29/11/2025

Iintlawulo ezifihliweyo e-China ukuya kwi-USA yoThutho lwaseLwandle kunye nendlela yokuZiphepha

Isiqulatho

intshayelelo

Ukuba uzisa izinto ezisuka eTshayina uzise e-US, usenokuba wenze oku: ufumana ixabiso “elikhulu” lothutho lwaselwandle, thumela ezo zinto, emva koko ibhokisi yakho yangaphakathi igcwalise amatyala awongezelelweyo kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga ongazilindelanga. Elona xabiso liphezulu liphezulu kakhulu kunecawuti ovumelene ngayo xa iphakheji yakho ifika.

Uninzi lwabarhwebi kumazwe angaphandle babiza ezi zinto zongezelelweyo ngokuthi "ziintlawulo ezifihliweyo." Ayiyiyo imfihlo ngokwengqiqo yomthetho, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ayichazwanga kakuhle, ingcwatywe kushicilelo oluncinci, okanye iboniswe kuphela emva kokuba ukuthunyelwa sele kumanzi okanye kufikile kwizibuko. Ezi ndleko zingalindelekanga zinokuthetha umahluko phakathi kokwenza imali kunye nokulahlekelwa yimali kumashishini amancinci naphakathi, ngakumbi abo bathengisa nge-intanethi.

Uthutho lwaselwandle olusuka e-China lusiya e-US yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya iifektri, iilori, iindawo zokugcina iimpahla, iitheminali, abathwali baselwandle, amasiko, abarhwebi, kunye nabathwali beemayile zokugqibela. Ngokomthetho, omabini amacala anokubiza imali ngeenkonzo zawo. Ukuba awuyazi ukuba zeziphi iindleko ezibandakanyiweyo kwikowuti yakho kwaye yintoni engeyiyo, ezo ntlawulo ziya kubonakala zifihliwe.

Eli nqaku lithetha ngezona ntlawulo zixhaphakileyo ezifihliweyo zothutho lwaselwandle ukusuka eTshayina ukuya e-US, kutheni zisenzeka, kunye nendlela yokuphepha okanye ukuthoba. Siza kukubonisa indlela ukusebenza nenkampani yothutho yobuchwephesha efana neToway Shipping kunokukunceda ubone ukuba zingakanani na iindleko kwaye ugcine inzuzo yakho ikhuselekile.

Kuthetha ukuthini "Konke-ngaphakathi" ngokwenene eTshayina ukuya kuThutho lwaseLwandle lwase-USA

Uninzi lweekowuteshini zothutho ziquka amagama athi "ixabiso lemali yonke" okanye "iindleko zendlu ngendlu." Okulusizi kukuba, “konke-ngaphakathi” kunokuthetha izinto ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani onika ikowuti kunye nokuba zeziphi iinkonzo ezibandakanyiweyo.

Iindleko zakho zothutho elwandle lwamazwe ngamazwe zingohlulwa zibe ziinxalenye ezimbalwa ezisisiseko:

Iindleko zemvelaphi eTshayina
Umlenze ongundoqo wolwandle (ukusuka kwizibuko ukuya kwizibuko)
Iindleko zokuhamba e-US
Izongezelelo ezingafunekiyo (i-inshurensi, ukuphatha okukhethekileyo, iinkonzo ezongeziweyo)

Abanye abathumeli baquka nje i-port-to-port yothutho kwaye bayibhale "konke-ngaphakathi" kuba badibanisa imirhumo yokuthwala kunye neentlawulo zepetroli. Ezinye iinkampani zibonelela ngamaxabiso endlu ngendlu agubungela ngokwenene i-pickup, iinkqubo zokuthumela ngaphandle, uthutho lwaselwandle, ukukhutshwa kwezithethe, kunye nokuhanjiswa kokugqibela. Kufuneka ucace kakhulu malunga nokuba yintoni ebandakanyekayo kumsebenzi wakho.

Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba ngoobani abadlali abaphambili:

Umzi mveliso okanye umthengisi ovela eTshayina
Umthumeli wempahla, onokuba seTshayina, e-US, okanye zombini
Umthwali wolwandle
Iindawo zokugcina kunye neendawo zokugcina
Amashishini eelori ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kohambo
Ii-arhente zolawulo lweCustoms kunye nemida
Abathwali bemayile yokugqibela, ngakumbi ukuthenga kwi-Intanethi

Ukuba izinto azihambi ngokuchanekileyo njengoko bekucwangcisiwe, amaxwebhu anjalo afika emva kwexesha, izikhongozeli ezihleli kwizibuko, okanye amasiko akhetha ukuthunyelwa kwakho ukuze kuhlolwe, nganye kwezi nkampani inokukuhlawulisa ngaphezulu. Ukulibaziseka, ukungalandeli imigaqo, okanye ukungacaci ukuba ngubani onoxanduva konke kunokukhokelela “kwizityholo ezifihlakeleyo.”

Isicatshulwa esicace gca siya kuthi:

Elona candelo lenkonzo (umzekelo, iFOB Shenzhen ukuya kwiDoor Los Angeles, indawo yokugcina impahla yeDAP, iDDP, njl.njl.)
Zeziphi iindleko ezibandakanyiweyo kwixabiso
Zeziphi iindleko ezilindelekileyo kodwa ezingaqukwanga (umz., iintlawulo zempahla yesintu, imirhumo yeemviwo, ukuthotywa)
Yeyiphi imisitho enokuvelisa iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo (umzekelo, ugcino emva kweentsuku X zasimahla)

Xa ezi nkcukacha zingekho okanye zingacacanga, usesichengeni sokufumana izinto ezothusayo.

Iintlawulo eziqhelekileyo ezifihliweyo kwiMvelaphi eTshayina

Zininzi iintlawulo ezinokuza phambi kokuba uthutho lwakho lushiye i-China onokuthi ungacingi. Ezinye ziqhelekile kwaye zilungile, kodwa ezinye zinokuba phezulu kunokuba zifanele ukubizwa okanye zihlawuliswe kabini ukuba akucaci ukuba ngubani ophetheyo phakathi komboneleli wakho kunye nomthumeli wakho wempahla.

Abarhwebi abasuka kumazwe angaphandle basoloko bemangaliswe yile mirhumo eqhelekileyo yecala lemvelaphi:

Imirhumo yokuthumela amaphepha ngaphandle
Umrhumo wokubhengezwa kwerhafu okanye ukukhutshwa kwempahla yempahla kwamanye amazwe
Intlawulo yokuphatha i-terminal (THC) ekuqaleni
Ukugcinwa kunye nokuphatha
Ukubeka izinto kwiipalethi, ukupakisha, ukuleyibheli kunye nokubeka iikhowudi zebhakhowudi kuzo
Imirhumo eyongezelelweyo yelori (ixesha lokulinda, intlawulo eyongezelelweyo yendawo ekude)
I-original demurrage kunye nemirhumo yokuyigcina iyasebenza xa izikhongozeli okanye imithwalo ihleli kwitheminali ixesha elide.

Nantsi ingcaciso elula yezi ndleko ukukunceda ukuba uziqonde ngcono:

Uhlobo lweNtlawulo yemvelaphi	Imeko eqhelekileyo	Xa Iba yintlawulo "efihliweyo".
Umrhumo wokuThunyelelwa kwamanye amazwe	Umthumeli wempahla ulungisa amaxwebhu okuthumela ngenqanawa kunye ne-bill of lading.	Ayikhankanywanga kwisicatshulwa; ibonakala njenge-invoyisi eyahlukileyo emva kokuba imithwalo inikezelwe.
Thumela isibhengezo seCustoms	Ukufakela ukungena ngaphandle kunye namasiko aseTshayina.	Umthengisi ocinga ukuba uya kuhlawula; umthengisi ucingela ukuba umthengisi uya kuhlawula; uhlawuliswa kamva.
Imvelaphi ye-THC (Ukuphathwa kwetheminali)	Iintlawulo zezibuko zokuphatha izikhongozeli okanye imithwalo ye-LCL kwindawo yesiqalo.	Kuphela "impahla yaselwandle" icatshulwa; I-THC idweliswe ngokwahlukeneyo emva kokuba imithwalo ikwizibuko.
zokugcina & Ukuphatha	Umthwalo ogciniweyo okanye udityaniswe kwindawo yokugcina impahla phambi kokuba ulayishwe.	Ixesha lasimahla ligqithisiwe okanye ukudibanisa kuthatha ixesha elide; umrhumo wokugcina kunye nokuphatha uhlawuliswa emva koko.
IPalletizing kunye nokuPakisha	Umthwalo kufuneka upakishwe kwakhona okanye ufakwe kwipallet ukuze uhlangabezane neemfuno zomthwali okanye zomthengi.	Umnikezeli akazange afake ukupakisha okufanelekileyo; umgqithi ubiza iimali ezongezelelweyo ukuthobela.
Iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo ngelori	Ixesha lokulinda, imisebenzi yasebusuku okanye iindawo zokuthatha ezikude.	Ukulibaziseka kwefektri ukulayisha; ilori ilinda ixesha elide kunexesha lasimahla kwaye iiyure ezongezelelweyo zifakwe kuwe.
Imvelaphi yoGcino/Demurrage	Isiqulathi sihlala ixesha elide kwitheminali phambi kokuba silayishwe.	Amaxwebhu asemva kwexesha, intlawulo, okanye imiba yezithethe ibangela ulibaziseko; imirhumo egqithiselwe kumthumeli.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule kukuba iintlawulo zemvelaphi zixhomekeke kakhulu ekubeni ngubani olawulayo phakathi kwakho, umboneleli wakho, kunye nomthumeli wakho. Oku kuxa ii-Incoterms ezifana neFOB, EXW, FCA, kunye nezinye zibaluleke kakhulu.

Xa uthenga iFOB (eSimahla kwiBhodi), umboneleli wakho udla ngokulawula inkqubo yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokufumana izinto enqanaweni, ezibandakanya imirhumo emininzi yemvelaphi. Xa uthenga iEXW (Ex Works), uthatha uxanduva ngakumbi. Kwakhona kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba umthumeli wakho udwelisa ngokucacileyo zonke iindleko zemvelaphi ukuze zingalahleki.

Iintlawulo Ezifihliweyo Ngexesha Lomlenze Wolwandle

Nokuba iimpahla zakho sele zisenqanaweni, kusenokufuneka uhlawule ngaphezulu. Uninzi lwezi ntlawulo ezongezelelweyo ezibekwe ngabathuthi baselwandle kwaye zigqithiswe ngabathumeli bempahla.

Eminye imirhumo eqhelekileyo efihliweyo ethi ivele ngexesha lohambo yile:

Iintlawulo zeFuel okanye iBunker Adjustment Factor (BAF)
Isulfure ephantsi okanye imirhumo yokusingqongileyo
Imeko yoLungiso lweMali (CAF)
Intlawulo yeXesha Eliphakamileyo (PSS)
Ukunyuswa kweRhafu ngokubanzi (GRI)
Imirhumo eyongezelelweyo yeemeko zikaxakeka (njengentlawulo yokuxinana)
Iindleko ezongezelelweyo zesixhobo okanye ukungalingani kwesikhongozeli
Imirhumo yokuqengqeleka ukuba izikhongozeli ziphosakele inqanawa ecwangcisiweyo

Le ntlawulo idla ngokudweliswa kushicilelo olucolekileyo kodwa ayichazwanga ngokucacileyo ekuqaleni, ngakumbi ukuba umthwali akakachazi iimali zokugqibela. Isiphumo sokuphela sisenokuba kuthutho lwaselwandle oluxabisa ngaphezulu kunokuba ubucinga.

Nantsi isishwankathelo sendlela ezi ntlawulo zisebenza ngayo:

Intlawulo eyongezelelweyo yoLwandle	Injongo	Isizathu Sokuba Ivakale Ifihliwe
BAF / Intlawulo yeFuel	Ibuyekeza umthwali ngokuguquguquka kweendleko zamafutha.	Iboniswe ngokwahlukileyo kumlinganiselo wesiseko; imali ingatshintsha phakathi komhla wekowuti kunye nomhla wokuhamba ngenqanawa.
Isulfure ePhantsi / uMrhumo wokusiNgqongileyo	Ihlawulela iindleko zokuthobela imimiselo yokukhutshwa (umzekelo, i-IMO 2020).	Ngamanye amaxesha ibhalwe ngoonobumba abangaqhelekanga; abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle bacinga ukuba "ibandakanyiwe" kwimpahla kodwa inokuhlawulwa kamva.
I-CAF (Imeko yoLungiso lweMali)	Ikhusela umxhasi kwiingozi zokutshintshiselana ngemali.	Ifakwe njengepesenti phezu kwempahla; kunqabile ukucaciswa ngolwimi olucacileyo kubahambisi beenqanawa abancinci.
Intlawulo yeXesha Eliphakamileyo (PSS)	Intlawulo eyongezelelweyo ngamaxesha onyaka anemfuno ephezulu.	Icatshulwe ngenqanaba elisezantsi kwaye ke iPSS yongezwa kufutshane nohambo xa imfuno yomelele.
Ukunyuswa kweRhafu ngokubanzi (GRI)	Ukunyuka kwesantya somthwalo kwimarike ngokubanzi kubhengezwa ngamaxesha athile ngabathuthi.	Abarhwebi abavela kwamanye amazwe bafumana ikowuti kwaye emva koko isaziso sokuba iireyithi ziya kuba phezulu ngenxa ye-GRI, emva kokuba ucwangciso lugqityiwe.
Intlawulo yoNgxamiseko/ yokuNxina	Intlawulo yethutyana ngenxa yokuxinana kwezibuko, ugwayimbo, okanye ezinye iziphazamiso.	Yaziswa ngesaziso esifutshane; abathengi bacinga ukuba ikhowuti yokuqala yayigqibelele.
Intlawulo eyongeziweyo yokungalingani kwezixhobo	Ukuhlawulisa ukubeka ngokutsha izikhongozeli xa kukho ukunqongophala kwiindawo ezithile.	Ayiqondwa ngabahambi ngenqanawa; babona kuphela umgca omtsha ngaphandle kokuqonda umba wokungalingani osisiseko.
Umrhumo wokuqengqeleka	Ihlawuliswa xa isikhongozeli siphosa isitya saso esibhukisiweyo kwaye siqengqeleka siye kwesinye.	Ibangelwe yi-VGM kade, amaphepha, okanye ukubhukisha ngokugqithisileyo; abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle baziva bemfanyekiswe yile ntlawulo.

Eyona ndlela ilula yokuzikhusela kwizothuso ezingathandekiyo kukubuza umthumeli wakho ukuba ireyithi yakho ibandakanya yonke imirhumo eyaziwayo yexesha lokuhamba ngenqanawa kunye nokwazi ukuba yeyiphi imirhumo esenokutshintsha phambi kokuba uhambe.

Iintlawulo Ezifihliweyo Ekufikeni e-USA

Uninzi lwabarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle bafumanisa ukuba ezona ndleko zingemnandanga zifihliweyo zenzeka xa umthwalo ufika kwizibuko lase-US elifana neLos Angeles/Long Beach, Oakland, Seattle, New York/New Jersey, Savannah, okanye Houston. Nje ukuba izinto zakho zifike apho, unegunya elincinci lokuthethathethana. Ukuze ukhulule umthwalo wakho, kufuneka uhlawule iindleko ezithile. Ukuba awukwenzi oko, unokujongana ne-demurrage, ukuvalelwa, kunye nabathengi abanomsindo.

Eminye imirhumo eqhelekileyo efihliweyo kwicala lendawo yile:

Iintlawulo zokuphatha indawo yokufikela (DTHC)
Imirhumo yamaxwebhu kunye neeodolo zokuhanjiswa
Iinkonzo ezongezelelweyo kunye umthengisi wamasiko ntlawulo
I-ISF (i-Importer Security Filing) imirhumo okanye izohlwayo zokufayilisha kade
Iimviwo zesiko kunye neentlawulo ezihamba kunye nazo (CET, VACIS / X-ray, kunye neemviwo ezinzima)
Imirhumo yokhuseleko lwezibuko kunye ne-wharfage
Iindleko zokusebenzisa itshisi
Imirhumo yokudlula kwe-pier okanye ukuxinana kwezibuko kwamanye amazibuko
Iintlawulo zokulinda ilori, ukwenza idinga, nokuhlala kwindawo ethile
Ukukhupha izinto kwindawo yokugcina impahla, ukuzibeka kwiipalethi, ukuphawula, nokubeka

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ishwankathela ezinye zezona ntlawulo ziqhelekileyo zendawo yokufikela ezinokukubamba ngequbuliso:

Uhlobo lwentlawulo yokufikela	Imeko eqhelekileyo	Ijika njani ibe yindleko "efihliweyo".
Indawo yokufikela iTHC (DTHC)	Iintlawulo zezibuko zokothula isikhongozeli kunye nokuphatha kwindawo yokufika.	Ayichazwanga kwisicatshulwa "sothutho lwaselwandle"; Ii-invoyisi ze-arhente zasekhaya ngokwahlukeneyo ukukhulula isikhongozeli.
Ukuhanjiswa kweodolo / uMrhumo kaDoc	Umenzeli ukhupha iodolo yokuhanjiswa ukuze umqhubi welori akwazi ukuthatha isikhongozeli.	Umrhumo omncinci woxwebhu uphindaphindwe kwiimpahla ezininzi ezithunyelweyo; kunqabile ukubhengezwa kwangaphambili kwizicaphulo ezilula.
Customs Brokerage	Ungeno lweefayile zomthengisi onelayisensi kunye ne-US Customs.	Kukhankanyiwe kuphela “njengokosulelwa kwezithethe okungaqukwanga” kwisicatshulwa; umrhumo wokwenyani kunye nezongezo zivela kamva.
Imali yokuFayila ye-ISF / izohlwayo	I-ISF kufuneka ifakwe kwiiyure ze-24 ngaphambi kokuhamba kwenqanawa.	Ukufayilisha emva kwexesha okanye iimpazamo kunokubangela izohlwayo; abarhwebi bacinga ukuba umthumeli "ubandakanyiwe" i-ISF kodwa ayibanga njalo.
Iimviwo zeCustoms & Handling	Ukuhlolwa okungacwangciswanga okanye okusekwe kumngcipheko owenziwe yi-CBP okanye zii-arhente ezinxulumeneyo.	Izicatshulwa azifane zibandakanye iindleko zeemviwo ezinokubakho; amatyala anokubaluleka kwaye avele ngokumangalisayo.
Umrhumo wokusetyenziswa kweChassis	Umqhubi welori kufuneka asebenzise i-chassis ukuhambisa isikhongozeli ukusuka kwizibuko.	Ayiqukwanga kwireyithi yokurhuqa ngemigca, ngakumbi kumazibuko aneephuli zetshisi; i-invoyisi yodwa yodwa emva kokuziswa.
Ukuxinana kwePort / PierPass	Iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo zokuhambisa izitya ngeeyure eziphakamileyo kumazibuko athile ase-US.	Abarhwebi abangaqhelekanga ngemithetho yezibuko lendawo; bona oku "njengokongeziweyo" nangona usemgangathweni kulo mmandla.
Ixesha lokulinda ilori	Umqhubi welori ulindile ngenxa yokulibaziseka kwezibuko okanye ukulayisha okucothayo/ukothula kumthumeli.	Ixabiso lelori libandakanya ixesha elilinganiselweyo; iiyure ezongezelelweyo zihlawuliswa kwiintlawulo zeprimiyamu.
UkuPhathwa kweWarehouse kunye noGcino	Isikhongozeli sipakishwe kwindawo yokugcina impahla; ukugcinwa ukuba imithwalo ayithathwanga ngokukhawuleza.	Iintsuku zasimahla zigqithisiwe okanye ukuqeshwa kulibaziseke; Iintlawulo zeyure okanye zemihla ngemihla zokugcina ziyanda.
Demurrage	Umthwalo uhlala kwitheminali ngaphaya kwexesha lasimahla ngaphambi kokuthathwa.	Ukulibaziseka kwintlawulo, amaxwebhu, ukukhululwa kwempahla, okanye ukukhwela iilori; i-demurrage iqokelela imihla ngemihla ngamaxabiso akhulayo.
Ukuvalelwa (Per Diem)	Umgqomo ogcinwe ngumthumeli okanye umqhubi welori ngaphaya kweentsuku ezisimahla ngaphandle kwetheminali.	Ukunqongophala kwesicwangciso sokuhlenga nokubuya; ngemini nganye iintlawulo zesiqulatho zinokunyuka ngokukhawuleza.

Uninzi lwezi ntlawulo azinakuthintelwa ngokomgaqo, kodwa iimali ozihlawulayo kunye nokuba kukangaphi ujongana nazo zinokulawulwa ngocwangciso olulungileyo kunye neqabane lolungiselelo olungenamfihlo.

Kutheni ezinye iiQuotes zijongeka zitshiphu kodwa zixabisa ngaphezulu ekugqibeleni

Ukuba ucela ngaphezulu kwekowuti enye yothutho lolwandle ukusuka eTshayina ukuya e-US, ezinye iiarhente zinokukunika amaxabiso asezantsi kakhulu kunokuba ubulindele. Ukuba zonke izicatshulwa zithetha into efana ne "FOB Shanghai to Door Los Angeles," kulula ukufuna ukuhamba nelona xabiso liphantsi.

Kodwa inqanaba elisezantsi linokuthetha ukuba iifizi ezininzi zendawo zilahlekile okanye zingabandakanywanga kwisindululo sokuqala. Ezinye izicwangciso eziqhelekileyo zezi:

Kuphela kuthuthwa elwandle kunye neentlawulo ezimbalwa ezisisiseko ezicatshulweyo, kushiya ngaphandle imirhumo ye-terminal, umsebenzi wamaphepha, i-chassis, kunye nezinye iindleko zasekhaya.
Ukusebenzisa amabinzana angachanekanga afana no "kunye neentlawulo zendawo ekuyiwa kuyo" ngaphandle kokunika nombono wokuba zinokuba zithini na ezo ntlawulo.
Xa uthumela i-LCL, bahlawulisa ngaphantsi komthamo okanye ubunzima kunokuba bafanele baze bahlawule umahluko xa imithwalo ilinganiswa kwi-terminal.
Singasathethi ke ukuba ukuchithwa, ukuvalelwa, okanye ukugcinwa emva kweentsuku zasimahla kunokubiza imali eninzi.
Ukunika imali eninzi kwizibuko elinye eTshayina kodwa ungathethi ukuba ilori ukuya kwelo zibuko ukusuka kwindawo yakho kuya kubiza imali eninzi kakhulu kunokukhetha izibuko elikufutshane.

Akufunekanga ujonge nje isiseko somthwalo xa uthelekisa iibhidi; kufuneka ujonge neendleko zokufika. Xelela umboneleli ngamnye ukuba achaze:

Yeyiphi imirhumo ebandakanyiweyo kwikowuti
Zeziphi iintlawulo ezinokuthi zibekho kodwa azidweliswanga
Zeziphi iimeko ezinokubangela iintlawulo ezongezelelweyo

Ukuba ikowuti ayizichazi ngokucacileyo ezi zinto, kusenokufuneka uhlawule ipremiyamu yomngcipheko kamva ngohlobo lwemirhumo efihliweyo.

Amacebo okuNqanda okanye ukuNcitshiswa kweeNtlawulo ezifihlakeleyo

Ukungabi nayo imirhumo efihliweyo akuthethi ukulahla yonke inkcitho eyongezelelweyo; kubandakanya ukwazi ngabo kusengaphambili, ukuceba ngabo, nokunciphisa izinto ongazidingiyo. Ezi ngcebiso ziluncedo kakhulu ekuthumeleni iimpahla ukusuka e-China ukuya e-US ngolwandle.

Khetha ii-Incoterms ezichanekileyo kunye noMboneleli wakho

Kwinqanaba ngalinye, ii-Incoterms zikuxelela ukuba ngubani ophethe ezothutho kunye neendleko. I-FOB lukhetho olugqwesileyo kubathengi abaninzi abancinci nabaphakathi ukusuka ekubeni umthengisi ekhathalela amaphepha okuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwaye abeke iimveliso enqanaweni. Ungalawula uthutho lokuqala kunye neendleko zendawo yokusingisa ngomthumeli wakho omkhethileyo.

Ukuba uthenga i-EXW, yilungele imirhumo eyongezelelweyo yemvelaphi, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba umthumeli wakho udwelisa ngokucacileyo yonke imirhumo yemvelaphi oza kuyihlawula. Ukuba uxhomekeke kwiikowuteshini ze-CIF ezimiselwe ngumboneleli wakho, ungafumanisa ukuba iarhente yomboneleli e-US ilawula iintlawulo zendawo yokufikela. Oku kunokukhokelela kwimirhumo yasekuhlaleni egqithisileyo nengacacanga.

Xa usebenza neqabane elithembekileyo lothutho, unokubaleka “impahla ephantsi yolwandle, iintlawulo ezibizayo zendawo yokusingisa” ngokukhetha ngononophelo ii-Incoterms.

Cela uLwahlulo lweendleko eziNgcaciso Phambili

Endaweni yokwamkela nje inombolo "yonke-ngaphakathi", cela isicatshulwa esineenkcukacha esichazayo:

Iintlawulo zemvelaphi
Eyona mpahla yolwandle kunye nezinye iintlawulo
Iintlawulo zendawo yokufikela
Iinkonzo ezongezelelweyo (i-inshurensi enjalo, ukugcinwa, i-custom brokerage, njalo njalo)

Umdluliseli kufuneka akwazi ukukuxelela uluhlu oluqhelekileyo kunye nethuba lomgca ngamnye, nokuba abanakukuxelela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba nganye nganye iya kuxabisa malini kwangexesha (umzekelo, iimvavanyo zesiqhelo aziqikeleleki).

Umdluliseli ocacileyo uya kukuxelela iintlawulo abangakwaziyo ukuzilawula, imisebenzi enjalo yesiqhelo okanye uhlolo olungacwangciswanga. Nangona kunjalo, banokukunceda uqonde umngcipheko kwaye ucwangcise uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwakho ngokufanelekileyo.

Cacisa iMigaqo-nkqubo yeSihlalo seXesha kunye noGcino

I-demurrage kunye nokuvalelwa kunokwenza i-cargo ebifanele ukuba yenze imali ilahlekelwe yimali. Ngaphambi kokuthumela ngenqanawa, qiniseka ukuba:

Inani leentsuku zasimahla onazo kwizibuko lase-US phambi kokuba udemurrage uqale
Zingaphi iintsuku ekufuneka ubuyise isikhongozeli esingenanto simahla phambi kokuba uvalelwe okanye uqalise nge-diem
Ukuba ixabiso lelori yakho libandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwetshisi, zingaphi iintsuku eziya kusetyenziswa?
Wenza ntoni xa uphoswa kukukhululwa kwezithethe okanye uneengxaki ngephepha lakho?

Ungakuphepha ukuhlawulela ukugcinwa okongeziweyo kunye nezixhobo ngokuqonda xa unexesha elisecaleni kunye nokucwangcisa ukucoca amasiko, intlawulo, kunye nokuqeshwa kweelori malunga naloo maxesha.

Lungelelanisa Amaxwebhu kunye nokuThobela Kwangethuba

Imirhumo efihliweyo idla ngokubangelwa ngamaphepha asemva kwexesha okanye angaphelelanga. Ngayo nantoni na engena e-US, qiniseka:

Kubalulekile ukufaka ifayile ye-ISF ngokuchanekileyo nangexesha, oku kuthetha ukuba ubuncinane iiyure ze-24 ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi ushiye i-port yokugqibela yangaphandle.
Izithethe zinokuhlela ii-invoyisi zorhwebo kunye noluhlu lokupakisha kuba ziyahambelana kwaye zineenkcukacha.
Nawaphi na amaphepha-mvume athile okanye iimvume (zempahla zorhwebo ezilawulwayo) zenziwa kwangethuba.
Amalungiselelo ebhondi yomthumeli kunye neenkcukacha zomrhwebi (IOR) zonke zisetiwe.

Iqabane lolungiselelo olusebenzayo lingakuxelela into oyifunayo kudidi lwemveliso yakho kwaye likuncede uphephe ukulibaziseka, uhlolo, kunye nezohlwayo.

Yandisa iMowudi yoThutho: FCL vs LCL

Xa ukhetha i-LCL (ngaphantsi kwe-container-load) kwezinye izinto ezithunyelwayo, inokubonakala ingabizi kakhulu ekuqaleni kuba uhlawula kuphela indawo oyisebenzisayo. Kodwa i-LCL ineseti yayo yentlawulo efihliweyo okanye efihlakeleyo:

Ixabiso elingaphezulu kwi-cubic meter nganye
Imirhumo yokudibanisa kunye nokudityaniswa kwemvelaphi kunye nendawo yokugcina impahla
ukuphathwa okukhulu, okuthetha amathuba amakhulu eendleko kunye nokulibaziseka
Iimpepha ezongezelelweyo okanye iintlawulo zokuphatha ezivela kumdibaniseli

Xa umthamo kunye nobunzima bulungile, i-FCL (umthwalo ogcweleyo wesikhongozeli) ingabiza kwaye ithembekile kune-LCL.

Nanku umzekelo olula wothelekiso:

Isimo	Ukuthunyelwa kwe-LCL (3–5 CBM)	Ukuthunyelwa ngenqanawe kweFCL (20'Isikhongozelo, Sigcwaliswe Ngokuyinxenye)
I-Base Freight Rate	Itotali esezantsi vs isikhongozeli esigcweleyo, kodwa siphezulu ngeCBM nganye.	Itotali ephezulu, kodwa ixabiso nge-CBM liyancipha njengoko umthamo ukhula.
Ukuphatha Iintlawulo	Ukudityaniswa, ukudityaniswa, kunye neentlawulo ezininzi zokuphatha.	Amanqaku okuphatha ambalwa; ubukhulu becala i-terminal kunye nelori.
Ukungafihli kweeNtlawulo	Izinto ezininzi zomgca ezivela kumaqela amaninzi (i-consolidator, i-warehouse, njl.).	Amaqela ambalwa, kulula ukubona zonke iintlawulo.
Umngcipheko wokulibaziseka kunye neMirhumo eyongezelelweyo	Ephakamileyo (ixesha leqela, amaxwebhu angekhoyo anokulibazisa isikhongozeli siphela).	Ngaphantsi (isikhongozeli sakho siphathwa njengeyunithi enye).
Eyona meko yokusetyenziswa	Ukuthunyelwa okuncinci kakhulu, ukuvavanya iimveliso ezintsha.	Ishishini elizinzileyo, umthamo okhulayo, imfuno yolawulo lweendleko kunye nokuqikelelwa.

Xoxa nomthumeli wakho ngeliphi inqanaba elisengqiqweni ukutshintshela kwi-LCL ukuya kwi-FCL, kwaye ucele uthelekiso lweendleko ezibekwe kwicala ngalinye kunokuba ujonge kwisiseko somthwalo.

Cwangcisa malunga namaXesha ePeak kunye nokuxinana

Iindlela zorhwebo phakathi kweTshayina ne-US zihlala zixakekile malunga neeholide ezinkulu kunye namaxesha okuthenga, kubandakanya:

Unyaka omtsha eTshayina
IVeki yeGolide eTshayina
Lixesha lokubuyela esikolweni.
E-US, uLwesihlanu omnyama kunye neKrisimesi ziintsuku ezinkulu zokuthenga.

Ngala maxesha, iindleko ezongezelelweyo ezifana nePSS kunye neentlawulo zokuxinana ziqhelekile, kwaye amazibuko anokulibaziseka, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekugxothweni nasekuvalelweni.

Usenokuthoba zombini isixa sentlawulo eyongeziweyo kunye nethuba leendleko ezifihliweyo ezinxulumene nokugcinwa ngokucwangcisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwaphambi kwexesha elixakekileyo kunye nokusebenza nomthumeli owaziyo ukuba amaxesha onyaka akuchaphazela njani ukuthunyelwa ngenqanawa.

Yakha uBudlelwane bexesha elide kunye neQela eliThenjiweyo leLogistics

Uninzi lwabarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle babona imithwalo njengentengiselwano elula: fumana iibhidi ezintathu, khetha esona sisezantsi, kwaye wenze oko kwakhona xa uthumela enye. Le ndlela yokwenza izinto yenza kube nzima kulo naliphi na iqabane ukuqonda ngokwenene ishishini lakho kwaye akuncede uphephe imirhumo efihliweyo ngaphambi kokuba yenzeke.

Ungafumana oku kulandelayo ngokusebenzisana nomthumeli othembekileyo ogqwesileyo kurhwebo phakathi kweTshayina ne-US:

Uhlaziyo lwarhoqo ngotshintsho kumaxabiso kunye neentlawulo ezongezelelweyo
Isikhokelo somntu kwii-Incoterms, iithayimthebhile zokuthumela, kunye neendlela
Uncedo ngamaphepha kunye nokuthotyelwa kwezithethe
Iindlela zokufumana uncedo xa kuvela iingxaki kwimvelaphi okanye kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo

Le ndlela yobudlelwane kulapho iinkampani ezinamava ezifana neToway Shipping zongeza ixabiso.

Umzekelo: Iintlawulo ezifihliweyo zinokuphindaphinda njani kwiNqanawa enye

Umzekelo, cinga ngevenkile encinci ye-intanethi ethumela i-FCL enye (umthwalo ogcweleyo wesikhongozeli) weempahla ukusuka e-Shenzhen ukuya kwindawo yokugcina impahla kufutshane neLos Angeles. Le yindlela imirhumo efihliweyo eyongeza ngayo.

Umthengisi ufumana ikowuti yokuqala:

"Yonke into ethunyelwa elwandle: ii-USD 2,200 ukusuka eShenzhen ukuya kwiPort of Los Angeles."

Xa kuthelekiswa nonikezelo oluthelekisekayo lwe-$2,600 okanye i-2,800 yeedola, isicatshulwa sibonakala silungile. Umthengisi ucinga ukuba iindleko eziphambili ziyakhathalelwa.

Xa ipakethe ilayishiwe kwaye ifika e-LA, le mirhumo ilandelayo iyavela:

Intlawulo yokuphathwa kwendawo yokufikela (DTHC)
Umrhumo wokuhanjiswa kweodolo
I-Customs brokerage kunye nokungenisa i-ISF
Imirhumo yokusebenzisa i-chassis kunye neendleko zamafutha ezongezelelweyo
Imirhumo yePierPass kunye nokuxinana kwezibuko
Ukuthutha iilori ukusuka kwizibuko ukuya kwindawo yokugcina impahla
Ngolunye usuku lwe-demurrage kuba kuthathe ixesha elide kunokuba bekucwangcisiwe ukucima amasiko

Nantsi indlela elula yokuthelekisa ixabiso eliphantsi, isicatshulwa esingenankcukacha kunye nesicatshulwa esicacileyo, samaxabiso aphezulu:

Ixabiso Into	Ukucaphula okuQala okuPhantsi (Akucacanga)	Icatshulo eNgafihliyo (Iitemized)
UThutho lwaseLwandle (FOB Shenzhen - POL LA)	2,200	2,600
Iintlawulo zemvelaphi zibandakanyiwe?	"Ibandakanyiwe" (akukho kwahlulwa)	Ibandakanyiwe, kunye neenkcukacha ezicacileyo
Indawo yokuya kuyo iTHC	+250 (emva kokufika)	Ibandakanyiwe kwinqwaba yendawo ekuyiwa kuyo
Ukuhanjiswa kweodolo / uMrhumo kaDoc	+ 80	Kuqukwa
I-Customs Brokerage kunye ne-ISF Filing	+ 220	Kuqukwa
IChassis kunye nentlawulo yeFuel	+ 160	Kuqukwa
Ukuxinana kwePort / PierPass	+ 120	Kuqukwa
Demurrage (1 usuku)	+ 150	Kuthintelwe, cwangcisa kwangaphambili
Ukukhwela iilori ukuya kwiWarehouse	+ 450	Ibandakanyiwe kwireyithi yendlu ngendlu
Ixabiso lilonke loLungiselelo lokuHlaliswa	3,630	2,600-2,800 (kuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo)

Ekupheleni kosuku, "ixabiso eliphantsi" le-USD 2,200 ligcina libiza kakhulu kwi-logistics kunexabiso elithembekileyo le-USD 2,600, elichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni ebandakanyiweyo kwaye ivumela umrhwebi acebe malunga ne-demurrage.

Oku koko iindleko ezifihliweyo malunga nazo: hayi ukuba iintlawulo zifihlwe ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ukuba aziboniswa xa usenza isigqibo.

Indlela iTopway Shipping ikunceda ngayo ukuphepha iintlawulo ezifihlakeleyo

Ukusukela ngo-2010, iToway Shipping, esekwe e-Shenzhen, e-China, ibisebenza ekwenzeni izisombululo ezicacileyo, zokuphela-to-ekupheleni kubo bobabini abangenisa impahla ngaphandle kunye ne-e-commerce ewela umda. I-Toway Shipping ifuna ukuba liqabane lakho lexesha elide lezothutho ekunceda ukuba ucwangcise ikhonkco lokubonelela ngexabiso elisebenzayo nelithembekileyo ukusuka e-China ukuya e-US, kunokuba uthengiselwano lwexesha elinye.

Iqela elisungulayo lineminyaka engaphezu kwe-15 yamava kwi-logistics yamazwe ngamazwe kunye ne-custos clearance, kunye nogxininiso lokuhambisa iimpahla phakathi kweChina kunye ne-US La mava abalulekile xa kuziwa ekuphepheni iifizi ezongezelelweyo. Abasebenzi bayazi apho inkcitho engalindelekanga idla ngokuvela khona, kubandakanywa namachweba aseTshayina, emlenzeni wolwandle, okanye kumasango abalulekileyo ase-US, kwaye anokukunceda ucwangcise malunga nawo.

Iinkonzo zeToway Shipping zibandakanya lonke ikhonkco lolungiselelo:

Okokuqala, iimpahla zithunyelwa ukusuka kumthengisi wakho ukuya kwizibuko okanye kwiziko lokudibanisa e-China.
Iinketho zokugcina zaphesheya zenzelwe nje abarhwebi kunye nabacwangcisi bempahla abenza ishishini ngaphaya kwemida
Iinkonzo zokucoca izithethe ezinobuchwephesha kwaye zijolise ekuthotyelweni nasekufakeni i-ISF kunye nokungena ngexesha
Ukuhanjiswa kweemayile zokugqibela e-US, okubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kumaziko amakhulu e-e-commerce kunye neendawo zokugcina iimpahla ze-3PL.
Sinikezela ngeenkonzo eziguquguqukayo ze-FCL kunye ne-LCL zothutho lolwandle ukusuka e-China ukuya kumazibuko aphambili kwihlabathi liphela, ngogxininiso olubalulekileyo kwiindlela phakathi kweTshayina ne-US.

I-Toway Shipping ingakunika izicatshulwa ezicacileyo ezibonisa lonke uhambo lomthwalo wakho ngenxa yokuba baphatha kwaye baququzelele la manyathelo kwindawo enye. Ufumana iqabane elinye endaweni yokuba ujongane nababoneleli abaninzi abahlukeneyo abangadityaniswanga. Eli qabane linga:

Ngamagama alula, chaza ukuba zeziphi iintlawulo ezibandakanyiweyo nezingafakwanga.
Nceda ukhethe eyona Incoterms kunye nendlela yokuthumela ngenqanawa kwishishini lakho
Gcina iliso kwizigaba ezibalulekileyo ezibandakanya amaphepha, ukufakwa kwamasiko, kunye ne-port free time ukugcina iindleko zokugcina kunye nesohlwayo esiphantsi.
Nikeza ingcebiso yangaphambi kwexesha elixakekileyo kunye namaxesha omngcipheko omkhulu ukuze ungabhataleli ngaphezulu kwi-traffic jam okanye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngomzuzu wokugqibela.

Kubathengisi be-e-commerce kunye nabathumeli abafuna ukukhulisa ukuthunyelwa kwabo ukusuka eChina ukuya e-US ngaphandle kokujongana neefizi ezifihliweyo ngamaxesha onke, ukusebenza kunye nomboneleli okhethekileyo onjenge-Toway Shipping inokuguqula izinto ezivela kwintloko engapheliyo ibe yinto elawulwayo, eqikelelweyo yeshishini.

isiphelo

Kukho iindleko ezifihliweyo kwimpahla yolwandle esuka e-China ukuya e-US. Ezi ndleko azifihlwanga ngokwenene; azisoloko zichazwa kakuhle, zisasazwa phakathi kwabadlali abaninzi, kwaye zibangelwa zizinto obungazilindelanga. Eyona ngxaki kubarhwebi abaninzi abathenga kumazwe angaphandle ayizontlawulo ngokwabo, kodwa ukunqongophala kwamalungiselelo kunye nokuvuleleka okubangela ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali ludlule kwaye imida icutheke.

Unokuqala ukufumanisa apho iindleko ezifihliweyo zihlala zivela khona ngokwazi lonke uhambo lokuthumela kwakho, ukusuka kwimirhumo evela kwimvelaphi yaseTshayina, ngeentlawulo ezongezelelweyo zolwandle, ukuya kwiintlawulo eziya kwindawo e-US. Uyazi ukuba amaphepha athunyelwa ngaphandle, ukuphatha i-terminal, ukuhlolwa kwamasiko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-chassis, ukuchithwa, kunye nokuvalelwa konke kunokwenza isicatshulwa sokuqala esisezantsi kwi-bill yokugqibela ephezulu.

Ukuphepha okanye ukuthoba imirhumo efihliweyo, kufuneka ulandele imithetho embalwa elula:

Khetha ii-Incoterms ezikuvumela ukuba ulawule iindleko zokuthumela ngenqanawa ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwenye isixa esifanelekileyo.
Ungawathembi amanani angacacanga “akho konke”; cela ucaphulo olubanzi, olucwangcisiweyo endaweni yoko.
Yenza ixesha lakho lokukhululeka kunye nemithetho yokugcina icacile ukuze ukwazi ukuququzelela ukukhutshwa kwamasiko kunye nokuthunyelwa ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukulungelelanisa amaphepha kunye nokuthobela kwangethuba kuya kukunceda uphephe ukulibaziseka, izohlwayo, kunye nokuhlolwa okongeziweyo.
Xa ukhetha phakathi kweLCL kunye neFCL, jonga zonke iindleko zokufika, hayi nje isiseko somthwalo.
Fumana iqabane lolungiselelo owaziyo kakhulu malunga norhwebo phakathi kweTshayina kunye ne-US kwaye usebenze kunye nabo ixesha elide.

Ngala macebiso, imirhumo efihliweyo ijika kwizinto ezothusayo eziyothusayo zibe yimingcipheko elawulekayo. Kwaye ukuba uqeshe inkampani yobuchwephesha efana ne-Toway Shipping ukujongana nohambo lwakho lomlenze wokuqala, imithwalo yolwandle, ukukhutshwa kwempahla, indawo yokugcina impahla, kunye nokuhanjiswa kweemayile zokugqibela, uya kukwazi ukubona nokulawula iindleko zakho zempahla.

Kwilizwe le-cutthroat lorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye ne-e-commerce yokuwela imida, abaphumeleleyo ayingabo kuphela abafumana owona mthwalo uphantsi; ikwangabo abaqonda ngenene kwaye balawule ixabiso lilonke lokuhambisa iimpahla ukusuka kumvelisi ukuya kumxumi.

FAQs

Q: Zeziphi ezona ntlawulo ziqhelekileyo ezifihliweyo e-China ukuya kuthutho lolwandle lwase-USA?
A: Ezona ndleko ziqhelekileyo zifihliweyo ziintlawulo zokuphatha kwiitheminali zemvelaphi kunye nendawo oya kuyo, imirhumo yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye namaphepha okungenisa elizweni, imirhumo ye-custom brokerage, imirhumo yokusetyenziswa kwe-chassis, ukuxinana kwezibuko okanye iifizi ze-PierPass, kunye neendleko zokugcina ezifana nokuchithwa kunye nokuvalelwa. Abahambisi beenqanawa ezininzi kufuneka bahlawule imali eyongezelelweyo kuwo wonke umlenze wolwandle, njengezinto zohlengahlengiso lwe-bunker, iintlawulo zexesha eliphakamileyo, kunye neemali zokuxinana ngexesha likaxakeka. Xa la maxabiso engaboniswa ngokucacileyo kwisicatshulwa sokuqala, abonakala "efihliwe."

Q: Ndingazi njani ukuba iquote yam yothutho "yonke-ngaphakathi" iquka konke?
IMPENDULO: Isicatshulwa sokwenyani esiquka konke kufuneka sichaze ukuba zeziphi iinkonzo ezibandakanyiweyo (umzekelo, “FOB Shenzhen to Door Los Angeles”) kwaye ichaze imvelaphi, ulwandle, kunye neefizi zokusingwa ezibandakanyiweyo. Xelela umthumeli wakho ukuba acazulule ikhowuti kwiindawo zayo eziphambili kwaye abonise nayiphi na inkcitho engaqukwanga, njengemirhumo yempahla, imirhumo yovavanyo enokwenzeka, okanye ukugcinwa emva kwexesha lokukhululeka. Ukuba ikhowuti inenombolo enye kunye nolwimi olungacacanga, kufuneka uyiphathe njengengaphelelanga kwaye ucele ulwazi oluthe kratya.

Q: Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-demurrage kunye nokuvalelwa, kwaye kutheni zibiza kakhulu?
IMPENDULO: I-Demurrage yindleko ekufuneka uyihlawule ukuba isikhongozeli sakho sihlala kwizibuko okanye kwitheminali ixesha elide kunelo xesha ulinikiweyo. Ukuvalelwa, kwelinye icala, yintlawulo ekufuneka uyihlawule ukuba ugcina isikhongozeli ngaphandle kwetheminali ixesha elide kunelo olinikiweyo phambi kokuba usibuyise. Amaxesha amaninzi, zombini iindleko zitsalwa kwisingxobo ngasinye yonke imihla, kwaye iireyithi ziyenyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Xa ukukhutshwa kwempahla yempahla engena elizweni kuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu, amaxwebhu akakalungi, okanye amalungiselelo elori engacwangciswanga kakuhle, afumana ixabiso. Ukunqanda ezi ntlawulo, kubalulekile ukucwangcisa kwangaphambili kwaye wazi ukuba lingakanani ixesha olichithayo.

Q: Ngaba ukusebenzisa i-LCL endaweni ye-FCL kunceda ukunciphisa iindleko ezifihliweyo?
A: I-LCL inokugcina imali kwiimpahla ezincinci kakhulu, kodwa ayisoloko isehlisa imirhumo efihliweyo. Enyanisweni, i-LCL ihlala ibandakanya ukuphatha okongeziweyo kwindawo yokugcina kunye nendawo yokugcina impahla, iindleko zokuhlanganisa kunye nokudibanisa, kunye nezinye izinto zomgca ezivela kumaqela ahlukeneyo. Ngomthamo othile, ukutshintshela kwi-FCL kunokwenza i-invoyisi ibe lula kwaye icace ngakumbi, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko ngeyunithi nganye. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukujonga zonke iindleko zokufika, ezibandakanya zonke iintlawulo zokuphatha kunye neentlawulo zendawo, kungekhona nje i-LCL okanye i-FCL rates.

Q: Ngaba umthumeli wempahla angandinceda ndiphephe iimviwo kunye nezohlwayo?
IMPENDULO: Akukho mntu unokuyeka ngokupheleleyo iimviwo zamasiko ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwazo alunanjongo okanye lusekelwe kumngcipheko. Umthumeli wempahla onobuchule, ngakolunye uhlangothi, unokunciphisa kakhulu ithuba lemiba ngokuqinisekisa ukuba i-ISF ifakwe ngexesha kwaye ngokuchanekileyo, ukuba onke amaphepha alungelelaniswayo, kwaye iimveliso zichazwe ngokucacileyo. Basenokukunceda ukuba ufumanise ukuba yeyiphi imigaqo esebenzayo kwiimveliso zakho. Oku akuzisusi zonke iindleko zokuthatha uviwo, kodwa kuyawathoba amathuba okuhlawula izohlwayo, ukulinda ixesha elide, okanye kufuneka uphinde uvavanye.

Q: Ingaba ii-Incoterms zizichaphazela njani iintlawulo ezifihliweyo ngokuthunyelwa kwam?
A: I-Incoterms ichaza ukuba ngubani ophethe ukuthunyelwa kunye neentlawulo kwinqanaba ngalinye lohambo. Umzekelo, nge-FOB, umboneleli wakho unoxanduva lweendleko zokufumana iimpahla kwizibuko, kodwa unoxanduva lweendleko zokuzithumela kulwandlekazi nakwindawo yokugqibela eziya kuyo. Phantsi kwe-CIF, umthengisi ukhathalela imithwalo yaselwandle kunye ne-inshurensi, kodwa kungafuneka uhlawule imali eninzi kwi-arhente echongiweyo ukuze ufike kwindawo oya kuyo. Ukuba awuzikhethi ii-Incoterms zakho ngokufanelekileyo kwaye uqinisekise ukuba wonke umntu uyazi ukuba zithetha ukuthini, unokufumanisa ukuba iintlawulo kunye noxanduva alukho apho ucinga ukuba luya kuba khona. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiindleko ezifihlakeleyo.

Q: Kutheni le nto kufuneka ndisebenze nomthumeli okhethekileyo wase-China–e-USA njengoShipping Topway endaweni yokukhetha esona sicatshulwa sinexabiso eliphantsi ixesha ngalinye?
A: Umthumeli okhethekileyo waseTshayina-e-USA wazi okuninzi malunga neTshayina kunye ne-US, kubandakanywa nendlela amazibuko kunye nezithethe ezisebenza ngayo. Abakuthengisi nje ngexabiso eliphantsi lolwandle; zikwakunceda ukuba ucwangcise ikhonkco lolungiselelo olupheleleyo, ukusuka kwinqanaba lokuqala lothutho kunye neenkqubo zokuthumela ngaphandle ukuya kucociso lwempahla, ukugcinwa kwempahla, kunye nokuhanjiswa kweemayile zokugqibela. Ngale ndlela, unokunqanda iindleko ongafanele uzihlawule kwaye uphathe iifizi ekufuneka uzihlawule. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amandla iqabane elithembekileyo ukuvula, ethembekileyo, kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ngokuqhelekileyo kongela imali eninzi kakhulu kunokuba ubuya kwenza ngokujonga ireyithi yentloko esezantsi kwi mpahla nganye.