikepe?
A: Nzira yeFCL yekufamba nechikepe kubva pazviteshi zvikuru zveSouth China kuenda kuLisbon kana Sines kuburikidza nenzira yeSuez Canal inotora mazuva angangoita 30 kusvika 40. Wedzera mazuva 10 kusvika 14 kana nzira yeCape of Good Hope yakavhurika nekuda kwematambudziko ekuchengetedza muGungwa Dzvuku. Makiromita ekupedzisira ekutumira kubva pachiteshi kuenda kunzvimbo yako muPortugal anotora rimwe kusvika matatu mamwe mazuva, zvichienderana nekwauri kuenda.
Mubvunzo: Chitupa cheCE chinodiwa nguva dzose here pamichina inotengeswa kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal?
A: Ehe, kune michina inenge yese yeindasitiri inotengeswa muEU. Portugal inyika iri nhengo yeEU uye inotevera EU Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC). Unoda chiratidzo cheEC cheEU chechokwadi uye Declaration of Conformity. Chiratidzo cheChinese "CE" (China Export) hachishande muEU.
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi nzira yakachipa yekutumira michina inorema kubva kuChina kuenda kuPortugal?
A: Ocean FCL (Full Container Load) inenge iri sarudzo inonyanya kushanda pakushandisa michina inorema. LCL (Less than Container Load) inoshanda pamichina midiki kana zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Kutakura zvinhu nendege ndiyo sarudzo inodhura zvikuru, uye inofanira kushandiswa chete pazvikamu zvinokosha uye zvinoda kuendeswa nekukurumidza. Kune zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha, njanji inzvimbo yakanaka pakati penzira.
Mubvunzo: Ndingatumira michina mikuru isingakwane mumudziyo wakajairika here?
A: Ehe. Zvinhu zviri kunze kwegauge (OOG) zvinogona kukwana mumidziyo yakatsetseka, midziyo yakavhurika, zvinhu zvinotumirwa zvisina kuvharwa, uye mabasa eRo-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off). Nzira chaiyo yekuita izvi inoenderana nehukuru, huremu, uye kana muchina uchigona kufamba wega. Sarudzo yega yega inoda mamwe mapepa, setifiketi rekusimbisa, uye inofanira kugadzirwa kuburikidza nemufambisi wezvinhu anoziva mabatirwo emidziyo yepurojekiti.
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi muripo wekutumira zvinhu kunze kwenyika unoshanda kune michina inosvika muPortugal ichibva kuChina?
A: Kurongwa kweHS code yemichina chaiyo kunosarudza mitengo yekupinza zvinhu muEU. Michina mizhinji yeindasitiri muZvitsauko 84 ne85 inobhadhariswa mitero ye0% kusvika 3.7%, zvisinei mimwe mhando dzinobhadhariswa mitero yekudzivirira kuraswa kwemafuta. Mutengo weVAT (IVA) muPortugal unowanzo wedzerwa pa23%, iyo inowedzerwa paCIF customs value uye muripo wekupinda. Usati watumira, gara uchitarisa kune certified custom broker kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti une HS code chaiyo.
