Iimpazamo zeKhowudi ye-HS kwiZithuthi zaseTshayina-ePortugal: Ixabiso Elifihliweyo
intshayelelo
Minyaka le, amashumi amawaka eekhonteyina ahamba esuka kwiindawo zokuvelisa kunye nezoshishino zaseTshayina ukuya kumazibuko asePortugal, uninzi lwazo iLisbon (Alcântara) kunye neLeixões kufutshane nePorto. Uninzi lwabantu ludlula kwimida yerhafu ngaphandle kweengxaki. Kodwa inxalenye enkulu nehlala ingakhathalelwanga yezo mpahla ithwala ingozi efihlakeleyo enokubiza abathumeli kunye nabathumeli ngaphandle kwamawaka ee-euro ngaphambi kokuba iimpahla zifike kwindawo yazo yokugqibela: iikhowudi zeHarmonized System (HS) ezingalunganga.
Amanani enza iikhowudi ze-HS ngawo enza udidi lwezorhwebo lwehlabathi. I-World Customs Organisation (WCO) yenze le mithetho, esetyenziswa ngamazwe angaphezu kwama-200. Ithi yeyiphi irhafu yexabiso esebenza kwimveliso, ingaba iyasebenza na irhafu yokulwa nokulahla impahla, zeziphi iindlela zokulawula ezikhoyo, kwaye ingaba izihluzi zomngcipheko ezenzekelayo ze-EU ziya kuvumela amaphepha okuthunyelwa ngaphambi kokufika kwempahla. Ukuba wenza impazamo kwinani lokuqala lesithandathu okanye ezilishumi, inokukhokelela ekulindeni irhafu, ukuhlaziywa kwerhafu, izohlwayo zolawulo, kunye nokonakalisa ubudlelwane namagosa erhafu okuthatha iminyaka ukuyilungisa.
Ngowama-2025, ingxaki yaba mandundu kakhulu. Ukususela ngoSeptemba 2025, i-EU's Import Control System 2 (ICS2) Release 3 yafuneka ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iindlela zothutho. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke imithwalo yolwandle esuka eTshayina ukuya ePortugal ngoku kufuneka ibe neSibhengezo sesishwankathelo soNgeniso esibhalwe kakuhle ngaphambi kokuba inqanawa ilayishwe. I-Combined Nomenclature ye-EU nayo yaguqulwa ngo-2025. Oku kongeze izihloko ezitsha zeebhetri, izixhobo ezikrelekrele, kunye nezinye iindidi zemveliso ezibalulekileyo ukurhweba phakathi kweTshayina nePortugal. Iinkampani ezingakhange zihambisane nolu tshintsho ngoku zifunda ngendlela enzima.
Eli nqaku lithetha ngexabiso lokwenyani leempazamo zekhowudi ye-HS kwiimpahla ezivela eTshayina ukuya ePortugal, lichaza imeko yokuthobela imithetho ngo-2025, lidwelisa iindidi zemveliso ezinokubangela iingxaki, kwaye lichaza indlela ukusebenza neqabane lezothutho eliyaziyo into abayenzayo okunokwenza ngayo umahluko phakathi kokususwa kwempahla ngokulula kunye nesifundo esibizayo.
Ukuqonda iikhowudi ze-HS: Ulwakhiwo kunye nesizathu sokuba iimpazamo zenzeke
Inkqubo eHlanganisiweyo ibeka zonke izinto ezitshintshiselwana phakathi kwamazwe ngokwee-hierarchy zezahluko, izihloko, kunye nezihlokwana. Isahluko ngasinye, isihloko, kunye nezihlokwana zimelwe linani elincipha njengoko ulwahlulo lusiya luchaneka ngakumbi. Amanani amabini okuqala abonisa isahluko (umzekelo, Isahluko 85 simalunga noomatshini bombane), amabini alandelayo abonisa isihloko (umzekelo, u-8517 ungoweefowuni), kwaye amanani amabini okugqibela ecandelo elihambelanayo kwihlabathi liphela enza i-subsection. Onke amazwe ehlabathi ayavumelana ngala manani mathandathu okuqala. Izinto ziqala ukuhamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo emva koko.
I-Combined Nomenclature (CN) kunye nenkqubo ye-TARIC zibeka iimpahla kumaqela anamanani alishumi ePortugal nakwamanye amazwe e-EU. Amanani esixhenxe nawesibhozo e-CN abonisa indlela i-EU eyahlulwe ngayo, kwaye amanani esithoba naweshumi abonisa amanyathelo athile omgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo we-EU kuquka iindleko zokuchasana nokulahla impahla, ii-tariff quotas, kunye nemigaqo yokukhetha imvelaphi. EPortugal, kufuneka ufumane onke amanani alishumi ngqo kwiingxelo zerhafu ezisemthethweni.
I-General Administration of Customs (GACC) eTshayina isebenzisa inkqubo enamanani ali-13. Amanani amathandathu okuqala ahambelana nesiseko esivunyiweyo se-WCO, nangona kunjalo amanani asixhenxe ukuya kwishumi elinesithathu amele iimfuno zomthetho zesizwe saseTshayina ezingenanto yakwenza nolwakhiwo lwe-CN ye-EU. Le yenye yeempazamo eziqhelekileyo: Ababoneleli baseTshayina banika ikhowudi yabo yesizwe enamanani ali-13, kwaye abathumeli abangenamava okanye abathengisi bempahla bayikopisha kumaphepha e-EU ngaphandle kokuyitshintsha, nto leyo edala ikhowudi engekhoyo kwisiseko sedatha seTARIC okanye ekhomba kwimveliso engalunganga.
| uphawu | ITshayina (iNkqubo yeGACC) | I-EU / iPortugal (i-TARIC) |
| Amanani ewonke | Idijithali ye13 | Iinombolo ezili-10 (ikhowudi ye-CN) |
| Amanani ama-6 okuqala | Ivisisana kwihlabathi liphela (i-WCO HS 2022) | Ivisisana kwihlabathi liphela (i-WCO HS 2022) |
| Amanani 7–8 | Ulwahlulo lwesizwe saseTshayina | Amagama adibeneyo e-EU (CN) |
| Amanani 9–10+ | Amanye amakhowudi omthetho aseTshayina | Isihlokwana seTARIC (amanyathelo athile e-EU) |
| Amanani okugqibela ama-3 (eTshayina kuphela) | Amanani ongezelelweyo kazwelonke okubeka esweni | N / A |
| ehlaziyiweyo | Ngonyaka (ngesiseko se-HS 2022) | Rhoqo ngonyaka ngeJenali Esemthethweni ye-EU |
Kukwakho neempazamo kuba ukuhlelwa kwemveliso kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukongeza kukungalingani okusisiseko phakathi kweenkqubo zokubhala iikhowudi zaseTshayina neze-EU. Kukho iMithetho emithandathu yokuTolika elawula amagama e-HS e-WCO. Ukuze uyisebenzise ngokufanelekileyo kwiimveliso ezidityanisiweyo, iiseti, okanye izinto ezinemisebenzi engacacanga, udinga uqeqesho olungenalo abantu abaninzi abakwicandelo lokubonelela. Umxube we-shampoo-conditioner, umzekelo, awuhlelwa njenge-shampoo okanye i-conditioner kodwa njengomxube olawulwa nguMthetho 3(b). Isithethi seBluetooth esinezibane ze-LED esakhelwe ngaphakathi asisibane. Olu mahluko lubaluleke kakhulu xa isihloko semveliso enye sinomsebenzi we-3.7% kwaye isihloko senye imveliso sinomsebenzi we-14% kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba iinkqubo zokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma.
Ixabiso Lokwenyani: Kwenzeka Ntoni Xa Ikhowudi Ingalunganga
Uninzi lwabathumeli abazi ukuba bangalahlekelwa yimalini ukuba benze impazamo ngekhowudi ye-HS kwimpahla evela eTshayina eya ePortugal. Oku kungenxa yokuba ichaphazela indawo engaphezu kwesinye ngexesha. Eyona ndleko icacileyo kukuphinda kuhlolwe irhafu. Ukuba amasiko asePortugal afumanisa ukuba impahla ibhengezwe phantsi kwekhowudi yerhafu ephantsi kunokuba bekufanele ukuba ibe njalo, umngenisi kufuneka ahlawule umahluko kunye nenzala ukususela ngomhla eyangeniswa ngawo. Ngo-2025, iinkqubo zesohlwayo ze-EU ziya kuvumela izohlwayo ezifikelela kwi-100% yerhafu engahlawulwanga ngenxa yokwahlulwahlulwa ngabom. EPortugal, izohlwayo zolawulo zeempazamo ezingakhathaliyo zinokufikelela kwi-€5,000 ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye.
Kodwa umsantsa wemirhumo uhlala uyinxalenye encinci yeendleko zonke. Ukuba i-custom ifumene impazamo yekhowudi ekuthunyelweni, i-container ihlala kwi-terminal yaseLisbon okanye eLeixões ngelixa uphononongo luqhubeka. Emva kokuba ixesha lasimahla liphelile, iindleko zokunciphisa ii-container kunye neendleko zokubamba kwiizibuko zasePortugal zihlala ziqala kwi-€150 ukuya kwi-€300 ngosuku nge-container nganye. Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo oluthatha iintsuku ezintlanu ukucima i-custom lubiza i-€1,500 kwi-terminal kuphela, ngaphandle kwezohlwayo. Iindleko ezongezelelweyo zokonakala, amaxesha okuthengisa alahlekileyo, kunye nokuthengwa kwakhona okungxamisekileyo zinokuba phezulu kakhulu kunezohlwayo ze-custom zempahla ejongene nobushushu okanye ukuhanjiswa ekufuneka kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza.
Ukunyanzeliswa kwe-ICS2 Release 3 kongeze elinye izinga lomngcipheko elalingekho ngaphambi kukaSeptemba 2025. Ukuba ikhowudi ye-HS kwi-Entry Summary Declaration (ENS) ayinamanani (angaphantsi kwesithandathu), ayifani nenkcazo yeempahla, okanye iwela kudidi lwemveliso enomngcipheko ophezulu, ii-algorithms zohlalutyo lomngcipheko ze-EU ziya kuxelela ukuthunyelwa ukuba UNGALAYI okanye UNGAKHULULI ngaphambi kokuba kufike ePortugal. Ukulungisa ifayile ye-ENS eyaliwe, kufuneka uyithumele kwakhona kwi-EU Customs Data Hub, usebenzisane nomthumeli, umthumeli, kunye nomthumeli, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, ulinde inqanawa elandelayo ekhoyo ukuba ihambe. Ngokutsho kovavanyo lweshishini, ukulibaziseka okubangelwe yi-ENS kongeze umyinge weentsuku ezintathu ukuya kwezisixhenxe zokusebenza kwiimpahla ezithintelweyo ngo-2025.
| Isimo | Ixabiso lokuThunyelwa | Ixabiso elongezelelweyo eliqikelelweyo | Unobangela weengcambu |
| Intlawulo engaphantsi kwexabiso lomrhumo | €80,000 | €6,000–€14,000 irhafu engasemva kunye nenzala | Isihloko sesahluko esingalunganga; kusetyenziswe ikhowudi yomsebenzi ophantsi |
| Ukungavunyelwa kwe-ENS kwizibuko laseLisbon | Naliphi na ixabiso | €1,500–€4,000 kwimirhumo yokunciphisa iindleko kunye nokufaka kwakhona iifayile | I-HS enamanani ama-4 kwi-ENS; ICS2 Release 3 ifuna ubuncinci amanani ama-6 |
| Ukuvezwa komsebenzi wokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma | €50,000 | €15,000–€30,000 imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo | Imveliso ayichazwanga kakuhle kwikhowudi ye-CN ephethe amanyathelo e-ADD |
| Isohlwayo sesiko lasePortugal (loluntu) | Naliphi na ixabiso | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-€5,000 ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye | Ukungahlelwa kakuhle kweenkcukacha kufunyenwe ngexesha lophicotho-zincwadi emva kokuqinisekiswa kweenkcukacha |
| Ukubala gwenxa kwe-VAT | €30,000 | €1,500–€4,000 i-VAT engafanelekanga + isohlwayo | Isiseko sexabiso le-CIF esingalunganga ngenxa yezinga le-VAT eliqhagamshelwe kwi-HS elingalunganga |
Kukwakho neendleko zexesha elide ezingaboniswa rhoqo kwii-invoyisi: iindleko zokusebenza kunye nodumo lokuba ngumngenisi ophawulweyo. Njengazo zonke iisebe zerhafu ze-EU, irhafu yerhafu yasePortugal igcina umkhondo weenkcukacha zomngcipheko wabangenisi ngokusekelwe kwindlela abayilandela ngayo imithetho. Ukuba inkampani ibineengxaki ezininzi ngeekhowudi ze-HS kwiimpahla ezininzi ezithunyelwayo, kusenokufuneka ukuba ihlolwe ngokwasemzimbeni ukuthunyelwa kwayo okuninzi, okuya kuba yirhafu yolwakhiwo kuzo zonke izinto ezithunyelwayo ezivela eTshayina ezihlala ixesha elide emva kokuba iimpazamo zokuqala zilungisiwe.
Indawo Yokuthobela Umthetho ka-2025: ICS2, Uhlaziyo lwe-CN, kunye ne-CBAM
Utshintsho oluthathu kwimithetho ngo-2025 lwenze kwabaluleka ngakumbi kunangaphambili ukwahlulahlula ngokuchanekileyo ukuthunyelwa kwe-HS phakathi kweTshayina nePortugal.
Ukukhutshwa kwe-ICS2 3: Ukunyanzeliswa Okupheleleyo Kuzo Zonke Iindlela
Zonke iintlobo zothutho ezingena okanye ezidlula kwi-EU, kuquka zonke imithwalo yolwandle Ukufika eLisbon Alcântara naseLeixões, bekukho phantsi kwe-ICS2 Release 3 ukusukela nge-1 kaSeptemba 2025. Ngaphambi kokuba inqanawa ilayishwe kwizibuko lokuqala, yonke imithwalo ngoku kufuneka ibe neSibhengezo esipheleleyo sesishwankathelo sokuNgena. Esi sibhengezo kufuneka siquke ubuncinci iikhowudi ze-HS ezinamanani amathandathu kumgca ngamnye wempahla, inkcazo ecacileyo nechanekileyo yezinto, kunye namanani e-EORI asebenzayo kuwo onke amaqela abandakanyekayo. Amagosa erhafu e-EU athi ngokwesiqhelo, amazwe amaninzi angamalungu afuna amanani asibhozo okanye ali-10 kwiindidi zemveliso ezinokuba yingozi ngakumbi. I-ENS ayisengomthetho nje kuphela; sisihluzo sangaphambi kokukhutshwa kwempahla esinamazinyo okwenyani okunyanzeliswa.
Uhlaziyo lwamagama adibeneyo e-EU ka-2025
Minyaka le, i-EU CN ihlaziywa kwaye ipapashwa kwiJenali Esemthethweni ye-EU. Uhlelo luka-2025 longeze izihloko ezitsha okanye ezihlelwe ngokutsha kwiindawo ezininzi zemveliso ezibalulekileyo ukurhweba phakathi kweTshayina nePortugal. Ezi ziquka iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri (Isahluko 85), ezikrelekrele ikhaya izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nezinye iintlobo zeempahla ezithi zenziwe ngezinto ezizinzileyo. Kwabathumela ngaphandle nabathengi abasebenzisa iikhowudi ezifanayo ze-HS kwiifayile zabo eziphambili zemveliso iminyaka emininzi ngaphandle kokuzijonga, uhlaziyo lwe-CN luka-2025 lubonisa ukuba ezinye zezo khowudi ngoku ziphelelwe lixesha okanye zifuduselwe kudidi olutsha. Ukuzifaka kuya kubangela iflegi yokungafani ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-EU Customs Data Hub.
I-CBAM: Intsimbi, iAluminiyam, kunye noko kuza emva koko
I-EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism yaba yinto esisigxina ngo-2026, emva kwexesha lokunika ingxelo elathatha ixesha elide ukuya kuthi ga ngo-2025. Ikhowudi ye-HS yeyona ndlela iphambili apho izinto zibizwa ngokuba zihambelana ne-CBAM kumda wokuthunyelwa phakathi kweTshayina nePortugal eziquka intsimbi, i-aluminium, isamente, izichumisi, amandla kunye ne-hydrogen. Amagunya e-EU acacise ukuba ikhowudi ye-HS engachanekanga ebeka iimpahla ezigqunywe yi-CBAM ngaphandle kweendidi ezigqunywe yiyo eyona nto iphambili ekunyanzelisweni. Irejista ye-EU CBAM inokumisa abangenisi ekungeniseni iimveliso ezigqunywe yiyo, okungaphezulu nje kweentlawulo zerhafu.
Iindidi zeeMveliso eziMngcipheko oPhezulu kwindlela yaseTshayina ukuya ePortugal
Ayizizo zonke iintlobo zemveliso ezinomngcipheko ofanayo wokwahlulwahlulwa kwe-HS. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ezinye iimveliso zingena kakuhle phantsi kwesihloko esinye. Ezinye zikwiindawo eziphikisanayo phakathi kwezihloko ezingaphezu kwesinye, ziphantsi kophando olusebenzayo lokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma okanye ukujongana nomsebenzi wokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma, okanye zijoliswe ngokucacileyo kuhlaziyo lwe-EU CN 2025. Amashishini athumela iimpahla ukusuka eTshayina ukuya ePortugal kufuneka anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kula maqela alandelayo.
| Udidi lweMveliso | Izahluko ze-HS eziqhelekileyo | Umngcipheko ongundoqo | Kutheni Kunzima |
| Izixhobo zombane zabathengi | 8471, 8517, 8525 | Imisebenzi yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma + ulawulo lokusetyenziswa kabini | Umsebenzi umisela ikhowudi; izixhobo zemisebenzi emininzi azicacanga |
| Iimpahla kunye nempahla | Izahluko 61–63 | Amanyathelo okukhusela kunye nokukhusela asekelwe kwimvelaphi | Ukwakheka kwefayibha kunye nokwahluka kokuluka/ukuluka kubalulekile |
| Iibhetri zeLithium / i-e-mobility | 8507, 8714 | Izihlokwana ezintsha ze-CN 2025; i-ADD enzima evela eTshayina | Iikhowudi ezintsha ze-EU CN 2025 zongezwe kwiintlobo zebhetri |
| Iimveliso zentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium | Izahluko 72–76 | Izibophelelo ze-CBAM + iirhafu zokukhusela | Inqanaba lokucubungula kunye nohlobo lwe-alloy luchaza isihlokwana |
| Iiphaneli zelanga / izinto zamandla | 8541 | Uphando olusebenzayo lokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma ngo-2025 | Uhlobo lwetekhnoloji (i-mono/poly/thin-film) lutshintsha udidi |
| Ifenitshala kunye nempahla yasekhaya | Isahluko 94 | Iingxabano ngokwakhiwa kwezinto | Umthi, isinyithi, umxube weplastiki uchaphazela umsebenzi wokuhambisa izihloko |
I-EU inemithetho esebenzayo yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma kunye neyokulwa nerhafu ngokuchasene nenani elikhulu leendidi zeemveliso ezivela eTshayina. Olu luhlu lukhule kakhulu ngo-2024 nango-2025. Xa ikhowudi ye-CN inemisebenzi yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma, umahluko kwirhafu phakathi kwekhowudi echanekileyo nengalunganga unokuba mkhulu kakhulu. Umzekelo, umahluko unokuba phakathi kwerhafu eqhelekileyo ye-4% kunye nezinga elidibeneyo elingaphezulu kwama-40%. Ukufumana ikhowudi eyiyo ayikokulandela nje imithetho yamashishini akwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo; yinto ethe ngqo yokuba angahlala kwishishini okanye angahlali.
Apho Iimpazamo Zenziwa Khona: Inyani Yekhonkco Lobonelelo
Ukuze ulungise iingxaki zekhowudi ye-HS, kufuneka wazi apho zenzeka khona kwinkqubo yokuthumela. Enyanisweni, inkqubo yokwahlulahlula ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ukusuka eTshayina ukuya ePortugal ibandakanya abantu abaliqela: umthumeli wempahla waseTshayina, umthumeli wempahla apho isuka khona, umthumeli werekhodi, umthengisi werhafu ePortugal, kunye nomthumeli we-EU. Ngamnye kwaba bantu unokwabela okanye akhuphele iikhowudi ze-HS ngaphandle kokuzijonga ngokufanelekileyo.
Ingxaki Yokwabiwa Kwababoneleli
Umthengisi waseTshayina osebenzisa ikhowudi yakhe yesizwe enamanani ali-13 kuluhlu lwe-invoyisi yorhwebo kunye noluhlu lokupakisha yeyona nto iphambili yempazamo yokuqala. Ababoneleli abathumela impahla ngaphandle bayazi indlela iChina Customs ehlela ngayo izinto, kodwa hayi indlela i-EU ehlela ngayo. Xa umntu othumela impahla ngaphandle ongengongcali yezerhafu efaka loo khowudi inamanani ali-13 kumaphepha okungenisa e-EU, badla ngokuphoswa yinto yokuba amanani okwandiswa kwesizwe saseTshayina awahambelani nolwakhiwo lwe-EU CN.
Uhlu lokukopa nokuncamathisela
Iingcali zerhafu zihlala zibona iimpazamo ezininzi "zokopela nokuncamathisela udidi", oko kuthetha ukusebenzisa ikhowudi efanayo ye-HS evela kwimpahla yangaphambili ngaphandle kokujonga ukuba isalungile na kwizinto ezikhoyo. Oku kuyingozi ngakumbi xa iinkcukacha zemveliso zitshintshile kancinci, njengaxa uhlaziyo lwe-firmware lutshintsha injongo ephambili yesixhobo, utshintsho kwisakhiwo sefayibha lutshintsha isihloko selaphu, okanye utshintsho kwikhemistri yebhetri ewela phantsi kwecandelo elitsha le-CN 2025. Akukho mntu uphinda ahlole ikhowudi kuba yayisebenza ngaphambili.
Iindlela ezimfutshane zoXinzelelo lwesantya kunye neeMpawu zoLwazi
Abathumeli bempahla kunye nabathengisi bempahla abasebenza kwiindawo ezinempahla eninzi kunye nemali ephantsi basoloko bephantsi koxinzelelo lokukhupha impahla ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba umthengi ukunika i-invoyisi yorhwebo enekhowudi ye-HS esele igcwalisiwe, into elula onokuyenza kukuyamkela njengoko injalo kwaye ufake isibhengezo. Kuthatha ixesha ukujongana nohlu, ucele iinkcukacha zemveliso, ukhangele amanqaku enkcazo ye-WCO, okanye ufake isicelo sesigqibo se-Binding Tariff Information. Indlela yokusebenza yorhwebo ayivumeli lula oku, ngaphandle kokuba umntu othumelayo kufuneka ngokukodwa kwaye unezixhobo zokubonelela ngeenkonzo zengcebiso ngempahla endaweni yokufaka nje amaphepha.
Indlela iTopway Shipping ejongana ngayo nomngeni wokuHlelwa kweHS
I-Topway Shipping, ebisebenza ukusukela ngo-2010 kwaye iseShenzhen, yaqalwa liqela labantu ababesebenza kwi-logistics yamazwe ngamazwe kunye ne-customs clearance iminyaka engaphezu kwe-15. Loo mvelaphi ibalulekile ekuthobeleni ikhowudi ye-HS kuba inkampani ye-logistics eqalwe ziingcali ze-customs ibona ukuhlelwa njengenkonzo ephambili, kungekhona into eyenzekayo ecaleni.
Indlela yeTopway yokuthumela impahla esuka eTshayina ukuya ePortugal ibandakanya lonke uthotho lwezinto ezithuthwayo, ukuqala ngethuba impahla ishiya umenzi waseTshayina. Oku kuquka ukuthuthwa kokuqala ukusuka kumzi-mveliso okanye kwindawo yokurhweba ukuya kwizibuko lokunduluka, ukususwa kwempahla ngaphandle kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhowudi ye-HS ngokuchasene nenkqubo ye-GACC yaseTshayina kunye ne-TARIC ye-EU, ukubhukisha ukuthutha impahla elwandle kwiinkonzo ze-FCL (Full Container Load) kunye ne-LCL (Less-than-Container-Load) ukuya kwizibuko zasePortugal, kunye nenkxaso yokususwa kwempahla ePortugal edityaniswe nabathengisi bempahla abaneelayisenisi basekuhlaleni.
Kwabathumeli-mpahla baseTshayina abancinci kunye nabathumeli-mpahla basePortugal abangathumeli ngokwaneleyo ukuzalisa iikhonteyina ezikhethekileyo, ukhetho lwe-LCL luluncedo kakhulu. Ngokudityaniswa kwe-LCL, ishishini elithumela ii-CBM ezi-5 okanye ezili-15 zeempahla lisenokufumana uncedo lokulawula amaphepha erhafu kwingcali endaweni yokuxhomekeka kumthengisi wokudibanisa obona amaphepha njengomsebenzi wolawulo endaweni yokuthobela imithetho.
Iqela leTopway liyazi indlela inkqubo yesizwe yaseTshayina enamanani ali-13 eyahlukileyo ngayo kwi-TARIC ye-EU, kwaye basebenzisa inkqubo yokuguqula echanekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iikhowudi ze-HS kumaxwebhu okuthumela ngaphandle aseTshayina, i-ENS efayila i-ICS2, kunye nesibhengezo esisemthethweni sokungenisa impahla sasePortugal zonke ziyahambelana kwaye zichanekile. Kwihlabathi apho i-ICS2 Release 3 ngoku inemiphumo yokwenyani ekunyanzelisweni kweekhowudi ezingahambelaniyo okanye ezingekhoyo, olo lungelelwaniso lulo olubangela umahluko phakathi kokuthunyelwa kwempahla okuhamba kakuhle kunye nokwaseLeixões terminal kwaye kuqokelela imali yokugcina.
Ukulungisa impazamo: Okufanele ukwenze xa sele yenzekile
Ukuba sele kukho impazamo yerhafu, nokuba ibanjwe kumda wasePortugal okanye ifunyenwe ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwerhafu emva kokuhlawula, indlela ophendula ngayo ibaluleke kakhulu ekunciphiseni uxanduva lwakho. Eyona nto imbi enokwenzeka kukuhlala phantsi ulinde irhafu yasePortugal ukuba yenze uvavanyo lwayo. Oku kuthetha ukuhlawula iirhafu eziphezulu ezivavanyiweyo kunye namazinga enzala angagqibekanga, asekelwe kumhla wokungenisa.
Ukutyhila ngokuzithandela yeyona ndlela ingcono. I-Union Customs Code (UCC) ePortugal ilandela umthetho we-EU customs. Ithi ukuba umngenisi okanye ummeli wakhe ulungisa isibhengezo ngaphambi kokuba i-customs iqale uphando, banokufumana isohlwayo esiphantsi okanye bangabi nasohlwayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka ufake uhlaziyo kwingxelo yokuqala ye-customs, uhlawule nawuphi na umahluko werhafu osele utyaliwe kanye, kwaye uchaze ngokucacileyo ukuba impazamo yenzeke njani. Isibhengezo sokuzithandela asinciphisi nje kuphela ingozi yokufumana isohlwayo esiphezulu, kodwa sikwathumela umyalezo omhle kwinkqubo yeprofayili yomngcipheko we-customs yasePortugal, enceda umngenisi ukuba angabizwa ngokuba ngumntu ochaza umngcipheko ophezulu.
Ungafaka isilungiso se-ENS nge-EU Customs Data Hub ukuba ufumana iimpazamo ngaphambi kokuba ukuthunyelwa kuphume eTshayina. Oku kubiza kancinci kakhulu kunokulungisa impazamo emva kokuba ifikile kuba akufuneki ihlawulele i-demurrage okanye uvavanyo lwezonyango. Le nkqubo ifuna ukuba i-ENS ehlaziyiweyo ithunyelwe ngexesha elaneleyo ngaphambi kokuba inqanawa ifike. Kwindlela yasePortugal esuka kumazibuko aseTshayina, oku kuthetha ukuba isilungiso kufuneka sifakwe kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokufumana impazamo yokuqala yokungeniswa, kuxhomekeke kuhambo lwenqanawa.
Iindlela Ezilungileyo Zokusebenza: Ukwakha Indlela Yokuhlela-UkuQala
Ngokuphathelele ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ye-HS, ukuthintela kubiza kancinci kunokulungisa. Iinkampani ezithutha impahla ukusuka eTshayina ukuya ePortugal rhoqo zinokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wazo wokwenza iimpazamo ngokwenza izibophelelo ezimbalwa zokusebenza ezingabizi kakhulu kodwa ezibonelela ngokhuseleko oluhlala ixesha elide.
Eyokuqala kukugcina ilayibrari ephakathi yeekhowudi ze-HS zemveliso edibanisa i-SKU nganye kwikhowudi ye-EU CN efanelekileyo. Eli thala leencwadi kufuneka lihlolwe kube kanye ngonyaka ngokuchasene ne-EU Combined Nomenclature entsha ephuma rhoqo ngoNovemba kunyaka olandelayo. Oku kuthintela abantu ekwenzeni iimpazamo xa bekopa kwaye bencamathisela, kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lwe-CN 2025 luyarekhodwa ngaphambi kokuba lukhokelele kwizenzo zokunyanzelisa umthetho. Ithala leencwadi kufuneka liqinisekise ukuba ikhowudi yokuthumela ngaphandle yaseTshayina kunye nekhowudi yokungenisa ye-EU zahlukile enye kwenye. Kufuneka ibandakanye nenkcazo yezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kumaphepha eerhafu ukuze ikhowudi kunye nenkcazo zihlale zifana.
Okwesibini kukuba umthengisi wempahla okanye umthengisi werhafu ophethe isibhengezo sokungenisa impahla se-EU kufuneka ajonge iikhowudi ze-HS kwii-invoyisi zorhwebo ezivela kubaboneleli baseTshayina endaweni yokuzamkela nje. Olu vavanyo kufuneka luquke ukujonga ikhowudi ngokuchasene nedathabheyisi ye-TARIC, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho manyathelo asebenzayo okulwa nokulahla impahla okanye okukhusela impahla, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkcazo yeempahla ineenkcukacha ezaneleyo ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho ye-ICS2 ENS.
Ukuba ufuna ukuqiniseka ngemeko esemthethweni yemveliso entsonkothileyo, enexabiso eliphezulu, okanye ehanjiswa rhoqo, ungacela isigqibo se-Binding Tariff Information (BTI) kwigunya elifanelekileyo leerhafu le-EU. Oku kuya kuhlala iminyaka emithathu. I-BTI sisigqibo esibhaliweyo esivela kwigunya leerhafu esiqinisekisa ikhowudi ye-CN efanelekileyo yemveliso echaziweyo. Ikhusela umngenisi ekujongeni imiba yokuhlelwa kamva logama nje imveliso ihambelana nenkcazo kwisigqibo. Inkqubo yesicelo ithatha malunga neenyanga ezintathu, kodwa ifanelekile kulo naluphi na udidi lwemveliso apho umahluko kwirhafu phakathi kweentloko ubalulekile kwishishini.
isiphelo
Iimpazamo ngeekhowudi ze-HS kwiimpahla ezivela eTshayina ukuya ePortugal aziyongxaki yobugcisa nje kuphela. Ziyingozi eqhelekileyo kwishishini echaphazela zonke iintlobo zamashishini, nokuba zininzi kangakanani na iimpahla ezithunyelwayo, kwaye zinokuba nemiphumo yezemali eqala ekucaphukiseni ukuya kwintlekele. Imeko yokuthobela imithetho ngo-2025, equka ukuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-ICS2 Release 3, uhlaziyo lwe-EU CN 2025, kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo lweenkqubo zokulwa nokulahla impahla eTshayina, kwenze kwaba kubaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili ukwahlulahlula izinto ngokuchanekileyo.
Ukungalungi akusiso isizathu esisisiseko sokwakheka. Kunzima ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokwahlulahlula ehambelanayo kwihlabathi liphela kodwa eyandisiweyo kwilizwe lonke kwindalo enkulu netshintsha rhoqo yemveliso, ingakumbi xa uthotho lokubonelela lubandakanya abantu abaninzi kwiindawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zolawulo. Iikhowudi zelizwe zaseTshayina ezinamanani ali-13 kunye nesicwangciso se-TARIC se-EU esinenani eli-10 kuphela zinamanani amathandathu okuqala afanayo. Yonke into engaphaya koko kufuneka iguqulelwe, ingakotshwa.
I-Topway Shipping ibisoloko ikwishishini lokuhambisa impahla kwamanye amazwe kunye nokususa impahla kwiirhafu kangangeminyaka eli-15. Ibonelela ngemodeli yenkonzo ephela yonke into ukusuka kumzi-mveliso waseTshayina ukuya emnyango wasePortugal. Oku kuthetha ukuba ingakwazi ukujongana nayo yonke loo ngxaki kubathengi bayo. Esinye sezigqibo ezilungileyo inkampani enokuzenza ukuphuhlisa urhwebo phakathi kweTshayina nePortugal ngaphandle kokuhlawula iifizi zerhafu ezingafunekiyo kukusebenzisana neqabane lezothutho elibona ukuhlelwa kwe-HS njengentsimi yobungcali kunokuba ngumsebenzi wolawulo nje.
FAQs
Q: Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwekhowudi ye-HS yaseTshayina kunye nekhowudi ye-EU TARIC?
A: Iinombolo zokuqala ezintandathu ezihambelanayo ze-WCO ziyafana kuzo zombini iinkqubo. Emva koko, kwiingqwalasela zomthetho wesizwe, iTshayina yongeza ezinye iinombolo ezisixhenxe, yenze ikhowudi enamanani ali-13. I-EU ineenombolo ezilishumi, ezenziwe yiCombined Nomenclature (iinombolo 7-8) kunye nomlinganiselo we-TARIC (iinombolo 9-10). Awunakutshintsha iinombolo zolwandiso. Kwiingxelo zesithethe zasePortugal, inombolo yaseTshayina enamanani ali-13 kufuneka itshintshelwe kwikhowudi ye-CN enamanani ali-10 ye-EU.
Q: Zithini izohlwayo zokwahlulwa kakubi kwekhowudi ye-HS kwizithethe zasePortugal?
A: Phantsi komthetho werhafu yasePortugal, izohlwayo zolawulo ngenxa yokwahlulwahlulwa ngokungakhathaliyo zinokufikelela kwi-€5,000 ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye. Iindlela zezohlwayo ze-EU zivumela izohlwayo ezifikelela kwi-100% yemali yerhafu eyathi yathintelwa ngenxa yokunciphisa ngabom ukuhlelwa kweempahla ukuze kuthintelwe ukuhlawula iirhafu. Zombini ezi meko zinokukhokelela ekuhlolweni emva kokususwa kwempahla kunye nokubekwa kweprofayili yomngcipheko ombi kwiimpahla ezizayo.
Q: I-ICS2 Release 3 iyichaphazela njani imfuneko yekhowudi ye-HS yokuthutha ulwandle phakathi kweTshayina nePortugal?
A: Phantsi komthetho werhafu yasePortugal, izohlwayo zolawulo ngenxa yokwahlulwahlulwa ngokungakhathaliyo zinokufikelela kwi-€5,000 ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye. Iindlela zezohlwayo ze-EU zivumela izohlwayo ezifikelela kwi-100% yemali yerhafu eyathi yathintelwa ngenxa yokunciphisa ngabom ukuhlelwa kweempahla ukuze kuthintelwe ukuhlawula iirhafu. Zombini ezi meko zinokukhokelela ekuhlolweni emva kokususwa kwempahla kunye nokubekwa kweprofayili yomngcipheko ombi kwiimpahla ezizayo.
Q: Zeziphi iindidi zemveliso ezivela eTshayina ezithwala umngcipheko ophezulu wokuhlelwa kwe-HS kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa ePortugal?
A: Phantsi komthetho werhafu yasePortugal, izohlwayo zolawulo ngenxa yokwahlulwahlulwa ngokungakhathaliyo zinokufikelela kwi-€5,000 ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye. Iindlela zezohlwayo ze-EU zivumela izohlwayo ezifikelela kwi-100% yemali yerhafu eyathi yathintelwa ngenxa yokunciphisa ngabom ukuhlelwa kweempahla ukuze kuthintelwe ukuhlawula iirhafu. Zombini ezi meko zinokukhokelela ekuhlolweni emva kokususwa kwempahla kunye nokubekwa kweprofayili yomngcipheko ombi kwiimpahla ezizayo.
Q: Ndingayilungisa na impazamo yekhowudi ye-HS emva kokuba ukuthunyelwa sele kuhambile eTshayina?
A: Ewe, kodwa ukhetho kunye neendleko zixhomekeke ekubeni ubuza nini. Ungafaka isilungiso se-ENS nge-EU Customs Data Hub ukuba inqanawa ayikafiki ePortugal. Emva kokuba iimpahla zifikile, ungafaka isilungiso kwisibhengezo sokungenisa impahla. Kungcono ukwenza oku njengokwazisa ngokuzithandela ngaphambi kokuba i-custom iqale uhlolo olusemthethweni, njengoko oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wezohlwayo phantsi kwemithetho ye-UCC. Utshintsho olwenziwe emva kokuba uphando lwe-custom luqalile alukukhuseli kangako.
Q: I-Topway Shipping inceda njani ekuthinteleni iimpazamo zekhowudi ye-HS kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa eTshayina nasePortugal?
A: Iqela leTopway Shipping lijonga iikhowudi ze-HS ngokuchasene nenkqubo yokuthumela impahla ngaphandle yaseTshayina kunye ne-EU TARIC ngexesha lokulungiselela amaxwebhu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba i-invoyisi yorhwebo, uluhlu lokupakisha, ukufakwa kwe-ICS2 ENS, kunye nesibhengezo esisemthethweni sokungenisa impahla ziyahambelana. I-Topway ibikwishishini lokucoca amasiko kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwe-15. Basingatha zonke iinkalo zezothutho ukusuka eTshayina ukuya ePortugal kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlelwa ngokuchanekileyo kuyinto ephambili, kungekhona into yokucinga kamva.
