Iimpazamo zeKhowudi ye-HS ezibiza amawakawaka abathumeli baseJamani
intshayelelo
Minyaka le, abangenisi baseJamani balahlekelwa yimali eninzi, kungengenxa yokuba imakethi imbi okanye ababoneleli babo bayasilela, kodwa ngenxa yoluhlu lwamanani kwingxelo yerhafu. Ikhowudi yeHarmonized System (HS) linani eliqhelekileyo elinikwa zonke iintlobo zeempahla ezithengiswayo. Lisisiseko sendlela esetyenziswa ngayo iirhafu zerhafu, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, kunye namanyathelo okulwa nokulahla impahla. Ukuba ukwenza ngokugqibeleleyo, izinto zakho ziya kuphumelela ngaphandle kweengxaki. Ukuba awukwenzi ngokuchanekileyo, ungajongana noluhlu lwezohlwayo, ukusuka kwizibhengezo ezincinci ukuya kuvavanyo lwemisebenzi emihlanu, ukulibaziseka kokuthunyelwa, kwanamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yobuqhetseba berhafu kwiimeko ezibi kakhulu.
IJamani icubungula ukungeniswa kwempahla okungaphezulu kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe le-EU. Ixabiso lempahla engena kweli lizwe lingaphezulu kwe-€1.3 trillion minyaka le. I-Bundeszollverwaltung ligunya leerhafu lelizwe, kwaye inenye yezona ndawo zingqongqo zokuthobela imithetho eYurophu. Iqinisekisa imithetho nge-Union Customs Code (UCC) ye-EU, isiseko sedatha seTARIC, kunye nenkqubo yokucoca yedijithali ebizwa ngokuba yi-ATLAS. Ukusukela ngo-2024, imithetho iye yaba ngqongqo nangakumbi. Imisebenzi yeKhomishini yaseYurophu yokuthintela izithuthi zombane zaseTshayina, i-Combined Nomenclature entsha eqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 2025, kunye nokuqaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwe-ICS2 Phase 3 konke kwenze inkqubo yokwahlulahlula inzima ngakumbi.
Eli nqaku lithetha ngeempazamo zekhowudi ye-HS eziqhelekileyo nezibizayo ezenziwa ngabathumeli baseJamani. Likwachaza indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo yesohlwayo phantsi komthetho waseJamani nowe-EU kwaye linika iingcebiso ezisebenzayo malunga nendlela yokuphepha ukuhlelwa kakubi. Umzekelo, lithi ukusebenza neqabane elinamava lezothutho kunye nelamasiko kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu.
Ukuqonda iKhowudi: ii-HS, i-CN, i-TARIC, kunye nee-Sub-Codes zaseJamani
Abangenisi badla ngokudideka kuba igama elithi “HS code” alithethi inombolo enye yehlabathi, kodwa lithetha uthotho lweeleya. I-World Customs Organisation (WCO) igcina iHarmonized System, eyikhowudi enamanani amathandathu esetyenziswa ngamazwe angaphezu kwama-200 kwaye igubungela iintlobo zeempahla ezingaphezu kwama-5,000. Xa urhweba, amanani amathandathu okuqala aya kufana nokuba uthumela iimpahla ezivela eShanghai okanye uzizisa eHamburg.
I-Combined Nomenclature (CN), esetyenziselwa iirhafu kunye nezibalo kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu e-EU, yongeza amanani amane angaphezulu koku. I-Integrated Tariff ye-EU, okanye i-TARIC, yongeza amanani amabini angaphezulu, alishumi lilonke, ukugubungela amanyathelo athile omgaqo-nkqubo worhwebo afana neentlawulo zokuchasana nokulahla impahla, amanyathelo okuchasana, kunye nokumiswa kokungenisa impahla. IJamani inokongeza inani leshumi elinanye kwizinto ezifana nekhowudi ye-VAT kunye nemida ethile yokungenisa impahla elungiselelwe elo lizwe kuphela. Kwenza umahluko omkhulu: awunakukopisha nje ikhowudi ye-HS yomthumeli-mhlaba waseTshayina enamanani amathandathu kwisibhengezo sokungenisa impahla saseJamani. Isibhengezo sifuna ikhowudi ye-TARIC esebenzayo enamanani alishumi. Ukuba usebenzisa ikhowudi emfutshane okanye eyahlukileyo, ifayile ayivumelekanga.
Iileya ezine zoHlelo ezisetyenziswa eJamani
| Umaleko weKhowudi | Iigumbi | IQumrhu Elilawulayo | umda |
| HS Code | 6 | Umbutho weHlabathi woRhwebo (WCO) | I-Universal – isetyenziswa ngamazwe angaphezu kwama-200 |
| I-Combined Nomenclature (CN) | 8 | udibano lwaseyurophu | Irhafu kunye nezibalo-manani kwi-EU yonke |
| I-TARIC | 10 | Komishoni yaseYurophu | Amanyathelo olawulo e-EU (ukuchasa ukulahla inkunkuma, njl.njl.) |
| Ikhowudi yesizwe yaseJamani | 11 | I-Bundeszollverwaltung | Ukubhalwa kwekhowudi ye-VAT, imiqathango yesizwe |
I-EU Combined Nomenclature yahlaziywa ngoJanuwari 2025 yaza yapapashwa njenge-Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2522. Yongeze izihloko ezincinci ezintsha kwizahluko ezininzi, ezifana neetumato ezintsha (ezihlelwe ngokobukhulu kunye nohlobo lomboniso), iinkozo ezikhuliswe ngokwendalo, ii-biofuels, ii-shark fins, kunye neegesi ezingaqhelekanga ezingenayo imveliso. Abangenisi abangazange bahlaziye iidathabheyisi zabo zohlu lwemveliso ngoJanuwari 1, 2025, umhla owaqala ngawo ukusebenza imithetho emitsha, bafumanise ukuba izibhengezo zabo ezimiyo azisasebenzi ukususela ngomhla wokuqala wonyaka omtsha. Oku akusiyongxaki nje yethiyori; xa inkqubo yokucoca nge-elektroniki ye-ATLAS yaseJamani ifumana iikhowudi ezingachanekanga okanye ezindala, iyazamkela ngoko nangoko, nto leyo ebangela ukulibaziseka kwaye inokukhokelela ekuhlolweni.
Iimpazamo ze-HS Code eziqhelekileyo - kunye nexabiso lazo ngokwenene
Iimpazamo zokwahlulahlula zidla ngokwenzeka kwiimeko ezithile. Ezinye zivela kwinto yokuba amagama anzima kakhulu. Umzekelo, imveliso ingangena phantsi kwezihloko ezibini okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye ukhetho olufanelekileyo luxhomekeke ekwazini amaNqaku eeNkcazo ze-WCO kunye neMithetho Jikelele yokuTolika. Ezinye zenzeka ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwexesha, ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwiikhowudi ezinikwe ngababoneleli, okanye ukusebenzisa iidathabheyisi zakudala zokwahlulahlula. Udidi oluncinci kodwa olunzima ngakumbi luquka ukungazihluli ngabom iimpahla ukuze kuphetshwe ukuhlawula iirhafu, nto leyo amasiko aseJamani ayibona njengolwaphulo-mthetho.
| Uhlobo lwempazamo | Imeko eqhelekileyo | Impembelelo kwezeMali | Umngcipheko Owongezelelweyo |
| Ukukhetha isahluko okungalunganga | Ukwahlulahlula i-smart ikhaya isixhobo 'njengesixhobo sombane' endaweni 'yesixhobo sokuhambisa umsakazo' | Umahluko womsebenzi: 0%–14% | Ukuvezwa kwentlawulo eyongezelelweyo echasene nokulahla inkunkuma |
| Ukusebenzisa i-HS enamanani ama-6 endaweni ye-TARIC enamanani ali-10 | Ukungenisa i-HS yokuthumela ngaphandle yaseTshayina kwingxelo yokungenisa ye-EU | Isibhengezo asisebenzi; iindleko zokuphinda uhlawule €500–€2,000+ | Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kugcinwe echwebeni |
| Ukungayinaki imisebenzi yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma/yokuchasana nayo | Izixhobo ze-EV zaseTshayina ezihlelwe phantsi kwesihloko esiqhelekileyo | Imisebenzi yasemva + ukuya kuthi ga kwi-35.3% yomsebenzi ochaseneyo | Ukudluliselwa kolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba ngabom |
| Uhlaziyo lwekhowudi emva kokubhaliswa kwamagama oluphelelwe lixesha | Ukusebenzisa ikhowudi ye-CN ka-2022 emva kokuhlaziywa kukaJanuwari 2025 | Isibhengezo esingavumelekanga; izigwebo ukusuka kwi-€1,000 | Iflegi yophicotho-zincwadi kwirekhodi yabangenisi |
| Ukungawunaki ngabom udidi lwerhafu ephantsi | Ukubiza iimpahla zelaphu ngokuthi 'ziisampulu zelaphu' | Isohlwayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100% yemisebenzi ebanjiweyo (umgangatho we-EU) | Ukutshutshiswa kobuqhetseba kwirhafu |
Enye yezona mpazamo zixhaphakileyo nezibiza kakhulu inento yokwenza netekhnoloji. Uninzi lwezithethi ezingenazingcingo zanamhlanje zine-receiver eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ngoko ke isithethi seBluetooth esinenye yezi zinto siphantsi kodidi lwe-8527 (isixhobo sokusasazwa kwerediyo) endaweni ye-8518 (iimayikrofoni, izithethi zesandisi-lizwi, ii-amplifier). Umahluko kumanani erhafu uncinci ngokwepesenti, kodwa inkxalabo enkulu yiflegi yokwaphulwa kwemithetho yerhafu, ebonisa imbali yomthengisi wokungenisa impahla yokulandela imithetho kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwixesha elizayo kuya kujongwa ngokusondeleyo. Ityala lika-2025 elibandakanya umthengisi wempahla we-EU libonisa ukuba ingxaki inkulu kangakanani: ukwahlulahlula iimpahla ezigqityiweyo njengelaphu kwakhokelela kwisohlwayo se-€28,000 emva kokuba uphicotho lufumene ipateni efanayo kwiimpahla ezininzi ezithunyelweyo.
Emva kokuba uphando lweKhomishini yaseYurophu oluchasene nenkxaso-mali kwizithuthi ezisebenzisa iibhetri zaseTshayina luphele ngo-Okthobha ka-2024, indawo yezithuthi zombane yaba yindawo yokuhlela ephezulu kakhulu. Iirhafu ezichaseneyo, eziqala kwi-7.8% ukuya kwi-35.3% kuxhomekeke kumenzi, zisebenza kuphela kwizihlokwana ezithile. Ukuba umngenisi ubeka ngokungachanekanga iinxalenye ze-EV zaseTshayina phantsi kwesihloko seenxalenye zemoto ngokubanzi endaweni yesihlokwana esichanekileyo se-BEV, unokukwazi ukubaleka isohlwayo esichaseneyo okwethutyana elifutshane, kodwa kuya kufuneka ayihlawule xa impazamo ifunyenwe. Umngcipheko wezemali kwisikhongozeli esinye seenxalenye ze-EV unokudlula i-€50,000 ngokulula.
Isicwangciso sezohlwayo saseJamani: Ingaba sinzima kangakanani?
IJamani ibohlwaya abantu abaphula imithetho yerhafu besebenzisa umxube womthetho we-EU, ikakhulu i-Union Customs Code, kunye ne-German Customs Act (Zollgesetz) kunye ne-Fiscal Penal Code (Abgabenordnung). Isohlwayo sinqunyanyiswa kukuba umntu unetyala kangakanani, nto leyo esisiseko esivela kwisakhelo esikhulu se-EU kodwa siphathwa ngobungqongqo obuqhelekileyo kumthetho wolawulo waseJamani.
Umgangatho we-EU wezohlwayo zemali kwiimeko zokungahlelwa kakuhle ufikelela kwi-100% yemali yerhafu eyayiphetshwe. Enyanisweni, ukunyanzeliswa kweJamani kudla ngokusebenzisa ukulingana: impazamo yokwenyani yolawulo okokuqala engayibizi inkampani nayiphi na imali inokukhokelela kwimfuno yokulungisa kunye nesohlwayo esincinci, kodwa indlela yokungakhathali kwiimpahla ezininzi ezithunyelwayo ikhokelela kuvavanyo lomsebenzi ongasemva kunye neentlawulo ezongezelelweyo. Ubuqhetseba berhafu bulapho abantu bebeka iimpahla gwenxa ngabom ukuze baphephe iirhafu zokungalahli impahla. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiityala zolwaphulo-mthetho, izigwebo ezifikelela kwi-€500,000 nangaphezulu, kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamalungelo athile okungenisa impahla.
| Inqanaba loButyala | inkcazelo | Isohlwayo Esiqhelekileyo (EU / Germany) | Ukhetho Lokubuyisela |
| Impazamo yokubhala/yolawulo | Impazamo yenombolo enye ehlukanisiweyo, ukufaka ingxelo ngokunyaniseka | Isilumkiso; kufuneka ukulungiswa; isohlwayo esinokwenzeka se-€1,000–€5,000 | Ulungiso emva kwemvume (Umhlathi 173 UCC) |
| Ukungakhathali | Ukuphinda-phinda ukwahlulwahlulwa okungachanekanga, akukho zilawuli zangaphakathi | Imisebenzi yangemva + intlawulo eyongezelelweyo engama-50–100% | Ukutyhila ngokuzithandela ngaphambi kophicotho-zincwadi kunciphisa ukuvezwa |
| Ukungakhathali okugqithisileyo | Ukungahoyi izibophelelo ezaziwayo zokuhlela | Imirhumo engasemva + ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100% yemali ebanjiweyo; ukumiswa kokungenisa impahla | Ilinganiselwe; ukutyhilwa kwangaphambili kubalulekile |
| Ubuqhetseba / ukuphepha ngabom | Ukungaxatyiswa okucwangcisiweyo okanye ikhowudi engalunganga ukuze kuthintelwe ukulahla inkunkuma | Ukutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho; izohlwayo ezifikelela kwi-€500,000 nangaphezulu; ukuvalwa kokungenisa impahla | Akukho sisombululo solawulo; igqwetha liyafuneka |
Ukuphunyezwa kweSigaba sesi-3 se-ICS2, esagqitywa ngo-Epreli 2025, kwenze kwaba lula kubantu abakwicandelo lokubonelela ngempahla le-EU ukubona izibhengezo zempahla. Abathwali kufuneka bathumele iSibhengezo esipheleleyo seSishwankathelo sokuNgena (i-ENS) ngaphambi kokuba impahla ifike, ekufuneka iquke ikhowudi ye-HS enamanani amathandathu kwiibhili zomoya eziphambili kunye nenombolo ye-CN enamanani asibhozo kwiibhili zokungenisa impahla zasekhaya. Oku kuthetha ukuba amasiko ngoku anokufumana iimpazamo zokwahlulahlula ngaphambi kokuba imveliso ifike kubangenisi baseJamani. Oku kususa ixesha le-buffer elalivumela ukulungiswa kwenzeke buthule emva kokuba kufike ukuthunyelwa. Ukuba ikhowudi engachanekanga ifika kwinqanaba le-ENS, ukuthunyelwa kunokuphawulwa ukuze kuhlolwe ngokwasemzimbeni, okunokongeza iintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu ekugqityweni kwaye kwenze into yolawulo lomngcipheko kwiprofayili yomngenisi.
Iindidi zeemveliso ezinobungozi obukhulu kubathumeli baseJamani abavela eTshayina
Ayizizo zonke iintlobo zeemveliso ezinenqanaba elifanayo lomngcipheko wokuhlela. Xa amagama enziwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye amazinga erhafu ahluka kakhulu kwizihlokwana ezikufutshane, okanye xa i-EU yongeze amanyathelo orhwebo kwiikhowudi ezithile, umngcipheko wokungahlelwa kakuhle uphezulu kakhulu. Uninzi lweengxaki ezinkulu zekhowudi ye-HS phakathi kwabangenisi baseJamani kunye nabathengisi baseTshayina ziwela phantsi kwala maqela alandelayo:
| Udidi lweMveliso | Umgibe oQhelekileyo wokuHlukana kakuhle | Kutheni Kubiza Kakhulu eJamani/EU |
| Izixhobo zombane zabathengi | Izithethi zeBluetooth (8518) xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo zokusasaza ngerediyo (8527) | Utshintsho lwezinga lomrhumo lusuka kwi-0% ukuya kwi-3.7%; ukungathobeli imithetho yetekhnoloji kunokwenzeka |
| Izithuthi zombane kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo | Isihloko esiqhelekileyo seebhetri ze-EV vs. isihloko esincinci se-BEV esithile | Imirhumo yokuhlawula i-countervailing 7.8–35.3% (isigqibo se-EU, sika-2024) |
| Iimpahla kunye nempahla | Izahluko zengubo ezigqityiweyo zelaphu vs. | Izinga lomrhumo yi-12% xa kuthelekiswa ne-12% kunye nokuchasa ukulahla inkunkuma kwiindawo ezithile zaseTshayina |
| Iimveliso zentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium | Isihloko sesinyithi ngokubanzi ngokuchasene nesihlokwana esithile se-alloy | Iirhafu zokukhusela ze-EU kunye neekowuta ziyasebenza kwiikhowudi ezithile |
| Ukutya kunye neempahla zezolimo | Udidi olutsha ngokuchasene nolucutshungulwayo; izihlokwana zobukhulu betamatato (iikhowudi ezintsha zika-2025) | Unyango olwahlukileyo lwe-phytosanitary, i-VAT, kunye ne-duty |
| Iikhompawundi zeMichiza | Isihloko 'sokulungiselela' esiqhelekileyo ngokuchasene nekhowudi ethile yezinto | Ukuthobela imithetho ye-REACH, ilayisenisi yokungenisa impahla, ulawulo lokusetyenziswa kabini |
Intsimbi kunye ne-aluminium kunzima kakhulu ukuziqonda. Izikhuselo zokungenisa intsimbi ze-EU zisebenza kuphela kwizihlokwana ezithile zemveliso, kwaye ukusasazwa kwesabelo kuyatshintsha minyaka le. Ukuba umngenisi usebenzisa isihloko esibanzi "seemveliso zentsimbi kunye nentsimbi" endaweni ye-alloy echanekileyo kunye nesihloko esincinci sefom, zinokubangela iinkqubo zokhuseleko ebezingacwangciswanga, okanye zinokuphoswa kulwabiwo lwesabelo olunokuba lunerhafu ephantsi. Amasiko aseJamani anembali ende yokujonga abathumeli bentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium, kwaye ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lwezopolitiko lokubeka iliso kwiimpahla zaseTshayina kwezi ndidi, ukunyanzeliswa kube ngqongqo kakhulu.
Indlela Yokuthintela Iimpazamo Zokuhlela Ezibizayo
Faka isicelo soLwazi lweRhafu eBophayo (i-BTI)
Ukuqinisekiswa kweBundeszollverwaltung's Binding Tariff Information (BTI) yeyona ndlela isemthethweni nebophelelayo ngokusemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso ihlelwe ngokuchanekileyo eJamani. I-BTI sisigqibo esisemthethweni seempahla esibeka ikhowudi yeTARIC efanelekileyo yeempahla ezithile kwaye ihlala iminyaka emithathu. Ukuba imveliso ihlala injalo, umngenisi osebenzisa ikhowudi yeBTI unelungelo elipheleleyo lokuzikhusela kwezomthetho kuyo nayiphi na ingxaki yokuhlelwa ngokutsha kwixesha elizayo. Kuthatha iinyanga ezininzi ukufaka isicelo, kwaye uhlala kufuneka uthumele iinkcazo zemveliso ezipheleleyo, iinkcukacha zobugcisa, kunye neesampuli zemveliso. Inengqondo enkulu kwiimpahla ezinexabiso eliphezulu, ezinomthamo ophezulu apho kukho ukudideka malunga nokuhlelwa kwazo. Nangona kunjalo, yinkcitho edla ngokuzihlawulela kwiimpahla ezimbalwa.
Yenza uphicotho loHlelo loNyaka
Qho ngonyaka nge-1 kaJanuwari, i-Combined Nomenclature ye-EU ifumana inguqulelo entsha. Inkqubo ye-WCO eHlanganisiweyo ihlaziywa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu, kwaye uphuculo olukhulu olulandelayo luza ngo-2027. Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lwenziwa minyaka le kumanqanaba esizwe kunye ne-EU. Ngo-2025, ikhathalogu yemveliso eyahlulwahlulwa ngokuchanekileyo ngo-2023 inokuba neekhowudi ezingalunganga, nangona iimveliso ngokwazo zingatshintshanga. Ngaphambi kokuba ishedyuli yerhafu yonyaka omtsha iqale ukusebenza, eyona ndlela iqinisekileyo yokuzikhusela kukujonga zonke iikhowudi zemveliso ezisebenzayo kwidathabheyisi yangoku ye-TARIC minyaka le. Lo ngumsebenzi omkhulu kubangenisi abanamakhulu ee-SKU, kodwa kufuneka bakwenze oko.
Musa Ukukopa Ikhowudi ye-HS yoMthengisi yoThumelo ngaphandle
Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba izibhengezo zokungenisa impahla zaseJamani zihlala ziphosakele kukuba abantu babeka ikhowudi ye-HS yokuthumela impahla ngaphandle yomthengisi waseTshayina kwisibhengezo sokungenisa impahla se-EU ngaphandle kokucinga ngayo. Inkqubo yokwahlulahlula impahla ngaphandle yaseTshayina isekelwe kwinkqubo efanayo ye-WCO enamanani amathandathu, kodwa isebenzisa izandiso ezahlukeneyo ezinamanani asibhozo nalishumi kune-CN kunye ne-TARIC ye-EU. Ukongeza kumahluko kwinani lamanani, abathengisi baseTshayina banezizathu zabo zokulandela imithetho esenokungahambelani nohlelo olungcono lokungenisa impahla ngaphandle waseJamani. Umzekelo, isakhiwo sesaphulelo sokuthumela impahla ngaphandle eTshayina sinokwenza isihlokwana esinye esinamanani amathandathu sibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kumthengisi, nokuba asilulo udidi olufanelekileyo lokungenisa impahla ngaphandle lwe-EU. Abathengisi baseJamani banoxanduva olupheleleyo lwezibhengezo zabo zokungenisa impahla; abanakusebenzisa amaphepha omthengisi ukwahlula iimpahla njengokhuselo.
Indlela Ukuthunyelwa KweTopway Okukunceda Ngayo Ufumane Uhlu Oluchanekileyo
Abathumeli bempahla abavela eTshayina, nokuba ngabathengi bemizi-mveliso abaziwayo okanye ngamashishini e-e-commerce akhula ngokukhawuleza, bafuna iqabane lezothutho elaziyo okuninzi ngemirhumo, kungekuphela nje indlela yokuthumela izinto.
I-Topway Shipping ibiseShenzhen kwaye isenza uthutho lwamazwe ngamazwe ukusukela ngo-2010. Iqela labasunguli bale nkampani linamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 kwihlabathi lokwenyani kuthutho lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokususwa kwerhafu, linolwazi oluninzi malunga nothutho lwaseTshayina nase-US kunye nobukho obukhulayo obunceda urhwebo phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu. Ukuze uthobele iikhowudi ze-HS, kufuneka wazi indlela iindidi zokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe zaseTshayina ezihambelana ngayo neemfuno zokungenisa impahla ze-EU kunye neJamani kunye nalapho iinkqubo ezimbini zahluke khona. Esi sisakhono esikhethekileyo esivela ekwenzeni lo msebenzi kakhulu, ngeentlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso, ixesha elide.
Iinkonzo zeTopway zigubungela lonke uthotho lwezinto ezithuthwayo, ukusuka kumzi-mveliso okanye kwindawo yokugcina impahla eTshayina ukuya kwizibuko lokuthumela ngaphandle, ukusuka phesheya ukugcina kwiindawo zokusasaza zaseYurophu ezifana neJamani ukuya ekugqityweni kwerhafu kwindawo yokuqala neyayisiya kuyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuya ekuhanjisweni okukhawulezileyo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Eli cebo liqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlelwa kwekhowudi ye-HS kwenziwa njengenxalenye yomsebenzi omnye, kungekhona njengento ecingelwayo kwi-invoyisi yokuthumela. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kumashishini e-e-commerce aphesheya kwemida.
Le nkampani ikwabonelela ngeenkonzo zokuthutha ulwandle eziguquguqukayo ezinesiqulathi esipheleleyo (i-FCL) kunye ne-less-than-container-load (i-LCL) ukusuka eTshayina ukuya kumazibuko amakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Oku kuvumela abathengi ukuba batshintshe inani leempahla abazithuthayo ngaphandle kokutshintsha amaqabane ezothutho okanye izikhokelo zokwahlulwahlulwa. Xa iqela elifanayo lezothutho liphatha zombini amaphepha ecala lokuqala kunye nokususwa kwerhafu kwicala lokuya, amathuba okuba i-HS yokuthumela ngaphandle yaseTshayina ikopishwe ngokungenangqiqo kwisibhengezo sokungenisa se-EU ancitshiswa yinkqubo yoyilo endaweni yengozi. Kumashishini asele evavanyiwe emva kokuhlolwa kwemvume okanye uvavanyo lomsebenzi, ukusebenza neTopway kubanika ulwazi lweziko kunye nomzila wephepha abawudingayo ukubonisa ukuba bayayithobela imithetho. Oku kubalulekile kwindlela amasiko aseJamani agqiba ngayo ukuba ahlawuliswe malini.
Okufanele Ukwenze Ukuba Sele Uyenzile Impazamo Yokuhlela
Kuqheleke kakhulu kunokuba kufanele kube njalo ukufumanisa ukuba into ethile ayichazwanga kakuhle emva kokuba sele idlulile kwiindlela zamasiko. Impendulo ibaluleke kakhulu njengempazamo ngokwayo. Ngokwe-Article 173 ye-EU Union Customs Code, umngenisi angacela ukutshintsha isibhengezo seempahla zamasiko emva kokuba sikhutshwe ukuba iimfuno ezithile ziyafezekiswa. Ukuba impazamo ifunyenwe ngaphambi kokuba igunya leempahla zamasiko liqale uphicotho-zincwadi okanye isenzo sokunyanzelisa, umngenisi udla ngokuhlawula irhafu efanelekileyo kunye nayo nayiphi na inzala enokuthi isebenze, ngaphandle kweentlawulo ezongezelelweyo. Into yokuqala ekufuneka yenziwe kukulandela le ndlela yohlengahlengiso emva kwemvume.
Ukuba impazamo ifunyenwe ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwempahla, okwenziwa yiBundeszollverwaltung ngokungacwangciswanga okanye ngokusekwe kumngcipheko, isiphumo sichaphazeleka kakhulu kukukwazi ukubonisa ukuzimisela ukuxela impazamo kunye nomzamo wokunyaniseka wokuyilungisa. Umthetho wempahla waseJamani, olandela imithetho yokunyanzeliswa kwe-EU, wenza umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwabangenisi abasebenza ngokulungiswa kunye nabo bangavumelaniyo okanye abafihlayo. Iingcali zokuthobela imithetho yorhwebo zonke ziyavumelana ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza: kwangoko nje ukuba ufumane isaziso sokuhlolwa kwempahla, qesha igqwetha lempahla elifanelekileyo okanye umcebisi wokuthobela imithetho yorhwebo, ungathumeli amanye amaxwebhu de ahlolwe yingcali, kwaye ugcine zonke iirekhodi zakho zangaphakathi zokuhlelwa, nokuba zibonisa ntoni na.
isiphelo
Ukwahlula ngokwekhowudi ye-HS akusiyo nje kuphela indlela esemthethweni enokudluliselwa ngamaqela e-logistics kwislip yokupakisha yomthengisi. Kwinkqubo yerhafu yaseJamani, enomthetho ongqongqo, inkqubo yesohlwayo esebenza kuwo onke amazwe e-EU, kunye neerhafu ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza, ukwahlulahlula kunokuba nemiphumo emibi yezemali edlula ukuthunyelwa okukodwa okulungisiweyo. Uhlaziyo lwe-Combined Nomenclature lukaJanuwari 2025, iimfuno ze-ICS2 Phase 3 zedijithali, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwerhafu yokuthintela izithuthi zombane zaseTshayina konke oku kwenze kwaba kubaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili ukwahlulahlula izinto ngokuchanekileyo nangokujongwa ngokusondeleyo kunakwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo.
Abangenisi ababalaseleyo abajongene nalo mngcipheko bonke benza into efanayo: babona ukuhlelwa njengomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuthobela imithetho endaweni yomsebenzi wexesha elinye. Bacela izigqibo ze-BTI kwiimveliso ezintsonkothileyo, bajonga iidathabheyisi zabo zekhowudi kanye ngonyaka, abaziphindi iikhowudi zokuthumela ngaphandle zababoneleli kwiingxelo zokungenisa impahla ze-EU, kwaye basebenzisane kuphela namaqabane ezothutho anezakhono zokucoca irhafu ezilingana neenethiwekhi zabo zokuhambisa impahla. Umahluko phakathi kweshishini elidlula kwiirhafu zaseJamani kunye nelifumana uvavanyo olusemva komsebenzi kunye neeflegi zokuhlola zihlala ziluqeqesho lwenkqubo kunye nokukhetha iqabane elifanelekileyo lokuziqhuba.
FAQs
Q: Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwekhowudi ye-HS, ikhowudi ye-CN, kunye nekhowudi ye-TARIC?
A: I-WCO igcina umkhondo wekhowudi ye-HS, eluhlobo lwehlabathi oluneenombolo ezintandathu. I-Combined Nomenclature (CN) ye-EU yongeza amanani amabini kudidi oluneenombolo ezisibhozo olusetyenziswa ngawo onke amazwe angamalungu. I-TARIC yongeza amanye amanani amabini koku, nto leyo eyenza inani liphelele libe lishumi. Ikwabandakanya imigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo exhomekeke kwi-EU kuphela, efana nemisebenzi yokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma. Ikhowudi ye-TARIC eneenombolo ezilishumi iyafuneka kwizibhengezo zokungenisa impahla zaseJamani.
Q: Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba izithethe zaseJamani zifumanisa ukuba impahla ethunyelweyo ayichazwanga kakuhle?
A: Kwimpazamo yokubhala okokuqala, iziphumo zinokuba ncinci njengomyalelo wokulungisa kunye nesohlwayo esincinci. Kwingxaki yokungakhathali, iziphumo zingabandakanya ukuvavanywa komsebenzi osemva kunye neentlawulo ezongezelelweyo ezifikelela kwi-100% yemisebenzi eyathi yaphetshwa. Kwinkohliso ngabom, iziphumo zinokuba kukutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuvalwa kokungeniswa kwempahla. Impendulo yomngenisi, ingakumbi nokuba bayasebenzisana kwaye babelana ngolwazi kwangaphambili, inefuthe elikhulu kwisiphumo.
Q: Ndingayisebenzisa ikhowudi ye-HS yomthengisi wam waseTshayina kwisibhengezo sokungenisa impahla saseJamani?
A: Hayi. I-China inezandiso zayo ezinamanani asibhozo nalishumi zokwahlulwahlulwa kwayo kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezingahambelaniyo neekhowudi ze-EU CN kunye ne-TARIC. Abangenisi baseJamani banoxanduva ngokusemthethweni kwizibhengezo zabo kwaye abanakukhankanya ikhowudi yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe yomthengisi njengokhuselo. Soloko uhlela ngokwakho usebenzisa isiseko sedatha sangoku se-TARIC.
Q: I-EU ihlaziya kangaphi amagama ayo amasiko?
A: I-EU Combined Nomenclature ifumana ulwazi olutsha rhoqo nge-1 kaJanuwari. Utshintsho lwamva nje, oluqale ukusebenza nge-1 kaJanuwari 2025, longeze izihloko ezingaphantsi kwezinto ezifana ne-biofuels, iimveliso zokutya, kunye neegesi ezinqabileyo. Inkqubo ye-Harmonized ye-WCO ihlaziywa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu, kwaye utshintsho olukhulu olulandelayo luya kwenzeka ngo-2027.
Q: I-Topway Shipping inokunceda njani ekuthobeleni ikhowudi ye-HS kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa eTshayina ukuya eJamani?
A: Isisombululo esipheleleyo sezothutho seTopway Shipping siquka ukuphatha zonke iinkalo zokususwa kwempahla, njengokuqinisekisa ukuba impahla ihlelwe ngokuchanekileyo kwindawo ephuma kuyo (eTshayina) nakwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo (eJamani/e-EU). ITopway iqinisekisa ukuba ikhowudi yeTARIC efanelekileyo ifikelela kwisibhengezo sempahla yaseJamani endaweni yekhowudi yokuthumela impahla ngaphandle yaseTshayina. Le yenye yeempazamo eziqhelekileyo nezibiza kakhulu ekucwangcisweni kwempahla. ITopway inamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 kwizothutho eziwela imida kunye nolwazi oluninzi malunga nempahla eTshayina nakwi-EU.
