Sekepe se tsoang Chaena ho ea Colombia: Tataiso e Felletseng, e sa Khatelloeng ke Khatello
Selelekela
Hore na o batla thepa ho tsoa China ebe o e romella Colombia, kapa o holisa khoebo ea hau mebarakeng ea Colombia, ho utloisisa tsamaiso ea thepa lipakeng tsa China le Colombia ke ntho ea bohlokoa. Tsela e fana ka menyetla—le mathata a mangata. Ho tloha ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa lipalangoang ho ea ho litloaelo le litokomane, u tla batla 'mapa oa tsela o tšepahalang. Tataiso ena e u tsamaisa tšebetsong eohle ea ho tsamaisa thepa ho tloha China ho ea Colombia: ho tloha khethong ea mekhoa le ho fokotseha ha litšenyehelo ho isa ho fokotsa kotsi le mekhoa e metle. Qetellong u tla tseba ho rera, ho phethahatsa le ho hlokomela thomello e nang le khatello e fokolang.
Ho utloisisa tsela ea khoebo ea China-Colombia
China ke e 'ngoe ea balekane ba ka sehloohong ba khoebo ba Colombia. Litsi tsa meetlo le thepa linaheng ka bobeli li etsa hore sena e be tsela e sebetsang—empa u ntse u lokela ho ela hloko lintlha. Ka lehlakoreng la Colombia, likou tse kholo tse kang Port of Cartagena (leoatleng la Caribbean) le Port of Buenaventura (leoatleng la Pacific) li amohela thepa e tsoang Chaena.
Ho tloha Chaena ka tloaelo u tla tsoa likoung tse kang Port of Shanghai, Port of Shenzhen, kapa Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan. Ha u utloisisa tsela le li-node tse amehang, u boemong bo botle ba ho laola litšenyehelo, nako le kotsi.
Likhetho tsa bohlokoa tsa ho romella: thepa ea leoatleng vs ea moea
E 'ngoe ea liqeto tsa pele tseo u lokelang ho li etsa ke mokhoa oa ho tsamaea. Likhetho tse ka sehloohong ke thepa ea leoatleng (ho tsamaisa thepa) le thepa ea moea.
sekepele sa sekepe
Ho tsamaisa thepa ka leoatleng hangata ke eona tsela e theko e tlase haholo bakeng sa thomello e kholo ho tloha China ho ea Colombia. Mohlala, linako tsa lipalangoang bakeng sa thomello ea lijana tsa FCL ho tloha China ho ea Colombia hangata li nka matsatsi a 20-35, ho ipapisitsoe le libaka tsa boema-kepe le moo li eang teng.
Papiso e potlakileng ke ena:
| feshene | Nako e tloaelehileng ea ho eta | Boemo ba litšenyehelo | Molemohali bakeng sa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thepa ea leoatle (FCL) | ~ matsatsi a 20-30 Chaena→ Colombia koung-to-port | Theko e tlase ka yuniti, moruo oa sekala | Ho romelloa ka bongata bo boholo, thepa e sa potlakang |
| Thepa ea leoatle (LCL) | Nako e ts'oanang ea lipalangoang, empa ho kopanya ho eketsa nako | Litsenyehelo tse phahameng hanyane ka yuniti ka 'ngoe ka lebaka la setshelo se arolelanoang | Ho romelloa ha molumo o monyenyane |
| Thepa ea moea | ~ matsatsi a 3-7 ho tloha China ho ea Colombia (ho latela tsela) | Theko e phahameng haholo ka kg | Ho romelloa ka potlako, thepa ea boleng bo holimo |
Tlhokomeliso: mohloli o mong o re litšenyehelo tse tloaelehileng tsa thepa ea leoatleng ho tloha China ho ea Colombia li ka qala ho tloha ho US $ 1,550 bakeng sa setshelo sa 20 ft, le ho pota US $ 3,850 bakeng sa setshelo sa 40 ft.
Thepa ea moea
Thepa ea lifofane e fana ka thomello e potlakileng, empa ka litšenyehelo tse holimo. U lokela ho lebella litefiso tse phahameng, 'me lithibelo tsa molumo / boima li etsa hore e se ke ea tšoaneleha bakeng sa thepa e kholo kapa e boima. Monyetla ke lebelo: ha o hloka thepa ka matsatsi ho fapana le libeke, ona ke mokhoa.
Boema-kepe, boemafofane le linako tsa lipalangoang
Ho bohlokoa ho khetha sebaka se nepahetseng le libaka tsa boema-fofane kapa boema-fofane. Ha re hlalose taba ena ho feta.
Tšimoloho ea Chaena
Ka tloaelo ntlha ea hau ea Chaena e tla ba e 'ngoe ea likou tse kholo tsa ho romela thepa: Shanghai, Shenzhen, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Guangzhou joalo-joalo Ho itšetlehile ka hore na fektheri ea hau e hokae le hore na ke boema-kepe bofe bo loketseng haholo.
Khetha boema-kepe bo fanang ka likepe tse ntle ho ea Colombia, lipalangoang tse nyane ha ho khoneha, le likhokahano tse tšepahalang.
Sebaka sa Colombia
Naheng ea Colombia, likou tse kholo tsa lijana ke:
- Boema-kepe ba Cartagena (Caribbean) - setsi se seholo sa lijana bakeng sa Colombia le tikoloho.
- Boema-kepe ba Buenaventura (Lebopo la Pacific) - bo bohlokoa haeba u lebile bophirima ho Colombia kapa u batla tsela ea Pacific. Khetha boema-kepe ba moo u eang ho ipapisitse le toropo ea hau ea ho qetela e kahare ho naha (mohlala, Bogotá, Medellín, Cali) le boemo ba lipalangoang tsa naha.
Nako ea ho tsamaea e lebelletsoe
Mona ke tafole e nolofalitsoeng e akaretsang linako tse tloaelehileng tsa lipalangoang:
| feshene | Ho tloha China ho ea Colombia (port-to-port) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| sekepele sa sekepe | Ka karolelano matsatsi a 20-35 | E fapana ho ea ka tsela, transshipment, tšubuhlellano ea koung |
| Thepa ea moea | Matsatsi a 3-7 a tloaelehileng | E tobileng haholoanyane empa e bitsa chelete e ngata haholo |
Ho nahanoa ka litšenyehelo le mokhoa oa ho etsa moralo oa tšebeliso ea chelete
Ha u etsa moralo oa lichelete oa ho romelloa ho tloha China ho ea Colombia, ho na le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa litšenyehelo tse lokelang ho kenyelletsa. Tsena ka kakaretso li ka hlophisoa ka litjeo tsa thepa, litefello tsa ho ts'oara / tsa boema-kepe, lipalangoang tse kenang kahare ho naha, litloaelo/mesebetsi, le lits'ebeletso tsa tlatsetso (polokelo, inshorense, joalo-joalo).
Theko ea thepa
Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, bakeng sa thepa ea leoatleng u ka lebella litefiso tse qalang ho US$1,500–US$3,800 bakeng sa sejana ho tloha Chaena ho ea Colombia; bakeng sa ditjeho tsa thepa ka sefofane di khilograma ka nngwe mme di phahame haholo.
Litsenyehelo tse ling
- Litefiso tsa ho sebetsana le boema-kepe moo u tsoang teng le moo u eang teng
- Ho tsamaisa literaka kapa seporo ho tloha boema-kepe ho ea ntlong ea hau ea polokelo kapa sebakeng sa moreki
- Litefiso tsa tumello ea thepa, litefiso tsa kantle ho naha, VAT le makhetho a mang
- Inshorense (e ea khothaletsoa)
- Ho boloka thepa kapa ho kopanya ha ho hlokahala
- Litefiso tse ka bang teng tsa ho koalloa ha thepa haeba thepa e lula nako e telele boema-kepeng
Ntlha ea meetlo le mesebetsi
Naheng ea Colombia, barekisi ba kantle ho naha ba tlameha ho sebetsana le litokomane tse itseng le ho lefa lekhetho la thepa le VAT. Tse ling tsa mehato ea bohlokoa: ho ngolisa thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling, ho phatlalatsa boleng ha u feta menyako e itseng, ho fana ka "Declaración Andina de Valor en Aduana" ha boleng ba ho reka ≥ US $ 5,000 FOB, joalo-joalo.
Maemo a litefiso: thepa e ngata e kholo / thepa e tala e maemong a 0-5%; thepa e entsoeng e ka nka 10% kapa ho feta; lintho tse bonolo ho fihlela ho 15-20%.
Mokhoa oa ho lokisa thomello ea hau mohato ka mohato
Ha re tsamaee nakong eohle ea potoloho ea thomello—ho tloha ho rera ho isa thomelong.
Ho lokisa thepa le thepa
- Netefatsa morekisi oa hau oa China: hlahloba kemiso ea nako ea tlhahiso, ho paka, ho ngola, boemo bo itokiselitseng ho romelloa.
- Netefatsa hore thepa e pakiloe ka mokhoa o nepahetseng bakeng sa lipalangoang tsa mose ho maoatle (ho bokella linkho, ho tsamaea ka leoatle/moea, ho sireletsa mongobo).
- Etsa qeto ea bongata, boima, bophahamo. Etsa qeto ea hore na u tla sebelisa Full Container Load (FCL) kapa Tlas'a Container Load (LCL) bakeng sa thepa ea leoatleng.
- Therisana ka mantsoe: Taba ea Incoterms (mohlala, boema-kepe ba FOB China, boema-kepe ba CIF Colombia, DDP Colombia). Ho tseba boikarabello ba hau esale pele ho thibela lintho tse makatsang.
Pehelo ea thepa le lipalangoang ho tsoa China
- Khetha morekisi oa thepa kapa mofani oa thepa ea nang le boiphihlelo ka litsela tsa China-Colombia.
- Bakeng sa thepa ea leoatleng: sets'oants'o sa buka (20' kapa 40'), netefatsa kemiso ea ho tsamaea ka sekepe, boema-kepe ba ho palamisa, transshipment (haeba bo le teng).
- Bakeng sa thepa ea sefofane: khetha tšimoloho ea boema-fofane le moo leeto le fellang teng, netefatsa hore sefofane se teng, boima ba 'mele/bolumo bo ka lefisoa.
- Lokisetsa ho lata ho tloha ho mofani oa thepa/ fekthering ho ea boema-kepeng ba Chaena kapa boema-fofane.
- Netefatsa tumello ea ho romella thepa kantle ho naha China: phatlalatso ea kantle ho naha, lenane la liphutheloana, invoice.
Leeto le ho latedisa
- Lekola motsamao wa phahlo: lewatleng o tla ba le sebaka sa ho latedisa setshelo; bakeng sa thepa ea sefofane u tla ba le tlhahlobo ea li-airwaybill.
- Ikopanye le motho ea tsamaisang thepa nakong ea lipalangoang bakeng sa lintlha tse mabapi le nako ea ho fihla, tšubuhlellano ea boema-kepe, ho tsoa ha setshelo.
- Rera esale pele ho fihla Colombia: lipalangoang tse ka hare ho naha, ho kena ka har'a boema-kepe, tumello ea lekhetho.
Ho fihla Colombia le tumello ea ho reka kantle ho naha
- Etsa bonnete ba hore u na le litokomane tsohle tse hlokahalang: sekoloto sa thepa / sekoloto sa sefofane, invoice ea khoebo, lenane la ho paka, setifikeiti sa tšimoloho, liforomo tsa phatlalatso ea ho tsoa.
- Sebetsa le morekisi oa thepa kapa moemeli oa Colombia ho kenya "Declaración de Importación", ho lefa mesebetsi/ makhetho, le ho hlophisa tlhahlobo ha ho hlokahala.
- Hang ha e se e tlositsoe, lokisetsa lipalangoang tse kenang ka hare ho naha (teraka kapa terene) ho ea sebakeng sa hau sa polokelo kapa moo u eang teng.
Ho fana le ho koala
- Hlahloba thepa ha e fihla bakeng sa tšenyo leha e le efe, khaello, kapa liphapang.
- Haeba u sebelisitse FCL, hlahloba hore na setshelo se hloka ho khutlisoa. Haeba LCL, etsa bonnete ba hore o sebetsana le likarolo tsa khokahanyo ka mokhoa o hloekileng.
- Rarolla li-invoice life kapa life tsa ho qetela tse tsoang ho motho ea fetisang thepa kapa ea tsamaisang thepa (litefiso tsa boema-kepe, demurrage, polokelo).
- Ngola thomello bakeng sa lirekoto tsa hau: lengolo la thomello, litšenyehelo, invoice ea barekisi, litlaleho tsa tefo.
Taolo ea likotsi: likotsi tse tloaelehileng le mokhoa oa ho li qoba
Ho tsamaisa thepa linaheng tsa machaba kamehla ho na le kotsi. Likotsi tsa bohlokoa ke tsena ha u romelloa ho tloha China ho ea Colombia-le malebela a ho fokotsa.
- Liphoso tsa litokomane: Ho se lumellane ho invoice ea khoebo, lethathamo la lintho tse pakoang, kapa ho hlophisoa ka tsela e fosahetseng ho ka baka tieho ea lekhetho naheng ea Colombia, likotlo kapa thepa e haneloa ho kena.
Ho fokotsa: Sebelisa barekisi ba meetlo ba nang le boiphihlelo China le Colombia; aterese habeli, HS dikhoutu, boleng. - Tšitiso ea boema-kepe kapa tieho: tieho ea lipalangoang, tšubuhlellano boemakepeng ba ho fihla e ka eketsa nako ea lipalangoang 'me ea baka litšenyehelo tse ling.
Ho fokotsa: Lekola linako tsa ho tsamaisa thepa, khetha lipalangoang tse tšepahalang, haha buffer kemisong ea hau. - Litšenyehelo tse sa lebelloang: demurrage, ho koalloa, litefiso tsa polokelo, lekhetho le fosahetseng la lekhetho.
Ho fokotsa: Utloisisa litefiso tsohle tse ka khonehang esale pele; buisana ka litheko tse bonaletsang; hlokomela ntlha ea bohlokoahali. - Tšenyo kapa tahlehelo tseleng: Haholo-holo bakeng sa thepa e senyehang kapa ea boleng bo holimo.
Ho fokotsa: Ho paka ka nepo, khetha lijari tse tšepahalang, netefatsa tšireletso ea inshorense. - Liphetoho tsa lichelete kapa tsa taolo: Ho fetoha ha litefiso tsa mosebetsi, litefiso tsa tlatsetso ea lipalangoang (mafura), melaoana ea lekhetho.
Ho fokotsa: Lula u nchafalitsoe, sebetsa le baeletsi ba lehae ba Colombia, 'me u kenyelle maemo a tšohanyetso tekanyetsong ea hau.
Mokhoa oa ho khetha morekisi kapa mofani oa litšebeletso
Ho khetha molekane ea nepahetseng oa thepa ho ka etsa kapa ho senya thomello ea hau. Lintlha tsa bohlokoa:
- Boiphihlelo tseleng ea China ho ea Colombia: Na motho ea rorisang thepa o ea Colombia khafetsa?
- Ts'ebeletso e felletseng ea ketane: ho lata China, tumello ea kantle ho naha, lipalangoang tsa leoatle / sefofane, ho fihla Colombia, tumello ea ho reka kantle ho naha, ho tsamaisoa ka hare ho naha.
- Theko e pepeneneng: Bontša likarolo tsohle (karolo, boema-kepe, meetlo, ka hare ho naha).
- Puisano e ntle: Haholo-holo bakeng sa libaka tsa nako tsa maeto le lipuo tse tšelang meeli.
- Inshorense le taolo ea likotsi: Bokhoni ba ho fana ka inshorense kapa ho tsamaisa thepa.
- Bokhoni ba ho hlakola meetlo naheng ea Colombia: Tsebo ea lehae e bohlokoa haholo.
Mekhoa e metle ea ho tsamaisa thepa hantle
- Rera esale pele: U se ke ua ema ho fihlela motsotsong oa ho qetela. Lumella nako ea buffer.
- Khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng: Se ke oa lefella thepa ea sefofane haeba thepa ea leoatleng e amoheleha.
- Kopanya thomelo ha ho khonahala: Meqolo e menyenyane e romelloang khafetsa e ka bitsa chelete e ngata ho feta unit ka 'ngoe.
- Shebella nako: Qoba linako tse holimo tsa likepe kapa matsatsi a phomolo a boema-kepe.
- Tseba li-Incoterms tsa hau: Hlakisa hore na ke mang ea sebetsanang le karolo efe ea leeto.
- Boloka likamano tse ntle tsa barekisi: Litokomane tse nepahetseng, ho paka ka nako, lileibole tse nepahetseng li thusa ho tsamaisa thepa hantle.
- Lekola le ho beha leihlo: Sebelisa tracking 'me u be le ponahalo e hlakileng ea thepa ea hau.
- Hlahloba ka mor'a thomello: Ka mor'a thomello ka 'ngoe, hlahloba se tsamaileng hantle, se sa kang sa tsamaea hantle, 'me u ntlafatse nakong e tlang.
Mohlala oa litšenyehelo + tafole ea lipalangoang bakeng sa litšupiso
Mona ke tafole e akaretsang litšenyehelo tse tloaelehileng le mekhahlelo ea lipalangoang bakeng sa China->Colombia bakeng sa tekanyetso e sa sebetseng hantle:
| feshene | Boholo ba setshelo / Boima ba motheo | Nako ea ho Eta* | Litšenyehelo tse bontšang ** |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sea Freight (FCL) | 20 ft setshelo | ~ matsatsi a 25-30 | Ho qala ~ US$1,550 (20ft) ho isa ~ US$3,850 (40ft) |
| Sea Freight (LCL) | Setshelo se arolelanoang, thomello e nyane | ~ matsatsi a 25-35 | Bolumo / boima bo thehiloeng; lebella litšenyehelo tse phahameng ka yuniti |
| Air Freight | E lefisoa ka kg | ~ matsatsi a 3-7 | Ho tloha ~ US$9/kg (ho itshetlehile ka tsela, tshebeletso) |
* Nako ea lipalangoang ke boema-kepe ba ho ea boema-fofane ba Colombia kapa boema-fofane.
**Litšenyehelo ke sesupo feela, 'me ha li lefelle mesebetsi, lipalangoang tsa kahare ho naha, kapa litefiso tse ling.
Hobaneng ho sebetsa le mofani oa litšebeletso tse khethehileng ho thusa
Ka ho sebelisana 'moho le setsebi sa thepa u fumana melemo e kang: litsela tse kopantsoeng, litumellano tsa boema-kepe, likamano tse matla tsa meetlo, ho lateloa hamolemo. Mohlala, mofani ea nang le boiphihlelo bo tebileng ba thepa ea kantle ho naha ea China le ho kenya Colombia a ka tsamaisa tšebetso, a lebella mathata a ka bang teng, mme a fana ka ts'ebeletso ea ho qetela.
Ho tloha 2010, Topway Shipping, ntlo-kholo ea eona e Shenzhen, China, esale e le mofani oa litsebi oa tharollo ea lisebelisoa tsa e-commerce tse tšelang moeli. Sehlopha se thehileng se tlisa boiphihlelo ba lilemo tse fetang 15 tsa phalliso ea thepa le thepa ea machaba, 'me le hoja ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ho lipalangoang tsa Chaena-US, litšebeletso tsa bona li koahela letoto lohle la thepa: lipalangoang tsa maoto a pele, polokelo ea thepa mose ho maoatle, tumello ea lekhetho le ho fana ka thepa ea ho qetela. Li boetse li fana ka lits'ebeletso tsa thepa tse tsamaisang thepa e felletseng (FCL) le tse tlase ho feta-sekontiri (LCL) ho tloha Chaena ho ea likoung tse kholo lefatšeng ka bophara. Ka mofani ea joalo u fumana molemo oa ho ba le molekane a le mong ea tšeptjoang ea sebetsanang le mathata, ho e-na le ho kopanya barekisi ba bangata.
fihlela qeto e
Ho romelloa ka sekepe ho tloha Chaena ho ea Colombia ha u habanya feela ho ka bonahala ho le boima - empa ha u latela mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, o khona ho laola le ho ba tloaelo. Qala ka ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa lipalangoang, lekanya boholo ba thepa ea hau le litebello tsa theko, khetha molekane ea tšepahalang oa thepa, lokisetsa litokomane ka hloko, 'me u shebe leeto ka hloko. Ho roala thepa ka metsing ho fana ka monyetla oa litšenyehelo bakeng sa ho romelloa ka bongata, ha thepa ea sefofane e tlisa lebelo la thepa e potlakileng. Ho utloisisa tsamaiso ea Colombia ea thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha, ho khetha boema-kepe bo nepahetseng, le ho laola thepa ea naha kaofela ke karolo ea equation. Ka moralo o nepahetseng, o ka qoba mathata a mangata a tloaelehileng - ho lieha, litšenyehelo tse sa ngolisoang, mathata a tumello - 'me u netefatse hore thepa ea hau e fihla e sireletsehile, ka nako le ka har'a tekanyetso.
Ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e metle le ho sebelisana 'moho le setsebi se kang Topway Shipping, u ikemiselitse ho tlosa thepa ho tloha Chaena ho ea Colombia ka khatello e fokolang le boitšepo bo boholo.
FAQs
P: Ho nka nako e kae ho tsamaisa sejana ho tloha China ho ea Colombia?
A: Bakeng sa thepa ea leoatleng u lokela ho etsa tekanyetso ea matsatsi a 20 ho isa ho a 35 ho tloha boema-kepeng ba China ho ea boema-kepeng ba Colombia tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng. Linako tsa lipalangoang li ipapisitse le tsela, lipalangoang, tšubuhlellano ea boemakepe le lintlha tse ling.
P: Litjeo tse tloaelehileng tsa ho tsamaisa thepa ho tloha China ho ea Colombia ke life?
A: Litšenyehelo li fapana haholo ho latela boholo ba sets'oants'o, boema-kepe ba tšimoloho, boema-kepe boo u eang ho bona, mokhoa le litefiso tsa tlatsetso. Joalo ka tataiso e mpe, mohloli o mong o bonts'a thomello ea lijana ho tloha China ho ea Colombia ho qala ka $1,550 bakeng sa setshelo sa maoto a 20 le ho fihla ho US $ 3,850 bakeng sa setshelo sa maoto a 40.
P: Ho hlokahala litokomane life ha u kenya thepa Colombia ho tsoa China?
A: Litokomane tsa bohlokoa li kenyelletsa invoice ea khoebo, lenane la ho paka, sekoloto sa thepa (sea) kapa sekoloto sa sefofane (moea), setifikeiti sa tšimoloho, liforomo tsa ho ngolisa ho tsoa kantle ho naha, mohlomong le Declaración Andina de Valor en Aduana bakeng sa thomello e kaholimo ho menyako e itseng. U tla tlameha hape ho lefa mesebetsi le lekhetho naheng ea Colombia.
P: Na ke lokela ho khetha thepa ea leoatleng kapa ea sefofane?
K: E ipapisitse le lintho tse tlang pele bophelong ba hau. Haeba lebelo le le bohlokoa (mohlala, thepa ea boleng bo holimo, e nkang nako), thepa ea sefofane e ea utloahala leha theko e le holimo. Haeba u romella thepa e ngata, thepa e sa potlakang, thepa ea leoatleng e fana ka litšenyehelo tse ntle haholo.
P: Nka qoba tieho kapa litefiso tse makatsang joang?
A: Kopana le motho ea fetisang litaba pele mapasejeng a China-Colombia; etsa bonnete ba hore litokomane tsohle li nepahetse; aha nako ea buffer kemisong ea hau; hlokomela tsoelo-pele ea thomello; hlakisa litefello tsohle esale pele (karolo, boema-kepe, meetlo, ka hare ho naha); hlahloba thepa ha e fihla; 'me u kenyelle maemo a tšohanyetso tekanyetsong ea hau.
P: Na ho sebetsa le setsebi sa thepa ho etsa phapang?
A: Ho joalo. Setsebi se sebetsanang le ketane e felletseng (ho lata China, tumello ea kantle ho naha, ho tsamaisa thepa, tumello ea ho kenya thepa naheng ea Colombia, ho tsamaisoa ha naha) ho thusa ho fokotsa ho ts'oaroa ka letsoho, ho ntlafatsa puisano le ho fokotsa kotsi. Mohlala, Topway Shipping e fana ka lits'ebeletso tsena tsa ho qetela, ho kenyeletsoa FCL, LCL, le botoro ba mose ho maoatle, e hohelang boiphihlelo ba lilemo tse fetang 15 tsa thepa.
