Ukwakha icebo lexesha elide phakathi kweTshayina neSerbia: Izifundo ezivela kubathumeli bokwenyani
intshayelelo
Indlela yeempahla esuka eTshayina ukuya eSerbia ngokuzolileyo ibe yenye yezona ndlela zorhwebo zibalulekileyo kuMbindi naseMpuma Yurophu. Kude kube yiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo uninzi lwabangenisi baseSerbia bebesebenzisa amalungiselelo okuthumela impahla aqhekekileyo, angacwangciswanga - begcina ikhonteyina apha, befumana umthengisi werhafu apho, benethemba lokuba yonke into iza kufika ngexesha. Namhlanje, umthamo worhwebo lwamazwe amabini umi kwi-USD 7.46 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2024, inzuzo ye-22.1% ngonyaka, kwaye iSivumelwano soRhwebo oluKhululekileyo phakathi kweTshayina neSerbia sisebenze ngokupheleleyo ukusukela nge-1 kaJulayi 2024. Ingozi - kunye namathuba - azikaze zibe phezulu.
Kodwa abaphumeleleyo ngokwenene kule ndlela yokuthutha impahla asingobangenisi abafumene ixabiso lempahla eliphantsi kakhulu. Ngabo baseke inkqubo: isicwangciso sothutho esiphindaphindwayo nesizinzileyo esithatha utshintsho olukhulu, sisebenzise ukonga irhafu, kwaye silinganise amashishini abo. Eli phepha lichaza izifundo ezifunyenwe nzima ezivela kuloo qela - kusetyenziswa idatha yeshishini, uhlalutyo lweendlela, imithetho yerhafu kunye nohlobo lokuqonda okusebenzayo oluvela kuphela ekuthuthweni kwempahla phakathi kweShenzhen neBelgrade.
Inyani yoRhwebo phakathi kweTshayina neSerbia
Kangangeminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, iSerbia ibingaphandle kwengqwalasela yelizwe laseTshayina kwezothutho lwehlabathi. Eli lizwe belingenalo ulwandle, ubungakanani bokungenisa impahla buncinci, kwaye iziseko ezidibanisa la mazwe mabini bezingalingani kakuhle. I-calculus itshintshe kakhulu. ISerbia yaba lilizwe lokuqala elikuMbindi okanye eMpuma Yurophu ukusayina isivumelwano sorhwebo olukhululekileyo neTshayina, esaqala ukusebenza ngoJulayi 1, 2024, ngoko nangoko sasusa iirhafu phantse kwi-60% yeemveliso ezirhwetywayo. Indlela yexesha elide yesivumelwano inomdla ngakumbi: emva kweminyaka eli-15, phantse i-95% yemigca yerhafu phakathi kwamacala amabini iya kususwa.
Esi sivumelwano asiloloyiso lwezopolitiko, kodwa sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sorhwebo kubathumeli bangaphandle baseTshayina kunye nabangenisi baseSerbia. ISerbia iyayisusa irhafu kwiimpahla eziqala kwiimoto, iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic, kunye neebhetri ze-lithium ukuya kwizixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye noomatshini abahlukeneyo kunye neemveliso zezolimo, ngelixa iTshayina inika iSerbia ukufikelela kwimarike ekhethekileyo kwiijenereyitha, iimoto zombane, inyama yenkomo, iwayini, kunye neemveliso zeziqhamo. Intsingiselo ebonakalayo icacile. Ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kweSatifikethi seMvelaphi se-FTA (iFomu i-China-Serbia FTA) kunokuvumela iinkampani ukuba zithole unyango olungenarhafu kwinani elikhulu leempahla ezithunyelwayo, nto leyo etshintsha ngokusisiseko ubalo lweendleko ezifikelelwayo.
Kunye nesi sikhokelo sorhwebo, utyalo-mali kwiziseko zophuhliso luye lwanda. NgoMatshi 2024, inkqubo entsha ethe ngqo imithwalo kaloliwe Indlela edibanisa iShijiazhuang kwiPhondo laseHebei eTshayina neBelgrade yasekwa, nto leyo eyaphawula unxibelelwano lokuqala lukaloliwe oluhamba ngqo phakathi kommandla waseBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei kunye neSerbia, oluhamba ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezili-10,200 kwiintsuku ezingama-20. Le ayisiyondawo yedatha eyenzeka kube kanye; luphawu lokwakhiwa ngokubanzi kweziseko zophuhliso lwezothutho zeBelt and Road Initiative (BRI) ezenza uthotho lobonelelo lweenkonzo phakathi kweTshayina neSerbia lukhuphisane ngakumbi.
Ukukhetha iMowudi yokuThumela eLungileyo
Esinye sezona zigqibo zibalulekileyo ekufuneka zenziwe ngumthumeli-mpahla ngamnye yindlela yokuthutha. Akukho mpendulo inye ifanelekileyo - isigqibo sixhomekeke kuhlobo lomthwalo, ubungakanani, ukungxamiseka kunye neendleko zokufika emhlabeni jikelele. Icebo elihle lothutho lisekelwe ekuqondeni urhwebo.
uhambo lwaselwandle iseyeyona ndlela iphambili yokufumana imithwalo eninzi nengangxamisekanga. Iinqanawa zishiya amazibuko amakhulu aseTshayina - iShanghai, iNingbo, iShenzhen - zize zidlule kwiLwandlekazi laseIndiya, iSuez Canal ziye kwiMeditera, zihlala zithulula impahla eBar (eMontenegro) okanye eKoper (eSlovenia), apho impahla ithathwa khona ngendlela okanye ngololiwe ukuya eSerbia. Uhambo lumalunga ne-14,600 km ngolwandle kwaye luthatha iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-50 kuxhomekeke kwindawo yenkonzo kunye neendawo zokuhambisa impahla. Kwiimveliso ezinkulu zoshishino, izixhobo zokwakha, ifenitshala kunye neempahla zabathengi ezithunyelwa ngobuninzi, umngcipheko wempahla yolwandle ngaphezu kwexabiso ngekhilogram nganye kunzima ukuwoyisa.
Ukuthutha oololiwe kube yeyona ndlela inomdla kakhulu kule ndlela, ngakumbi ngenkonzo ethe ngqo phakathi kweShijiazhuang neBelgrade eqala ngo-2024. Uloliwe ukhawuleza kunomoya kwaye uxabisa kancinci kunolwandle, ubude bokuhamba buphakathi kweentsuku ezili-18 nezingama-25. Iluncedo ngakumbi kwizinto ezinexabiso eliphakathi, izixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye nezixhobo zeemoto xa ixesha lokuhamba libalulekile kodwa iindleko zomoya ziphezulu. Uthungelwano loololiwe phantsi kwe-BRI luyaqhubeka nokukhula kwaye iSerbia njengelizwe elityikitya intsebenziswano ye-BRI idityaniswa ngakumbi kwezi ndlela.
Uloyiko lomoya Ithatha iintsuku ezi-3-8 kwaye igcwalisa indawo encinci kodwa ebalulekileyo yokutshintshwa kwezinto ezingxamisekileyo, iimpahla zefashoni zexesha elithile, amayeza kunye ne-elektroniki ezixabisa kakhulu apho ixabiso lokulibaziseka liphezulu kunexabiso lokuhanjiswa kwempahla eliphambili. Kukho iinqwelomoya zempahla ezicwangcisiweyo phakathi kweBeijing Capital International Airport kunye neBelgrade Nikola Tesla Airport. Ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya kungcono kusetyenziswe njengenkxaso, hayi indlela eqhelekileyo, kwaye abo benza njalo bakulungele ngakumbi ukujongana neentlekele zekhonkco lokubonelela ngaphandle kokulahla lonke ulwakhiwo lweendleko zabo.
Uthelekiso lweNdlela yoThumelo: iTshayina ukuya eSerbia
| ifashoni | Ixesha lokuhamba | Ixabiso leNqanaba | Eyona ilungiselelwe | Ukuqwalaselwa Okubalulekileyo |
| UThutho eLwandle (FCL) | Iintsuku eziyi-30-50 | low | Iimpahla ezininzi / ezinzima | Ixesha elide lokufumana izinto; ilungele uluhlu lwezinto ezicwangcisiweyo |
| UThutho eLwandle (LCL) | Iintsuku eziyi-35-55 | Phantsi–Phakathi | Umthamo omncinci–ophakathi | Ukuphathwa okungakumbi; kulungile ekulinganisweni kwamashishini aqalayo |
| Imithwalo kaloliwe | Iintsuku eziyi-18-25 | phakathi | I-Electronics, iinxalenye zemoto | Ukwandiswa kwendlela ye-BRI kuphucula ukuthembeka |
| Uloyiko lomoya | Iintsuku eziyi-3-8 | phezulu | Iimpahla ezingxamisekileyo / ezinexabiso eliphezulu | Iinqwelo-moya ezicwangcisiweyo ezi-1–2 ngeveki |
Ukuvula i-FTA: Amanyathelo Asebenzayo Athathwa Ngabathumeli Bokwenyani
I-FTA yaseTshayina-Serbia yenye yezona zibonelelo zingasetyenziswa kakhulu ezifumanekayo kubangenisi abangenisa impahla kule ndlela. Impendulo ilula: ukubanga ukuphathwa kwerhafu ekhethekileyo akuzenzekeli. Kuya kufuneka uzimisele xa ufaka isicelo sayo, kwaye kuya kufuneka ufumane amaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Abangenisi abaninzi, ingakumbi abadlali abancinci nabatsha abakwi-corridor, basahlawula amaxabiso erhafu rhoqo kuba bengakhange bafake inkqubo yokuqinisekisa imvelaphi efanelekileyo.
Isixhobo esiphambili siSatifikethi seMvelaphi se-FTA yaseTshayina-iSerbia. Kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezivela eTshayina, isatifiketi sikhutshwa ligunya elifanelekileyo elimiselwe yiSebe lezoRhwebo laseTshayina kwaye kufuneka sibonise ngokuchanekileyo imvelaphi yeempahla ngokwesahluko semithetho yemvelaphi ye-FTA. Okubalulekileyo kukuba, imithetho yemvelaphi ye-FTA ifuna ukuba iimpahla mazithwalwe ngokwasemzimbeni phakathi kwamazwe amabini okanye ukuba kukho uthutho, iimpahla akufuneki zingene kurhwebo okanye ekusetyenzisweni kwilizwe lothutho kwaye zitshintshe kakhulu apho. Kwiimpahla ezininzi zorhwebo eziqhelekileyo, esi sidingo siyafezekiswa ngamazibuko aseMedithera, nangona abathumeli kufuneka bacacise oku ngokuthe ngqo nomthengisi wabo werhafu.
Abathumeli bempahla baseSerbia abenze umgudu wolawulo wokwenza oku kulungeleyo babona iindleko zabo zomhlaba zincipha kakhulu. Apho irhafu yokungenisa impahla yayikuluhlu lwe-5% ukuya kwi-20%, ukonga kuyakhawuleza kwaye kukhulu. Ngoku ukuphinda kabini oko ngonyaka wokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwaye umahluko unokuhlawulela ngokulula ukonyuka okukhulu komgangatho wenkonzo yokuthutha impahla, okanye uye ngqo kwi-margin.
I-FTA yaseTshayina-eSerbia: Izinto ezibalulekileyo zokuncitshiswa kwerhafu
| Udidi lweMveliso | icala | Irhafu Yangaphambili | Imeko ye-FTA |
| ezimotweni | ITshayina → ISerbia | 5-20% | Incitshiswa ngezigaba ukuya kwi-zero |
| Iimodyuli zePhotovoltaic | ITshayina → ISerbia | Ukuya kwi-20% | Incitshiswa ngezigaba ukuya kwi-zero |
| Iibhetri zeLithium | ITshayina → ISerbia | 5-15% | Incitshiswa ngezigaba ukuya kwi-zero |
| Izixhobo zeTelecom | ITshayina → ISerbia | 5-20% | Incitshiswa ngezigaba ukuya kwi-zero |
| Inyama yenkomo / Ezolimo | ISerbia → iTshayina | Ukuya kwi-20% | Ngoko nangoko zero |
| Iwayini kunye namandongomane | ISerbia → iTshayina | 14-20% | Ngoko nangoko zero |
Ukusebenzisana noMboneleli wezoThutho oLungileyo
Umthumeli weempahla omkhethayo akangomthengisi – bayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yekhonkco lakho lokuhambisa iimpahla. Esi sigqibo sibaluleka ngakumbi kwikhorido yaseTshayina-eSerbia, ngenxa yobunzima bekhorido ngokwayo: imithwalo idla ngokudlula kuthotho lwemimandla, iimfuno zamaxwebhu zikhona kwiinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zerhafu, kwaye nangona iziseko ze-BRI ziphucuka, ukuthembeka kunye nocwangciso lusatshintshatshintsha kancinci.
Izinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo kubathumeli abanamava ekukhetheni amaqabane ezothutho kule ndlela zezi: ubunzulu bolwazi kwicala laseTshayina, ukukwazi ukuphatha lonke uthotho ukusuka ekuthathweni kwifektri ukuya ekuhanjisweni kokugqibela, kunye nobuchule bokwenyani ekugqityweni kwerhafu kumazwe omabini. Umthengisi obuthathaka kwindawo enye kodwa olungileyo kwenye uxanduva - ingxaki iya kuhlala ikufumana.
Umzekelo womthengisi odibeneyo oye wathandwa ngabangenisi abangenisa impahla kule ndlela yiTopway Shipping eseShenzhen. Le nkampani ibisebenza ukusukela ngo-2010 kwaye izakhele udumo lwayo kulo lonke uthotho lwezinto ezifunekayo: uthutho lokuqala oluvela kumzi-mveliso okanye kwindawo yokugcina impahla eTshayina, uthutho lwamazwe ngamazwe lwaselwandle (zombini i-FCL kunye ne-LCL), ukucoca irhafu, ukugcinwa kwempahla phesheya kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla okukhawulezileyo. Iqela labo labasunguli linamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 kwimpahla yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokususwa kwerhafu, ngokwesiko ligxile kakhulu kwiindlela zothutho lwaselwandle, isiseko esiguqulela kakuhle kulawulo lwendlela yaseYurophu.
Iinkonzo ze-FCL kunye ne-LCL zokuthutha ulwandle zeTopway Shipping ezivela eTshayina ukuya kumazibuko amakhulu kwihlabathi liphela zibonelela ngokuguquguquka ukuhlangabezana nobungakanani obahlukeneyo bokungenisa kunye nesantya, ingakumbi kubathumeli baseSerbia. Inkampani entsha engenisa iipalethi ezimbalwa ze-elektroniki inokwabelana ngesikhongozeli phantsi kweemeko ze-LCL. Inkampani ezinzileyo engenisa imithwalo epheleleyo yoomatshini inokuyibhukisha i-FCL ukunciphisa ukuphathwa kunye nokwenza ngcono iindleko zeyunithi nganye. Njengoko ivolumu isanda kwaye ubudlelwane bezothutho bukhula, amandla okukhulisa imodeli yenkonzo nawe ngokuchasene nokunyanzelwa ukuba utshintshe ababoneleli kwinqanaba ngalinye lophuhliso yinzuzo yokhuphiswano engaxatyiswanga.
Nantsi enye ingcebiso esebenzayo evela kubathumeli bempahla abaneminyaka emininzi besenza olu hlobo lwempahla: bandakanya umboneleli wakho wezothutho ngaphambi kokuba usayine izivumelwano zomthengisi eTshayina. Iziphumo ezisezantsi zokukhethwa kwezibuko zokuqala, iinkcukacha zokupakisha kunye nokuhamba kwamaxwebhu kulula kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa kwinqanaba lesivumelwano kunokulungisa emva kokuba ukuthunyelwa kokuqala kufike nobunzima.
Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo Zenziwa ngabaThumeli-mpahla-kunye nendlela yokuziphepha
Akukho mntu ungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe ofika ngokugqibeleleyo kule ndlela ngosuku lokuqala. Iipatheni zeempazamo eziphindaphindayo kwiinkampani zabo bonke ubungakanani ziyafundisa, kuba zinokuphetshwa kakhulu ukuba uyazi into omawuyijonge.
Eyona mpazamo inkulu kukuphatha izinto zothutho njengeendleko zokunciphisa, endaweni yotyalo-mali olufanele lusetyenziswe. Abangenisi abagqiba ekubeni bathenge ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lempahla kuphela, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ukuthembeka kwexesha lokuhamba, inkxaso ngamaxwebhu okanye umgangatho wokususwa kwempahla, badla ngokufumanisa ukuba imali eyongiweyo kwimpahla iyalahleka ngenxa yokulibaziseka, iindleko zokugcina impahla kwiindawo zokufikela kunye nemibuzo yempahla ebinokuthintelwa ngokulungiselela okungcono. Indlela ephakathi kweTshayina neSerbia ayimiselwanga okanye ayithengiswa kangako kangangokuba enye indlela engabizi kakhulu isoloko iyeyona ndlela ilungileyo.
Ukusilela kwesibini okuxhaphakileyo kukungayinaki inkqubo yoxwebhu lwe-FTA. Njengoko kubonisiwe apha ngasentla, ukuncitshiswa kweerhafu phantsi kwe-FTA yaseTshayina-Serbia kukhulu, kodwa akuzenzekeli. Abangenisi abadlulisela oku ngokupheleleyo kumthengisi wabo waseTshayina - ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuba ngubani onoxanduva lokufumana nokuzalisa ngokuchanekileyo iSatifikethi seMvelaphi - banokuzifumana behlawula imisebenzi epheleleyo kangangeenyanga ngaphambi kokuba kuchongwe umsantsa. Isisombululo esilula esinika imbuyekezo enkulu yemali kukwakha uluhlu lokuhlola oluchaza ngokucacileyo uxanduva lwamaxwebhu e-FTA.
Indlela yesithathu kukucwangcisa impahla. Abangenisi baceba impahla ngokusekelwe kumaxesha okuthutha afanelekileyo baya kuba nokuphelelwa rhoqo kwempahla, njengoko amaxesha okuthutha impahla elwandle emade kwaye ahluka (iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-50). Abangenisi abaphambili benza oku ngokugcina i-rolling safety stock buffer ngokusekelwe kwixesha lokuthutha le-P90 (ixesha apho i-90% yempahla ifika), hayi umndilili. Oko kuthetha ukuba impahla eninzi kodwa kuthetha ukuba akukho thuba lokuthengisa kuba impahla ihleli kwizibuko lokuthutha impahla.
Okokugqibela, uninzi lwabangenisi abatyali mali ngokwaneleyo kulwazi lwezerhafu zasekuhlaleni eSerbia. ISerbia lilizwe eliza kungenela i-EU kwaye umgaqo-nkqubo wayo wezerhafu ngokubanzi uhambelana nemigangatho ye-EU, nangona isenemigangatho yayo ekhethekileyo, ukutolikwa kweekhowudi ze-HS kunye neempawu zenkqubo. Ukuba nomthengisi wezerhafu ofanelekileyo eBelgrade oqondayo ulwakhiwo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nobunzima be-FTA yaseTshayina-Serbia ayisiyonto ikhethekileyo - yimfuneko yokusebenza kokuthobela umthetho nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kokungenisa.
Ucwangciso lweendleko ezipheleleyo: Oko ngokwenene kwenziwa ngabathumeli bamazwe angaphandle
Omnye wemisebenzi eluncedo kakhulu enokwenziwa ngumthumeli omtsha kukuphuhlisa imodeli yeendleko ezipheleleyo ezifikelelwayo. Uninzi lwabathumeli bokuqala abazi ukuba zingaphi izinto zeendleko ezakhelwe kwixabiso lokuthutha. Nantsi isampuli yesakhiwo seendleko sesikhongozeli se-FCL esingama-20ft ukusuka eShenzhen ukuya eBelgrade ngemithwalo yolwandle:
Ulwakhiwo lweendleko ezibonisa ukuba i-20ft FCL, ukusuka eShenzhen ukuya eBelgrade (ukuthunyelwa kweenqanawa elwandle)
| ixabiso Component | Uluhlu Olubonisayo (i-USD) | amaNqaku |
| UThutho lwaseLwandle (FCL 20ft) | $ 1,200 - $ 2,800 | Isebenza kakhulu ngexesha lonyaka; jonga amaxabiso emarike angoku |
| Iintlawulo zemvelaphi (eChina) | $ 150 - $ 400 | Ukulayisha, amaxwebhu, iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo zezibuko |
| Imirhumo yeZibuko ekuyiwa kuyo | $ 200 - $ 500 | Ibha / iKoper; ibandakanya ukuphathwa kwesiphelo |
| Indlela/Umzila kaloliwe ukuya eBelgrade | $ 300 - $ 700 | Iyahluka kakhulu ngokwepetroli kunye nendlela ehanjiswa ngayo |
| UkuVunywa kweMithetho (eSerbia) | $ 150 - $ 350 | Iimali zomthengisi + amaxwebhu |
| Umsebenzi wokungenisa elizweni | I-0% - 20% yexabiso le-CIF | Inokuba yi-0% ngeSatifikethi seMvelaphi se-FTA esisebenzayo |
| I-VAT (iSerbia) | I-20% yexabiso elinokuhlawuleka | Ingafunyanwa ngabahlawuli be-VAT ababhalisiweyo |
| inshorensi | I-0.2% - 0.5% yexabiso lempahla | Icetyiswa kuzo zonke izinto ezithunyelwayo zorhwebo |
| Indawo yokugcina impahla / Ukunciphisa iindleko | Eziguqukayo | Ingathintelwa ngokucwangcisa kakuhle kwangaphambili |
Icebiso elivela kubangenisi abanamava: intlawulo yokuthutha incinci xa ithelekiswa nerhafu yokungenisa kunye nemigca ye-VAT kwiindidi ezininzi zemveliso. Yiyo loo nto kanye inkqubo yeSatifikethi seMvelaphi se-FTA ifuna ingqalelo ephambili - ukonga irhafu ye-10% kwimpahla ethunyelwayo ye-CIF eyi-$100,000 yi-$10,000, nto leyo enokwenzeka ukuba ibe ngaphezulu kweendleko zokuthutha zizonke kuloo mpahla ifanayo.
Ukuqinisekisa Ikamva Lakho Uthotho Lokubonelela NgeShayina-Serbia
Abo bangenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe abakwindawo engcono kwiminyaka emihlanu ezayo ngabo babona iimeko zemarike zanamhlanje njengesiseko sokwakha, kungekhona isilingi sokusebenza ngaphakathi. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwakha ezifanele ukuqwalaselwa kwizicwangciso zakho ngoku.
Imigca ye-China-Europe inyusa umthamo wokuthutha oololiwe. Inkonzo ethe ngqo yeShijiazhuang-Belgrade ngo-2024 iphakathi kweendlela ezintsha ezinikezelweyo ezandisa uthungelwano lukaloliwe lwe-BRI ukuya kwiNtshona yeBalkans. Ngokuphuculwa okungakumbi kokuthembeka kunye nokwanda kwamaza, oololiwe baya kuba yindlela ephucukileyo yokusetyenziswa endaweni yolwandle kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemithwalo, ngakumbi iimpahla ezenziwe ngobunzima obuphakathi, izinto kunye neemveliso ezikhethekileyo apho uhambo lweentsuku ezingama-20-25 ludala iingenelo zokwenyani kwimpahla xa kuthelekiswa nokuthutha oolwandle.
Kwakhona okubangela umdla kukuguquka kweSerbia njengeziko lokuvelisa nokucubungula laseYurophu. Abavelisi abaninzi bamazwe ngamazwe bakhe okanye baphuhlisa izityalo eSerbia, betsalwa ziindleko zomsebenzi ezikhuphisanayo, i-FTA entsha kunye neTshayina kunye nokufikelela kweSerbia kwiimarike ze-EU phantsi kwezivumelwano ze-CEFTA kunye ne-SAA. Oku kuvula amathuba kubaboneleli bezothutho kunye nabangenisi ukuba bakhe imixokelelwane yokubonelela enzima ngakumbi, apho iimpahla zithengwa eTshayina, zicutshungulwe okanye zenziwe eSerbia kwaye zibonelelwe kulo lonke elaseMbindini naseMpuma Yurophu, endaweni yezivumelwano ezilula zokungenisa impahla phakathi kwamazwe amabini.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwedijithali kuya kuba yinto eyahlulahlulayo ngokukhawuleza. Amaqabane e-logistics abalaseleyo kule ndlela ngoku anikezela ngokujonga ukuthunyelwa ngexesha langempela, ulawulo lwamaxwebhu edijithali kunye nezilumkiso zokukhetha izinto ngaphandle. Kwabangenisi abaneendawo ezinzima zokugcina iimpahla kwiimveliso ezininzi, ukubonakala kwimeko yesikhongozeli ngasinye nangaliphi na ixesha elicwangcisiweyo akusekho nto imnandi ukuba nayo - yinto eyahlula amashishini anokuthembisa amathuba okuhanjiswa athembekileyo kwalawo angakwaziyo.
Elinye inqanaba lokuqina abangenisi abajonge phambili abaqinisa kulo kukwahlukahluka kwendlela. Ukuvaleka kweSuez Canal kutshanje kubonisa ubuthathaka bendlela exhomekeke kwingxaki enye. Abo bangenisi abagqibe kwangaphambili iindlela zaselwandle (ngeBar nangeKoper) kunye neendlela zoololiwe - kwaye baneqabane lezothutho elinokujikeleza phakathi kwazo - bakwindawo enamandla ngakumbi kunabo babambeke kwindlela enye.
Ukwakha iSakhelo sokuSebenza: Uluhlu lokuHlola oluSebenzayo
Ngokulandela iipateni ezixutyushwe kulo lonke eli nqaku, abathumeli abanamava baseTshayina naseSerbia bahlala bebonakalisa ukulungela kwabo ukusebenza ngokweentsika ezintandathu ezisebenzayo. Ukulungisa intsika nganye - nokuzidibanisa - yinto eyahlula ishishini lezothutho elihlala lihleli kuthotho lweentengiselwano ezenzeka kube kanye.
Isiseko sokuqala kukulawula umthengisi kunye nemvelaphi: imigangatho yomgangatho echazwe ngononophelo, iinkcukacha zokupakisha kunye neemfuno zamaxwebhu ezixoxiswane ngazo nabathengisi baseTshayina ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kokuqala. Ukuqonda okucacileyo malunga nokuba ngubani onoxanduva lweSatifikethi seMvelaphi se-FTA kunye namaxesha okukhokela.
Isiseko sesibini yindlela yokuthutha impahla kunye nokukhetha umntu othumela impahla: ukhetho oluqondayo lwendlela yokuthutha impahla olusekelwe kuhlalutyo lweendleko ezifikelelwayo, endaweni yesantya sokuthutha impahla kuphela, kunye neqabane elithembekileyo lezothutho - njengeTopway Shipping - elikhethwe ukuba ligutyungelwe yi-full-chain. Okwesithathu, ukulungela irhafu: umthengisi onelayisenisi eSerbia onolwazi lwe-FTA, iikhowudi ze-HS ezichazwe kwangaphambili zoluhlu lwemveliso yakho, kunye noluhlu lokuhlola amaxwebhu oluthintela ukulibaziseka okunokuphepheka.
Intsika yesine kukucwangcisa izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Amanqanaba okhuseleko lwesitokhwe alungelelaniswe ngokwexesha lokuhamba elichanekileyo (P90), kungekhona iimeko ezifanelekileyo. Eyesihlanu kukucwangcisa imali: imodeli yeendleko ezifikelelweyo equka zonke izinto zeendleko, kwaye ivavanywa uxinzelelo kwiimeko zangoku kunye nezo zimbi kakhulu zexabiso lokuthutha impahla. Eyesithandathu - kwaye mhlawumbi eyona ibalulekileyo kwixesha elide - kutyalo-mali kubudlelwane: ukuphatha amaqabane akho e-logistics njengamaqabane anobuchule kunye nokudala ubunzulu bobudlelwane obuqinisekisa ukuba baya kuchonga iingxaki ngokukhawuleza, kungekhona ngokukhawuleza.
isiphelo
Indlela yokuthutha impahla phakathi kweTshayina neSerbia ngo-2025 nangaphaya ichazwa ngokulinganayo ngamathuba kunye nobunzima. I-FTA, uthungelwano lukaloliwe olusakhulayo kunye nodumo olukhulayo lweSerbia njengesikhungo seshishini sengingqi zonke zizinto eziza kuqala. Kodwa ukusebenzisa elo thuba kufuna okungaphezulu kwethemba - kufuna icebo eliqinisekileyo, elinolwazi nelizinzileyo lezothutho.
Into efunekayo kubangenisi bokwenyani iyafana: tyala imali kubudlelwane namaqabane ezothutho anokugubungela uthotho olupheleleyo, fumana amaxwebhu e-FTA ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kokuqala, yakha iimodeli zeendleko ezipheleleyo ngokuchaseneyo nokuthenga ngexabiso lempahla, kwaye ucwangcise uluhlu lwakho lwezinto ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokuhamba - kungekhona ixesha elihle. Amanqanaba ngokwawo awanzima; ubunzima kukwenza konke ngaxeshanye, kwaye ugcine loo mithetho njengoko umthamo usanda kwaye ubunzima bukhula.
Kwiinkampani ezikuyo nayiphi na inqanaba lohambo lwazo lokungenisa impahla eTshayina naseSerbia, nokuba zihlola indlela yokuqala okanye zifuna ukwenza umsebenzi osele ukhona, iqabane elifanelekileyo lezothutho lolona tyalo-mali luphezulu onokulwenza. Olu luhlobo lweziseko ezingundoqo olufanele uthungelwano lwakho lokuhambisa impahla, kunye namaqabane afana neTopway Shipping anezakhono ezipheleleyo zothungelwano, ulwazi olubanzi ekucoceni imithwalo kunye neenkonzo zokuthutha imithwalo zaselwandle eziguquguqukayo zeFCL/LCL.
FAQs
Q: Ngaba i-FTA yaseTshayina-Serbia iyasebenza kuzo zonke iimveliso?
A: Asikuko konke ukutya kwangoko. Esi sivumelwano sigubungela ngaphezulu kwe-90% yemigca yerhafu ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-60% iya ku-zero tariff ngosuku lokuqala (Julayi 1, 2024). Ezinye iindidi ezibalulekileyo zinezicwangciso zokunciphisa ngokuthe chu ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka eli-15. Soloko uqinisekisa ikhowudi ye-HS echanekileyo yemveliso yakho kunye nomthengisi werhafu onelayisenisi.
Q: Ngaba imithwalo yolwandle okanye imithwalo kaloliwe ingcono xa ithunyelwa eSerbia?
A: Kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweempahla kunye nexesha. Ukuthunyelwa ngobuninzi (imithwalo emikhulu, enzima) Ukuthunyelwa ngolwandle (iintsuku ezingama-30-50) yeyona ingabizi kakhulu. Ukuthunyelwa ngololiwe (iintsuku ezili-18-25) kunika utshintshiselwano lweendleko/isantya kwii-elektroniki kunye nezinto ezenziweyo. Abathumeli abaninzi abanezakhono baqesha zombini, kunye nendlela ngokohlobo lokuthunyelwa.
Q: Yintoni ukuthunyelwa kwe-LCL kwaye ndifanele ndiyisebenzise nini?
A: I-LCL (Umthwalo weContainer ongaphantsi) ibonisa ukuba umthwalo wakho uhlala kwinxalenye yesikhongozeli kwaye okuseleyo kuhlala ngabanye abangenisi. Kwinani elincinci, ngokuqhelekileyo lingaphantsi kwe-10-15 CBM, ixabisa kancinci, nangona ifuna ukuphathwa okungakumbi kwaye ithatha ixesha elide kune-FCL. Njengoko umthamo wakho unyuka, ungatshintshana ngokulula phakathi kwe-FCL kunye ne-LCL nababoneleli abanjengoTopway Shipping.
Q: Ndingawubanga njani umrhumo we-zero phantsi kwe-China-Serbia FTA?
A: Wena (okanye umthengisi wakho waseTshayina egameni lakho) kufuneka nifumane iSatifikethi seMvelaphi se-FTA yaseTshayina-Serbia ekhutshwe ligunya elifanelekileyo laseTshayina. Nika esi satifikethi kwizithethe zaseSerbia zokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe kwaye ubange unyango olukhethekileyo lwerhafu. Ukuba awenzi njalo, amaxabiso erhafu aqhelekileyo aya kuqala ngoko nangoko.
Q: Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ngendlu ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eBelgrade ngenqanawa?
A: Ngokwesiqhelo iintsuku ezingama-35 ukuya kwezingama-55 zenkonzo epheleleyo yokungena emnyango nomnyango equka ukuqokelelwa kumvelisi, ukucubungula kwizibuko laseTshayina, ukuthutha ulwandle, ukufika kwizibuko laseBar okanye laseKoper, ukususwa kwerhafu eSerbia kunye nokuhanjiswa kokugqibela eBelgrade. Kucetyiswa ukuba kucetywe ixesha elide kolu luhlu ngeenjongo zokhuseleko lwesitokhwe.
