I-DDP vs FOB vs EXW: Oko Kuthethwa Yi-Incoterm Nganye Ngokwenyani Ngokuthunyelwa Kwakho eTshayina

 

Ukuba wakha wacela uqikelelo kumthengisi waseTshayina, mhlawumbi ukhe wabona oonobumba abathathu abangaqondakaliyo behleli ecaleni kwexabiso: i-EXW, i-FOB, okanye i-DDP. Kwiphepha leengcaphuno babonakala bengabalulekanga, kodwa bagqiba ukuba ngubani ohlawulela uthutho, ngubani ohlawula irhafu, ngubani ogubungela umngcipheko we-inshurensi, kwaye ngubani oshiyekileyo ephethe ibhegi ukuba ikhonteyina ibanjwe echwebeni. Impazamo ye-oda yokuthenga ingenza iiveki ezintathu zibe yingxaki yeenyanga ezimbini, kunye neentlawulo ezingalindelwanga edesikeni yakho.

Ezi khowudi zinoonobumba abathathu ziyinxalenye yezikhokelo ze-Incoterms ezikhutshwe yi-International Chamber of Commerce. Kukho ulwazi olungachanekanga kwi-Intanethi malunga nokuphuculwa kwe-Incoterms ka-2025 okanye i-Incoterms ka-2026 kodwa akukho nguqulelo intsha ikhutshiweyo. Enyanisweni, i-Incoterms ka-2020 ngumgangatho wangoku nosebenzayo worhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba uhlale unjalo de kubekho inguqulelo entsha malunga no-2030. Ke ngoko, ukuba umboneleli ubhala i-FOB Shenzhen 2020 kwi-invoyisi, loo ngxelo isasebenza nanamhlanje.

Siza kuhamba ngemigaqo emithathu eqhelekileyo yokuthumela (i-EXW, i-FOB, kunye ne-DDP) ngokuyintloko njengoko inxulumene nokuthunyelwa kwezinto ezisuka eTshayina, kuba ezi zintathu zenza uninzi lweengcaphuno ezifunyanwa ngabathumeli kunye nabathengisi be-e-commerce. Siza kuvavanya ukuba ngubani owenza ntoni kwinqanaba ngalinye, apho iindleko ezifihlakeleyo zihlala zifihlakele khona, kunye nendlela yokwazi ukuba leliphi igama elifanelekileyo kubungakanani bokuthunyelwa kwakho, inqanaba lobuchule, kunye nokunyamezela umngcipheko.

Yintoni i-Incoterms eyilawulayo ngokwenene

I-incoterm ayiloxesha lokuhlawula, ayilocebo lokubeka amaxabiso. Lukwahlulwa komsebenzi. Yonke imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe ibandakanya uthotho lwemisebenzi ekufuneka uyifeze: Ukupakisha iimpahla, ukuzithumela ethekwini okanye kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya, ukucoca amasiko okuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe eTshayina, ukuzilayisha kwinqanawa okanye kwinqwelo-moya, ukuhlawula ulwandle okanye uloyiko lomoya, ukuhlawula i-inshurensi yolwandle, ukuhlawula irhafu yokungenisa impahla kwilizwe ekuyiwa kulo, ukuhlawula irhafu kunye neerhafu, kunye nokuthutha impahla ukuya kwindawo yayo yokugqibela. I-Incoterms idweba nje umgca kwenye indawo kuloo mgca ize ithi yonke into engaphambi kweli nqanaba ngumsebenzi womthengisi kwaye yonke into engaphaya kwelo yeyomthengi.

Abathumeli abatsha abavela eTshayina badla ngokubhidanisa i-Incoterm neshedyuli yokuhlawula, nangona kunjalo abanxulumananga. Ixesha lokuhlawula: idiphozithi ye-30% kunye ne-70% ehlawulweyo ngokuchasene nekopi yebhili yomthwalo. I-FOB Ningbo yimiqathango yokuhambisa. Ungadibanisa phantse naluphi na ulungiselelo lokuhlawula phantse nayo nayiphi na i-Incoterm. Umthengisi unokukunika ixabiso lemveliso efanayo kwimiqathango emibini okanye emithathu eyahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwinto oyicelayo.

I-EXW: Imisebenzi Engagqibekanga, Ulawulo Oluphezulu, Uxanduva Oluphezulu

Nge-EXW uxanduva lomthengisi luyaphela xa izinto zibekwe kumthengi kumzi-mveliso okanye kwindawo yokugcina impahla yomthengisi. Umthengisi akalayishi imoto, akaphathi amaphepha okuthumela ngaphandle kwaye akacwangcisi nayiphi na inxalenye yothutho lwangaphandle. Umthengi unoxanduva lwazo zonke ezinye izinto; ilori elanda izinto, ukususwa kwerhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle, ukuthunyelwa kolwandle okanye emoyeni, ukususwa kwerhafu yokungenisa impahla, iirhafu kunye nokuhanjiswa kokugqibela.

Ngokwethiyori i-EXW iluncedo kuba ixabiso leyunithi lelona liphantsi kakhulu kwezi zinto zintathu, kodwa ukonga okubonakalayo kunokuphela ngokukhawuleza xa ucinga ngokwenza amaxwebhu akho okuthumela ngaphandle. E-China, ngamashishini kuphela anelayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle esemthethweni anokuthumela ngaphandle iimpahla ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba uthenga i-EXW kwisityalo esincinci esingenayo, umthengisi wakho wempahla uya kufuneka afumane inkampani yokurhweba enokukhupha amaxwebhu okuthumela ngaphandle egameni lomzi-mveliso, nto leyo eyongeza ungqimba lweendleko kunye nomngcipheko ongafakwanga kwixabiso lokuqala.

I-EXW idla ngokuba lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kubathengi abanamava abanothutho oluthembekileyo eTshayina, abadibanisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ukusuka kwiifektri ezahlukeneyo kwisikhongozeli esinye, okanye abafuna nje ukuba nolawulo olupheleleyo lokuba ngubani othwala impahla ophatha umjikelo ngamnye wohambo. Oku kudla ngokuba yinto engafanelekanga kubathumeli bokuqala kwaye akufuneki kusetyenziswe kwiimpahla zabathengi, njengoko kungekho mthengi oqhelekileyo kwi-intanethi oneendlela okanye ilayisenisi yokulungiselela isibhengezo sokuthathwa kwempahla kunye nokuthunyelwa kwayo ngaphandle.

I-FOB: Isimahla eBhodini, iSebe leeNqwelo zoLwandle zaseTshayina

I-FOB lelona binzana licatshulwe kakhulu kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle eTshayina, kwaye ngesizathu esivakalayo. Phantsi kwe-FOB, umthengisi kufuneka athwale iimpahla aye kwizibuko lokuhamba, azisuse kwirhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle aze azilayishe kwinqanawa ebhalwe ngumthengi. Emva kokuba impahla idlulile kumzila wenqanawa, umngcipheko kunye neendleko zexesha elizayo ziya kumthengi. Umthengi ulungiselela kwaye ahlawulele ukuthunyelwa kolwandle, i-inshurensi yolwandle, ukukhutshwa kwempahla yokungenisa, iirhafu kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla ngaphakathi elizweni kwindawo oya kuyo.

Eyona nto inomtsalane kwi-FOB kukulinganisela. Umthengisi sele enazo iilori kunye neelayisenisi zokuthumela ngaphandle kwaye wenza iindawo zendlela azaziyo kakuhle eTshayina. Umthengi ulawula ukubhukisha imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe. Oku kukuvumela ukuba uthelekise amaxabiso emithwalo yolwandle, ukhethe eyakho i-trading forwarder kwaye uphephe iimakethi ezibekwa ngabanye ababoneleli buthule xa belawula umlenze wokuthumela.

Enye into ephazamisa abathumeli abatsha yi-port locati0n. I-China lilizwe elikhulu, kwaye ukuba ishishini elikumantla licaphula i-FOB Shenzhen oko kuthetha ukuba izinto kufuneka zihambe phantse iikhilomitha ezingamawaka amabini ukuya emazantsi ukuze zifike enqanaweni. Soloko uqinisekisa ukuba i-port ekhankanyiweyo yeyona zibuko ikufutshane nefektri, kungenjalo iindleko zokuthutha iilori ngaphakathi elizweni zinokucima ngokuthe cwaka nayiphi na imali ebifanele ukuba i-FOB iyinikele.

Kuyafaneleka kwakhona ukuqaphela ukuba i-FOB yaqalwa yenzelwe iimpahla zaselwandle zemveli, ezingafakwanga kwisikhongozeli. Kwiimpahla zanamhlanje zokuthunyelwa kweekhonteyina, iingcali ezininzi zezothutho zijonga i-FCA, okanye i-Free Carrier, njengendlela echanekileyo ngakumbi kwezobuchwepheshe, kuba umngcipheko udluliselwa xa iimpahla zinikezelwa kumthwali kwindawo yokubeka iikhonteyina kunokuba ziwele umzila wenqanawa ocingelwayo. Kodwa ekusebenzeni, phantse wonke umthengisi waseTshayina usacaphula i-FOB, hayi i-FCA. Umahluko osebenzayo kubaninzi abangenisa impahla mncinci, lo gama nje izibuko kunye nemigaqo zibhalwe ngokucacileyo kumyalelo wokuthenga.

I-DDP: Intlawulo yerhafu ehlawulweyo, umthengisi wenza phantse yonke into

I-DDP ikwicala elichaseneyo nele-EXW. Umthengisi okanye umntu othumela impahla egameni lomthengisi, unoxanduva lohambo lonke: ukususwa kwempahla ngaphandle, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla elwandle okanye emoyeni, ukususwa kwempahla engeniswayo, iirhafu kunye nokuhanjiswa kokugqibela emnyango womthengi. Umsebenzi womthengi ngokuyintloko kukukhulula impahla elorini.

Kubathengi abangafuni ukujongana nabathengisi berhafu, ukuhlelwa kwekhowudi ye-HS, okanye ukubalwa kwemisebenzi, i-DDP isusa phantse yonke loo ngxaki. Yiyo kanye le nto i-DDP iye yaba yindlela eqhelekileyo kubathengisi be-e-commerce abathumela impahla besuka eTshayina abafuna ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lokufika kwaye bafuna ukuphepha abathengi ukuba bangavumi iphakheji ngenxa yebhili yemisebenzi engalindelekanga emnyango.

Ixabiso liphantsi. Ngenxa yokuba umthengisi okanye umthumeli wempahla uthatha iindleko kunye nomngcipheko werhafu kunye neerhafu, iikowuteshini ze-DDP zihlala zineprimiyamu xa kuthelekiswa ne-FOB okanye i-EXW yomthwalo ofanayo. Kukwakho nomngeni wesakhiwo: kumazwe amaninzi ekuyiwa kuwo kunzima ngokwenene kumthengisi wangaphandle ukubhalisa njengomthengisi werekhodi, ahlawule irhafu ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye acacise amasiko ngaphandle kokumelwa kwasekuhlaleni. Esi sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba ukuthunyelwa kwe-DDP okuvela eTshayina kulawulwa ngumthumeli wempahla okhethekileyo endaweni yefektri ngokwayo, kuba umthumeli sele enazo iilayisenisi, iibhondi, kunye nobudlelwane bebroker obufunekayo kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo.

Umzekelo, iTopway Shipping yakhe inkonzo yayo ye-DDP malunga nalo msantsa. Ukususela ngo-2010, inkampani enekomkhulu laseShenzhen igxile kwi-e-commerce logistics phakathi kweTshayina ne-United States, kwaye iqela layo eliyisunguleyo libonelela ngamava adibeneyo angaphezu kweminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ekuhanjisweni kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kunye nokususwa kwempahla. Ngenxa yokuba iTopway Shipping isebenza kulo lonke uthotho olupheleleyo, ukuthathwa kwempahla yokuqala eTshayina, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla elwandle, ukugcinwa kwempahla phesheya kwezilwandle, umthengisi wamasikokunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-last miles, ukuthunyelwa kwe-DDP okubhukishwe ngumboneleli omnye kuthintela iingxaki zokudluliselwa kwempahla ezenzekayo xa abathengisi abahlanu abahlukeneyo ngamnye elawula umlenze omnye wohambo.

Uthelekiso olusecaleni

Le theyibhile ingezantsi ichaza ukuba ngubani onoxanduva lwenkcitho kunye nerhafu nganye ebalulekileyo ngexesha lale miqathango mithathu. Yisebenzise njengesalathiso esifutshane xa uphonononga ikowuteshini yomthengisi.

uxanduva	I-EXW	Fob	I-DDP
Thumela ukupakisha	umthengisi	umthengisi	umthengisi
Iilori ezingaphakathi elizweni ukuya echwebeni	umthengi	umthengisi	umthengisi
Imvume yokuthumela impahla ngaphandle	umthengi	umthengisi	umthengisi
Ukulayisha enqanaweni	umthengi	umthengisi	umthengisi
Uthutho lwaselwandle okanye emoyeni	umthengi	umthengi	umthengisi
I-inshurensi yaselwandle	umthengi	umthengi	umthengisi
Ukungenisa elizweni ukucocwa kwamanye amazwe	umthengi	umthengi	umthengisi
Iirhafu kunye neerhafu	umthengi	umthengi	umthengisi
Ukuhanjiswa kokugqibela ukuya kwindlu	umthengi	umthengi	umthengisi
Indawo yokudluliselwa komngcipheko	Indawo yomthengisi	Kwinqanawa	Idilesi yomthengi

 

Indlela La Magama Mathathu Athelekiswa Ngayo Nokuqikelelwa Kweendleko Nolawulo

Ezi parameter zintathu zidla ngokuhamba kwicala elichaseneyo malunga nokuqikelelwa kweendleko kunye nolawulo. Nge-EXW unolawulo olukhulu kuzo zonke izigqibo zokuthutha impahla, kodwa oluncinci kakhulu njengoko ujongana nee-invoyisi ezahlukeneyo ezivela kwishishini leelori, iarhente yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe, inkampani yokuthutha ulwandle kunye nomthengisi wokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe. Nge-DDP, awunalo ilizwi lincinci kakhulu kwiinkcukacha zokusebenza kodwa luphezulu kakhulu oluqikelelwayo kuba uhlala ufumana ixabiso elinye lokufika ngaphambi kokuba ukuthunyelwa kuphume eTshayina. I-FOB yindawo ephakathi: usalawula ukubhukisha impahla kwamanye amazwe, kodwa umthengisi unyamekela iinkalo zenkqubo ezifuna ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni kunye nelayisenisi ngaphakathi eTshayina.

Enye indlela yokucinga ngale nto kukujonga ukuba ngubani obalaseleyo ekwenzeni umsebenzi ngamnye ngexabiso eliphantsi. Umzi-mveliso waseTshayina okanye umthumeli wawo udla ngokuba namaxabiso angcono kunye nobudlelwane obuhle bokuthutha impahla ngaphandle kunye nerhafu kunokuba umthengi wangaphandle ebeya kwenza. Umngenisi onamava othumela impahla kwamanye amazwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwilizwe elinye udla ngokuba nolawulo olungcono kakhulu kwiirhafu zeendawo eziya kuzo, indawo yokugcina impahla ebondiweyo, kunye nabathwali bempahla abaya kudlula i-first miles kunenkampani yaseTshayina. Inxalenye yesizathu sokuba i-FOB ihlale njengeyona nto iqhelekileyo yokuthunyelwa kweekhonteyina ze-B2B kukuba ihambelana kakuhle nendawo apho ulwazi lokwenyani lukhona khona kumacala omabini.

Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Ezenziwa Ngabathumeli Bempahla Ngaphakathi Ngale Migqaliselo

Inxalenye enkulu ngokumangalisayo yokungavisisani phakathi komthengi nomthengisi kuvela ekungaqondani kakuhle kwe-Incoterms kunokuba kube yingxaki ngezinto ngokwazo. Ingxaki eqhelekileyo kukuba umthengisi utshintsha ngasese ukusuka kwi-FOB ukuya kwi-EXW emva kokuba idiphozithi ihlawulwe kwaye umthengi ushiywe engxamele iarhente yokuthumela ngaphandle ngomzuzu wokugqibela. Qiniseka ukuba uhlala ubandakanya i-Incoterm ekuvunyelwene ngayo, i-port egama layo kunye nenguqulelo ye-Incoterms kumyalelo wokuthenga obhaliweyo kwaye kungekuphela nje kwiingxoxo zomlomo.

Enye into eqhelekileyo yokungaqondi kakuhle kukuthatha ukuba i-DDP ithetha ukuba akusekho zindleko zingaphezulu. I-DDP ithetha irhafu kunye nokuhanjiswa kwayo. Idla ngokungabandakanyi iindleko zendawo ezingagutyungelwanga yisivumelwano somthengisi, njengeelayisenisi ezikhethekileyo zezinto ezilawulwayo, okanye iifizi zokugcina ukuba umthengi akakulungelanga ukwamkela ukuthunyelwa xa kufika. Ukufunda umbhalo omncinci wesicatshulwa se-DDP, ingakumbi iindleko zendawo ezibandakanyiweyo, kuya kukusindisa kwingxolo engathandekiyo kamva.

Impazamo yesithathu kukusebenzisa ibinzana elisetyenziswa elwandle kuphela xa kuthunyelwa ngenqwelo moya. I-FOB ngokwenkcazo ifanelekile kuphela xa kuthunyelwa ngenqanawa emanzini naselwandle, kuba ithetha ukufaka impahla enqanaweni. I-FCA yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo xa kuthunyelwa ngenqwelo moya apho umthengi efuna ukulawula uxanduva lwamazwe ngamazwe, nangona i-FOB ingasebenzi kakuhle xa kuthunyelwa ngenqwelo moya. Ngamanye amaxesha ababoneleli basebenzisa i-FOB ngokulula njengolwimi olufutshane nokuba injani na indlela yokuthutha, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukujonga kabini indlela yokuthutha xa kuthelekiswa nebinzana elishicilelwe kuxwebhu lwakho.

Ukufanisa Ixesha kunye nokuthunyelwa kwakho

Ukuba ubeka ukuthenga kokuqala okugcweleyo kwisikhongozeli kunye nomthengisi omtsha, i-FOB ngokubanzi yindawo ekhuselekileyo yokuqala. Ungathelekisa amaxabiso okuthutha ulwandle kwiinqanawa ezahlukeneyo, ugcine iindleko zokuthutha zicacile, kwaye uphephe ubunzima belayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle ye-EXW. Ukuba sele unobudlelwane nomthengisi werhafu kwilizwe lakho, usenokukwazi ukusingatha inkqubo yerhafu yendawo oya kuyo ngokwakho.

Kwizinto ezincinci ezithunyelwa rhoqo kwi-e-commerce – ingakumbi izinto ezithunyelwa ngqo kubathengi apho iindleko zerhafu ezingalindelekanga zinokubangela ukuba abathengi bayeke ukuhanjiswa emnyango – i-DDP idla ngokuba lolona khetho lunokwenzeka. Ukuqikelelwa kwangaphambili kudla ngokuba nexabiso elinyukileyo ngeyunithi nganye kwaye kususa umthwalo wokusebenza kokuthobela imithetho yokungenisa impahla emagxeni omthengisi onokuthi angabi nabasebenzi abazinikeleyo ekucutshungulweni kwempahla.

I-EXW ilungele abathengi abaqokelela iimveliso ezivela kubavelisi abaninzi ngaphambi kokuba bafike echwebeni, okanye abasele besebenzisa izinto zabo eTshayina kwaye bafuna ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu lesango lomzi-mveliso. Ngokwesiqhelo ayilonyathelo lifanelekileyo kumntu othumela isitya sakhe sokuqala, okanye oqhuba ivenkile ye-intanethi ejongene nabathengi.

Apho iQela lezoThutho lifaneleka khona

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ugqibela nini kwi-odolo yakho yokuthenga, amava asebenzayo empahla adla ngokuxhomekeke kumthengisi wempahla ongasemva kweziganeko, kungekhona kwiileta ezintathu kwisivumelwano. Umthengisi wempahla ophatha nje ukubhukisha ulwandle uya kukushiya uxoxisana ngokuthengiswa kwempahla, ukugcinwa kwempahla, kunye neekhilomitha zokugqibela ngokwahlukeneyo, kodwa umthengisi wempahla olawula lonke uthotho unokwenza nokuba ukuthunyelwa kwe-DDP okuntsonkothileyo kube yinto ephantse ibe yifowuni enye.

Lo ngumsantsa owadalwa yiTopway Shipping. Ikomkhulu layo liseShenzhen ukususela ngo-2010, le nkampani igxile kwi-e-commerce logistics phakathi kweTshayina ne-United States, kubandakanya ukuthuthwa kwempahla yokuqala, ukugcinwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, ukususwa kwempahla yerhafu kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla yokugqibela konke oku phantsi kophahla olunye. Ukuba ungumthumeli wempahla ojonge ukuphepha intloko yokusebenza nabathengisi abaninzi kwinqanaba ngalinye lokuthunyelwa kwe-FOB okanye i-DDP, iTopway Shipping inikezela ngemithwalo yolwandle eguquguqukayo enesikhongozeli esipheleleyo kunye nemithwalo engaphantsi kwesikhongozeli ukusuka eTshayina ukuya kumazibuko amakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, okwenza kube lula ukukhuphula ukusuka kwipallet enye ukuya kwisikhongozeli esipheleleyo njengoko inani lee-odolo likhula.

Kwakhona, ukuba nomthengisi omnye oqonda amacala omabini endlela yorhwebo kuthintela izikhewu zamaphepha ezidla ngokuvela malunga ne-Incoterms. Eli qela linye lijongana nokukhutshwa kwempahla eTshayina kunye nokukhutshwa kwempahla engeniswayo kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo, ngoko ke akukho thuba lincinci kakhulu lokunxibelelana okubangela ukuba isitya sihlale echwebeni ngelixa iinkampani ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ziphikisana ngokuba ngubani onoxanduva lokulahleka kwefomu.

isiphelo

I-EXW, i-FOB kunye ne-DDP azizomveliso zikhuphisanayo. Ziindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokusika umthwalo omnye kwaye isigqibo esifanelekileyo sixhomekeke ekubeni ufuna ulawulo olungakanani na xa ulungele ukulawula ubunzima okulungeleyo. I-EXW ibeka ivili kunye nomsebenzi ezandleni zakho. I-FOB inciphisa uhambo kwindawo efanelekileyo, ikuvumela ukuba uphathe umthwalo wamazwe ngamazwe kwaye uvumele isityalo siphathe oko sikwaziyo. I-DDP inika ivili kumthengisi okanye iqabane labo lezothutho, kwaye ihlawula iindleko eziphezulu ngeyunithi nganye ngexabiso elinye eliqikelelweyo lokufika.

Nokuba yeyiphi na ixesha olikhethayo, qiniseka ukuba libhalwe ngqo kwikhontrakthi yakho, lichaza izibuko okanye indawo ethile kunye nenguqulelo ye-Incoterms, kwaye umboneleli wempahla ongasemva kwekowuteshini unelayisenisi kunye nenethiwekhi yokuyiphumeza ngokwenene. Umahluko phakathi kokungenisa okuthe tye kunye nokumangaliswa okubizayo kudla ngokuba yi-Incoterm ecacileyo kunye neqabane lezothutho elinokuphumeza yonke inyathelo lohambo, uhlobo lwamashishini okugubungela ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni afana neTopway Shipping abonelela nge-China ukuya e-US ukuthumela ngaphandle.

 

FAQs

Q: Ingaba i-FOB ihlala ingabizi kakhulu kune-DDP?

A: Akunyanzelekanga ukuba kusetyenziswe isiseko seendleko ezifike ngexesha. Ixabiso le-FOB liphantsi kuba alibandakanyi imithwalo yempahla, i-inshurensi kunye neerhafu zokuya apho uya khona, kodwa wakuba uzibuyisele ezo ndleko, ixabiso lilonke lingaphuma kwixabiso eliphantsi okanye ngaphezulu kwexabiso le-DDP, ingakumbi kwiimpahla ezincinci apho iindleko zexabiso eliphantsi zikhetha umthengisi olawula yonke into kunye.

Q: Ndingayitshintsha i-Incoterms emva kokufaka iodolo?

A: Ewe, kodwa kuphela ngesivumelwano esibhaliweyo somthengisi ngaphambi kokuba iimveliso zithunyelwe. Iingxabano ngamanye amaxesha zivela kutshintsho kwimigaqo emva kokuba idiphozithi ihlawulwe kwaye naluphi na utshintsho kufuneka lubhalwe kwi-odolo yokuthenga ehlaziyiweyo kungekhona kwincoko yomlomo.

Q: Kutheni uninzi lwababoneleli baseTshayina bekhetha ukucaphula i-FOB endaweni ye-FCA?

A: I-FCA ichaneke ngakumbi ngokwetekhnoloji kwimithwalo ekwiikhonteyina, kodwa i-FOB igxile kakhulu kwimikhwa yorhwebo yemihla ngemihla kubavelisi baseTshayina nakwiinkampani zorhwebo, ngoko ke uninzi lweekowuteshini aluyisebenzisi nokuba impahla ethunyelweyo ikwiikhonteyina ngokupheleleyo.

Q: Ingaba i-EXW ifanelekile kwii-odolo ze-e-commerce?

A: Akunjalo rhoqo. I-EXW ifuna umthengi ukuba acwangcise ukulandwa kwempahla evela kumzi-mveliso kunye nesibhengezo sokuthumela ngaphandle. Oku akunakwenzeka kumthengi ngamnye kwi-intanethi kwaye sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba uninzi lwezinto ezithunyelwayo ezivela kumthengi ngqo zisebenzise i-DAP okanye i-DDP endaweni yoko.

Q: Ngaba ukusebenzisa i-DDP kuqinisekisa ukuba akuyi kubakho ntlawulo yongezelelweyo konke konke?

A: Hayi. I-DDP ibandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwempahla, ukususwa kwempahla kunye neerhafu, njengoko kuchaziwe kwikhontrakthi, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ixabiso le-DDP liqulathe ntoni na njengoko iindleko ezingaphaya kwaloo mda, ezifana neemvume ezithile zeemveliso ezilawulwayo okanye iifizi zokugcina ukuqokelelwa okulibazisekileyo, zisenokusebenza.