Ukusuka eNingbo ukuya eZhoushan ukuya eNorway: Ukuthunyelwa kweempahla eziyingozi ze-IMO
intshayelelo
Ukuthumela iimveliso eziyingozi ngolwandle yenye yezona zinto zilawulwa kakhulu kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye ngesizathu esivakalayo. Isikhongozeli esinye esingalunganga seebhetri ze-lithium okanye ikhemikhali ebhalwe kakubi sinokusongela inqanawa, abasebenzi bayo kunye nokusingqongileyo kolwandle. Ukuthobela imithetho kunzima ngakumbi ukuba imvelaphi yayo yiNingbo-Zhoushan - izibuko elikhulu lempahla kwihlabathi liphela ngeetoni - kwaye indawo ekuyiwa kuyo yiNorway, enemithetho yayo enzima yerhafu ukongeza kubunzima obupheleleyo bemigangatho yeekhemikhali ye-REACH yaseYurophu kunye ne-CLP.
Esi sikhokelo sisusa izinto ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuba ungumenzi eZhejiang othumela iikhemikhali zoshishino kwamanye amazwe, umqhubi we-e-commerce eShenzhen othumela iimpahla ezisebenzisa i-lithium, okanye umthengisi waseNorway ofuna ukuqonda ukuba loluphi uxwebhu olufanele lunikezelwe ngumthengisi wakho waseTshayina, uya kufumana ulwazi olucacileyo nolusebenzayo apha. Sithetha ngesakhelo seKhowudi ye-IMDG (kuquka uHlaziyo lwe-2024 42-24 olwaba yimfuneko ngomhla woku-1 kuJanuwari 2026), iimfuno zokungenisa impahla ezithile eNorway, inkqubo yokuthunyelwa kwangaphambili eTshayina, iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ezikhokelela ekugcinweni kwempahla kumazibuko aseNorway, kunye neendlela zokuhamba ezifumaneka ukusuka eNingbo-Zhoushan ukuya kumazibuko amakhulu aseNorway.
Sikwachaza indlela inkonzo yezothutho yamazwe ngamazwe eseShenzhen, eTopway Shipping, enamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15, enceda ngayo abathumeli ngaphandle ukuba bahambe ngolu hlobo lobunzima bokuthobela imithetho.
Kutheni iNingbo-Zhoushan? Izibuko elingasemva kokufikelela kweTshayina kwihlabathi liphela
Ayisiyo nje kuphela ichweba elixakekileyo eNingbo-Zhoushan eTshayina, kodwa ibilichweba elixakekileyo kwihlabathi liphela ngenxa yokuthwala imithwalo iminyaka eli-17 ilandelelana. Eli chweba liphethe ngaphezulu kweetoni ze-1.4 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni zemithwalo ngo-2025, libe lelona chweba lokuqala ukuphula loo mqobo kunyaka omnye. Ukuphuma kwayo kwiikhonteyina kukwadlule uphawu lwe-TEU lwezigidi ezingama-40 okokuqala, nto leyo eyaqinisa isikhundla sayo phakathi kweekhonteyina ezintathu eziphambili kwihlabathi.
Ekupheleni kuka-2025, iNingbo-Zhoushan ivule iindlela zokuthumela iikhonteyina ezingama-309, idibanisa amazibuko angaphezu kwama-700 kumazwe angaphezu kwama-200 kunye nemimandla. Isalathisi sayo sokunxibelelana kwamazibuko sasibekwe kwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi liphela kwaye sineenqanawa zemithwalo ezimalunga nama-300 ezibiza yonke imihla. Eli nqanaba lokunxibelelana yeyona nzuzo iphambili kubathumeli bamanye amazwe: kukho iifowuni rhoqo eziya kumazibuko amakhulu aseYurophu kuquka iHamburg, iRotterdam kunye neBremerhaven ezibonelela ngonxibelelwano oluya phambili kumazibuko aseNorway - nto leyo eyenza iNingbo-Zhoushan ibe lukhetho olucacileyo lokuthutha ulwandle olusuka eTshayina ukuya eNorway.
Izibuko likwatyale imali eninzi ekuphatheni iimveliso ezinobungozi ngobuninzi. “Iiterminals ezikhethekileyo, ii-bonded warehouses ezine-DG storage storage kunye nenkqubo yedijithali yokususa irhafu edityaniswe namaqonga e-China's General Administration of Customs (GACC) zonke zinciphisa ukungqubana kwabathumeli bemithwalo elawulwayo. Iingozi zokuphathwa kwe-DG zagxininiswa kumlilo we-2021 Meishan terminal owamisa iinkqubo zokubonelela ngeenkonzo zehlabathi kangangeenyanga, kwaye ukunyanzeliswa kokuthobela imithetho kwizibuko kuye kwanda ukususela ngoko.
Ikhowudi ye-IMDG: Incwadi Yemithetho Ongenakuyityeshela
Yintoni iKhowudi ye-IMDG
IKhowudi ye-International Maritime Dangerous commodities (IMDG), epapashwe yi-International Maritime Organisation (IMO), ngumgangatho osemthethweni obophelelayo kwihlabathi liphela wokuthuthwa kweempahla eziyingozi elwandle ngendlela epakishiweyo. Ibophelela ngokomthetho phantsi kweSahluko VII se-International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) kwaye iimfuno zayo zokusingqongileyo zixhaswa yi-MARPOL Annex III. Onke amazwe aneflegi atyikitye i-SOLAS, kuquka i-China ne-Norway, anyanzelekile ukuba aqinisekise ukuthotyelwa kweKhowudi ye-IMDG.
Le Khowudi ivela kwiivolumu ezimbini. Umqulu 1 uquka amalungiselelo aqhelekileyo, imigangatho yokwahlulahlula, amalungiselelo okupakisha kunye neetanki, iinkqubo zokuthumela kunye nemisebenzi yothutho. Umqulu 2 luLuhlu lweeMpahla eziyingozi, oluluhlu olupheleleyo lwezinto kwaye luquka inombolo yazo ye-UN, igama elifanelekileyo lokuthunyelwa, udidi, iqela lokupakisha kunye nemigaqo ekhethekileyo.
Uhlengahlengiso 42-24: Yintoni Etshintshileyo Ngo-2026
IKhowudi ye-IMDG, Uhlelo luka-2024, kuquka noLungiso 42-24, yamkelwa yiKomiti yoKhuseleko lweLwandle ye-IMO kwiseshoni yayo ye-108 ngoMeyi 2024. Yayiyeyokuzithandela njengoko kubonisiwe ngomhla woku-1 kuJanuwari 2025, kwaye ngoku inyanzelekile njengoko kubonisiwe ngomhla woku-1 kuJanuwari 2026. Le yeyona isebenza kuzo zonke iinqanawa ezithunyelwa eNingbo-Zhoushan ukuya eNorway ngexesha lokubhala le ngxelo.
Utshintsho olulodwa lokusebenza kwabathumeli ngaphandle kukuhlelwa ngokutsha kwezithuthi zombane kunye nezinye izixhobo zothutho ezisebenza ngeebhetri ze-lithium. Ukususela nge-31 kaMatshi 2025 (ngexesha lotshintsho lweenyanga ezintathu oluqala nge-1 kaJanuwari 2025), iimoto ezisebenza ngeebhetri ze-lithium azisafaneleki ukubhengezwa phantsi kwe-UN 3171 (Isithuthi Esisebenza Ngebhetri). Ngokuxhomekeke kwikhemikhali yebhetri ngoku kufuneka zihlelwe njenge-UN 3556 (Isithuthi, Ibhetri yeLithium Ion Esebenza), i-UN 3557 (Isithuthi, Ibhetri yeLithium Metal Esebenza) okanye i-UN 3558 (Isithuthi, Ibhetri yeSodium Ion Esebenza). Ukuhlelwa kwakudala kusetyenzisiwe ukulibazisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla engena kumazibuko aseNorway - oku akuyongxaki yethiyori.
Uhlengahlengiso 42-24 lukwabonelele ngeengeniso ezintsha ze-UN kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion (ezazingekho kuhlelo lwangaphambili) kwaye longeze iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zamaxwebhu kwiimoto zombane eziqulethe idatha yokuthintela ukufudumeza.
Iiklasi ezilithoba zeempahla eziyingozi
IKhowudi ye-IMDG ibonelela ngazo zonke iimpahla eziyingozi kwiindidi eziphambili ezilithoba ngemigaqo echanekileyo yokupakisha, ukulebhelisha, ukumakisha kunye nokwahlulahlula. Le theyibhile ilandelayo ibonisa iindidi ezibaluleke kakhulu kurhwebo lweTshayina neNorway:
| iklasi | udidi | imizekelo | Imfuneko ephambili |
| Iiklasi 1 | Iziqhushumbisi | Iziqhushumbisi, iziqhushumbisi | Indawo ekhethekileyo yokugcina impahla, akukho zinqanawa zabakhweli |
| Iiklasi 2 | Irhasi | I-LPG, ioksijini ecinezelweyo | Uvavanyo loxinzelelo, iivalvu ezivaliweyo |
| Iiklasi 3 | Ulwelo olunokutsha | Ipeyinti, izinto zokuncamathelisa, izinyibilikisi | Uxwebhu lweFlashpoint |
| Iiklasi 4 | Izinto eziqinileyo ezinokutsha | Iimatshisi, iipowder zesinyithi | Ukupakisha kwangaphakathi okuvalwe ngobushushu |
| Iiklasi 5 | Izinto eziXolisa i-Oxidizing | Iiperoxides, iinitrate | Ukwahlulwa kwezinto ezivuthayo |
| Iiklasi 6 | Ityhefu kunye neNtsholongwane | Izibulali-zinambuzane, inkunkuma yeklinikhi | Ukupakishwa kwe-UN eqinisekisiweyo |
| Iiklasi 7 | Imathiriyeli yeRadioactive | Iisotophu zonyango | Imvume yegunya elifanelekileyo |
| Iiklasi 8 | Izidleke | Ii-asidi, iibhetri (ezimanzi) | Ukuthembeka kokupakishwa kwangaphakathi |
| Iiklasi 9 | Izinto Eziyingozi Ezininzi | Iibhetri zeLithium, umkhenkce owomileyo | Imida yeMeko yokuTshaja kwiibhetri |
Kwabathumela impahla kwamanye amazwe abanemithwalo exutyiweyo, imiqathango yokwahlulahlula phakathi kweendidi ezingahambelaniyo – ulwelo olunokutsha (Udidi 3) alunakugcinwa ecaleni kweekhompawundi ze-oxidizing (Udidi 5) – izisa umaleko owongezelelweyo wengxaki yokucwangcisa izikhongozeli ekufuneka isonjululwe ngaphambi kokubhukisha.
Isikhokelo saseNorway sokungenisa impahla eyingozi
I-Norwegian Customs (Tolletaten) kunye ne-EEA Chemical Regime
INorway ayililungu le-EU, kodwa njengelungu le-European Economic Area (EEA) iphumeza umthetho omkhulu we-EU, kuquka nomthetho weekhemikhali. ENorway, uMgaqo we-REACH (Ubhaliso, Uvavanyo, Imvume kunye nokuThintelwa kweeKhemikhali) uphunyezwa ngeSivumelwano se-EEA kwaye ufakiwe kwiMigqaliselo ye-REACH yesizwe eNorway. UMgaqo we-CLP (Ukuhlelwa, Ukulebhelisha kunye nokuPakisha izinto kunye neengxubevange) ngumgaqo olawula ukulebheliswa kwezinto zeekhemikhali eziyingozi kunye neengxubevange xa zingeniswa eNorway. I-Arhente yokusiNgqongileyo yaseNorway ligunya elinoxanduva.
Ngokwenyani oku kuthetha ukuba isikhongozeli seekhemikhali zoshishino ezivela eNingbo kufuneka singahlangabezani nemigangatho yeKhowudi ye-IMDG yomgaqo wolwandle kuphela kodwa kunye nemigangatho yokubhala ilebheli ye-CLP kwindawo yokususwa kwerhafu yaseNorway. I-Norwegian Customs (Tolletaten) ayivavanyi kwakhona izinto kodwa ihlola ukuphelela kwamaxwebhu. Ukuthunyelwa kuya kubanjwa ukuba i-SDS ayikho, ukuba i-SDS iguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo okanye ukuba i-SDS ibhekisa kudidi lwe-CLP oluphelelwe lixesha oluye lwahlaziywa.
Ukungena kwizibuko laseNorway kwi-DG Cargo
Izinto eziyingozi ezingena ngolwandle kumazibuko aseNorway, ezizezi iOslo (iSjursoya terminal), iBergen, iStavanger kunye neKristiansand, ziphantsi kwenkqubo yesaziso ngaphambi kokufika. Umthwali (okanye iarhente yakhe) kufuneka abhengeze nayiphi na impahla yeDG ekwibhodi kwigunya lezibuko ngaphambi kokuba inqanawa ifike. Oku kwenziwa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zemiyalezo ze-Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), rhoqo ngearhente yezibuko yomthwali.
Abasemagunyeni bezibuko laseNorway bajonga umqondiso wempahla ngokweSibhengezo seeMpahla eziyingozi se-IMO (DGD) ukuze babone ukuba iklasi, inombolo ye-UN, iqela lokupakisha kunye nokuhambelana kokwahlulwahlulwa. Izikhongozeli ezikhethiweyo ukuze zihlolwe ziya kuhlolwa ngokwasemzimbeni yiNorwegian Customs okanye yiNorwegian Maritime Authority (Sjøfartsdirektoratet). Udidi 1 (iziqhushumbisi) kunye nodidi 7 (izinto ezisebenzisa imisebe) zihlolwa rhoqo, njengoko kunjalo nangayiphi na imithwalo enamaxwebhu abonakala engahambelani okanye engaphelelanga.
Abangenisi bezinto kwamanye amazwe kufuneka baqaphele ukuba amagunya aseNorway afuna iimvume zokungenisa izinto okanye izaziso ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe ngexabiso elithile lezinto ezinobungozi. Iikhemikhali ezigutyungelwe yiStockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants zifuna isatifikethi sokungavumeleki okanye ukusetyenziswa okugunyazisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba zisuswe ukuze zingeniswe.
Inyathelo ngeNyathelo: Inkqubo yokuThotyelwa kweMithetho ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa evela eTshayina
Uhlu kunye nokwabiwa kweNombolo ye-UN
Uhambo lwakho lokuthobela imithetho luqala nangaphambi kokuba wenze ukubhukisha. Umthengisi (okanye umthumeli wakhe wempahla) unoxanduva lokwahlulahlula imithwalo ngokuchanekileyo ngokweLuhlu lweeMpahla eziNgozi kwiKhowudi ye-IMDG. Oku kuquka ukukhetha inombolo efanelekileyo ye-UN, igama elifanelekileyo lokuhambisa, udidi lomngcipheko kunye neqela lokupakisha. Kwimixube yeekhemikhali engahlulwahlulwanga ngokwahlukeneyo, isiseko sokwahlulahlula kufuneka sibe yindlela enikwe kwiSahluko sesi-2 seKhowudi ye-IMDG efuna ulwazi malunga nenxalenye nganye kunye nobungakanani bayo.
Impazamo eqhelekileyo kukusebenzisa udidi oluchanekileyo phantsi kohlelo lwangaphambili lwe-IMDG. Uhlengahlengiso 42-24 longeze amanani amatsha e-UN kwaye lwatshintsha amalungiselelo akhethekileyo kwiikhemikhali ezithile. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwiimveliso zebhetri ye-lithium, njengoko imeko yodidi itshintshe kakhulu ukusuka ngo-2025 ukuya ku-2026, kwaye abathumeli ngaphandle abangakhange bahlaziye iidathabheyisi zabo zangaphakathi basengozini yokusebenzisa amanani amadala e-UN.
Isiqinisekiso sokuPakisha iiMpahla eziyingozi
I-customs yaseTshayina, phantsi kolawulo lwe-GACC, ifuna ukuba abathumeli ngaphandle bafumane iSatifikethi sokuPakisha iiMpahla eziyingozi (危险品包装证书) ukuze kuthunyelwe impahla ethunyelwe ngaphandle. Le yinkqubo enamanyathelo amabini. Okokuqala, umenzi wokupakisha kufuneka ahlolwe kwaye aqinisekiswe ukupakishwa kwakhe liqumrhu lokuhlola elivunyiweyo yi-GACC. Okwesibini, umthumeli ngaphandle kufuneka afumane isatifikethi esiqinisekisa ukuba ukupakishwa okuthile okusetyenziselwe impahla ethile kuhlolwe kwaye kuvunyiwe ukuba kusetyenziswe nolo didi lweempahla eziyingozi. Esi satifikethi kufuneka sihambe nesibhengezo sokuthumela ngaphandle.
Kwiibhetri ze-lithium, kufuneka amaxwebhu ongezelelweyo kwinqanaba lokuthumela ngaphandle eTshayina: ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-UN 38.3 evela kwilabhoratri evunyiweyo ebonisa ukuba iibhetri ziphumelele zonke iimvavanyo ezisibhozo zokhuseleko eziyimfuneko (ukulinganisa ukuphakama, uvavanyo lobushushu, ukungcangcazela, ukutshaja, isekethe emfutshane yangaphandle, impembelelo, ukutshaja ngaphezulu kunye nokukhupha ngenkani). Naziphi na iibhetri ezingenayo ingxelo ye-UN 38.3 aziyi kwamkelwa ukuba zithunyelwe ngaphandle eNingbo-Zhoushan okanye nakweyiphi na enye izibuko laseTshayina.
Ukugqibezela iSibhengezo seeMpahla eziyingozi ze-IMO
Isibhengezo seeMpahla eziNgozi (i-DGD) luxwebhu oluphambili lwe-IMO kuyo nayiphi na imithwalo yaselwandle ye-DG. Umthumeli (hayi umthumeli) unoxanduva lokuzalisa oku kwaye abandakanye inombolo ye-UN, igama elifanelekileyo lokuthunyelwa, udidi lwengozi, iqela lokupakisha, inani kunye nohlobo lweepakeji, ubunzima obupheleleyo kunye nobunzima obupheleleyo, i-flashpoint (ukuba iyasebenza), uphawu lokungcola kolwandle (ukuba luyasebenza), kunye nempendulo engxamisekileyo. zoqhagamshelwano. Isibhengezo somthumeli kufuneka siquke isiqinisekiso esisayiniweyo: 'Ndivakalisa ukuba umxholo wale mpahla uchazwe ngokupheleleyo nangokuchanekileyo apha ngasentla ngegama elifanelekileyo lokuthunyelwa, kwaye uhlelwe, upakishwe, uphawulwe kwaye ubhalwe/uphawulwe, kwaye ngandlela zonke ukwimeko efanelekileyo yokuthunyelwa ngokwemigaqo karhulumente wamazwe ngamazwe nowesizwe.'
Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yokwaliwa kwemithwalo eNingbo-Zhoushan ziimpazamo kwi-DGD, ezinje ngeenombolo ze-UN ezitshintshiweyo, amagama angachanekanga amaqela okupakisha, okanye ulwazi loqhagamshelwano olungxamisekileyo olungekhoyo. Abathwali baneemvavanyo zabo zokwamkelwa kwe-DG ngaphambi kokulayisha kwaye ukuba ukubhukisha kwe-DG kwaliwe kufutshane nomgca wenqanawa, oku kunokubandakanya iintsuku okanye iiveki zokulinda kwindawo elandelayo ye-DG ekhoyo kwinqanawa efanelekileyo.
Nantsi isishwankathelo samaxwebhu aphambili oza kuwadinga xa uthutha iimpahla zakho eziyingozi ukusuka eNingbo ukuya eNorway:
| Uxwebhu | Ukukhupha Iqela | Injongo |
| Isibhengezo seeMpahla eziyingozi ze-IMO | Umthumeli / uMthuthi wempahla | Ivakalisa udidi lwemithwalo, inombolo ye-UN, iqela lokupakisha |
| Icwecwe leenkcukacha zoKhuseleko lweMathiriyeli (MSDS/SDS) | kumvelisi | Iimpawu zeekhemikhali kunye nolwazi lokuphendula ngokukhawuleza |
| Isatifikethi sokuPakisha izinto ezinobungozi | Izithethe zaseTshayina (i-GACC) | Iqinisekisa ukuba ukupakisha kuyahlangabezana nemigangatho ye-IMDG |
| UN 38.3 Ingxelo yoVavanyo (Iibhetri) | ILebhu eVunyiweyo | Ingqina ukuba iibhetri ze-lithium ziphumelele uvavanyo lokhuseleko |
| Isatifikethi sokuPakisha | Umthuthi / Umthwali | Iqinisekisa ukugcwaliswa ngokuchanekileyo kwesikhongozeli |
| Ilayisensi yokuthumela ngaphandle (ukuba ikhona) | MOFCOM China | Iyimfuneko kwizinto zobuchwepheshe ezilawulwayo / ezisetyenziswa kabini |
| Isibhengezo seeNkcubeko zaseNorway (SAD) | Umrhwebi / uMmeli | Ukungeniswa kwemvume kwizibuko laseNorway |
Indlela: Ukusuka eNingbo-Zhoushan ukuya kwiZibuko zaseNorway
I-Ningbo-Zhoushan ayinayo inkonzo yolwandle olunzulu ngqo kunye namazibuko aseNorway. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo kukuhamba ngenqanawa ngesikhululo esikhulu saseMntla Yurophu (ngesiqhelo iHamburg, iRotterdam, iBremerhaven okanye iAntwerp) uze emva koko uthathe inkonzo ye-feeder uye kwizibuko laseNorway. Olu lwakhiwo lwe-transshipment lunemiphumo emibi kwiimpahla ezinobungozi: uxwebhu lwe-DG kufuneka lusebenze kwaye luhambelane kwinqanawa enkulu kunye nakwi-feeder leg. Ezinye ii-feeder carriers zisebenzisa imiqathango eyongezelelweyo kwimithwalo ye-DG engaphezulu kweemfuno ezincinci zeKhowudi ye-IMDG, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukujonga ukwamkelwa kwe-DG kuzo zombini ii-carriers ngaphambi kokubhukisha.
Ngo-Epreli 2025, iNingbo-Zhoushan yatyhila imodeli entsha yezothutho eYurophu edibanisa iinkonzo ze-sea-rail express kunye ne-ocean express, kunye nomzila we-China-Europe Arctic Express ofika kwizibuko lase-UK iFelixstowe kwiintsuku ezili-18. Inkonzo yaselwandle iNingbo-Zhoushan-Wilhelmshaven China-Europe Express nayo ivule ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo, okunciphisa uhambo phakathi kweTshayina neJamani ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezili-10 xa kuthelekiswa neendlela eziqhelekileyo. Ezi nkonzo ze-express zibonelela ngokufikelela ngokukhawuleza kwinethiwekhi ye-hub yaseMntla Yurophu, kwaye zinokunciphisa lonke ixesha lokuhamba ukusuka eNingbo ukuya eNorway kwimithwalo ye-DG ngeentsuku ezininzi - kodwa okwangoku zilungele kakhulu imithwalo ye-DG engekho phantsi kwe-DG okanye imiqathango, ngenxa yemida yokwamkelwa kwenkampani ekhoyo.
| I-Origin Port | Indawo ekuyiwa kuyo | Uhambo olumalunga | Inkonzo Eqhelekileyo | Utshintsho |
| Ningbo-Zhoushan | Oslo (Sjursoya) | Iintsuku eziyi-28-35 | I-FCL / LCL | Hamburg okanye Rotterdam |
| Ningbo-Zhoushan | bergen | Iintsuku eziyi-30-38 | I-FCL / LCL | IHamburg okanye iBremerhaven |
| Ningbo-Zhoushan | Stavanger | Iintsuku eziyi-32-40 | I-FCL / LCL | IHamburg okanye iAntwerp |
| Ningbo-Zhoushan | Kristiansand | Iintsuku eziyi-31-38 | FCL | Rotterdam |
Esinye isithintelo esisebenzayo kule ndlela kwiimpahla eziyingozi ezithunyelwa nge-LCL (umthwalo ongaphantsi kwesikhongozeli) kukuba izakhiwo zokudibanisa i-LCL kufuneka zibe nelayisenisi yeempahla ze-DG, kwaye ayizizo zonke izinto ezidityanisiweyo kwiindawo zokuhambisa iimpahla zaseMntla Yurophu ezilungele ukulayisha iimpahla ze-DG kunye nempahla eqhelekileyo. Abathumeli bempahla abasebenzisa i-LCL kwiimpahla ze-DG kufuneka bajonge ukwamkelwa kwe-DG LCL kwangethuba. Amaxabiso e-DG LCL adla ngokuba ngama-30 ukuya kuma-50 ekhulwini aphezulu kuneemali ezifanayo ezingezizo ze-DG LCL, nto leyo ethetha iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zokuphatha kunye nokubhala amaxwebhu.
Iibhetri zeLithium: Udidi lweDG oluQhelekileyo kakhulu kuRhwebo phakathi kweTshayina neNorway
Iibhetri zeLithium (uHlelo 9, Olwahlukeneyo) zezona ngxaki zinamandla kakhulu zokuthobela imithetho kuzo zonke iindidi zeempahla eziyingozi kwindlela yaseNingbo-Norway. ITshayina yeyona mveliso iphambili kwihlabathi yeebhetri zeLithium. INorway, enezinye zezona zinga liphezulu zokuba ngumnini wee-EV ngomntu ngamnye kwihlabathi liphela kunye nemarike ye-elektroniki yabathengi ephuhlayo, yimarike ephambili yezixhobo ezisebenza ngebhetri.
Uhlengahlengiso 42-24 lwenze uhlengahlengiso kudidi oluchazwe kwiCandelo 2 apha ngasentla. Kodwa ubunzima bokuthobela imithetho budlula uhlaziyo lweenombolo ze-UN. Ukususela phakathi kowama-2025, iTshayina iqinise inkqubo yayo yolawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle kwiiteknoloji ezidityaniswe neebhetri ze-lithium. NgoJulayi 2025, i-MOFCOM ithe iilayisenisi zokuthumela ngaphandle ziya kuba yimfuneko ekudluliseleni iiteknoloji ezisibhozo ezibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni iibhetri ze-EV, kuquka neenkqubo eziphambili zeebhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Ngo-Okthobha 2025, i-MOFCOM kunye ne-GACC babhengeze kunye imithetho eqinileyo kwizinto ezisetyenziswa kabini eza kuqala ukusebenza ngoNovemba 2025. Abathumeli ngaphandle beempahla zebhetri ze-lithium ezigqityiweyo abasebenzisa ezi teknoloji - nokuba imveliso ngokwayo ayikho kuLuhlu lweeZisebenzisi eziBini - kufuneka baqwalasele ukuba ingaba ilayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle ingafuneka na.
Kwicala lokungenisa impahla laseNorway, kukho iimfuno ezininzi ezisebenzayo zokuthobela iKhowudi ye-IMDG kwiibhetri: iibhetri ze-lithium ion ezithunyelwa phantsi kweClass IA (UN3480, PI965 Section IA) akufuneki zidlule kwi-30% yemeko yetshaja (SoC); zonke iipakethe kufuneka zibonise ilebhile yebhetri ye-lithium yeClass 9 efunekayo; iSibhengezo soMthumeli kufuneka sihambe nokuthunyelwa kweClass IA; kwaye naziphi na iibhetri ezidityanisiweyo ze-EV ezithunyelwa njengenxalenye yesithuthi kufuneka zibandakanye amaxwebhu okuthintela ukubaleka kobushushu. Amagosa ezibuko laseNorway kunye namasiko aseNorway ayazazi ezi mithetho, kwaye aya kujonga amaxwebhu e-DG ukuze aqinisekise ukuthunyelwa kweebhetri ngokucokisekileyo ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo.
Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo kunye nendlela yokuziphepha
Iminyaka yamava okusebenza kwiimveliso eziyingozi phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu ibonisa ukuba kukho iindidi ezifanayo zeengxaki ezivela rhoqo. Apha ngezantsi kukho itheyibhile yeempazamo ezichaphazela kakhulu kunye nendlela yokuzithintela:
| Impazamo eqhelekileyo | Iziphumo | uthintelo |
| Inombolo ye-UN engalunganga kwi-DGD | Imithwalo ayivunywanga kwizibuko lokuqala | Qinisekisa udidi ngoluhlu lwe-IMDG Vol. 2 |
| I-MSDS / SDS engekhoyo | Imithetho yerhafu eNorway | Ncamathisela i-SDS kuyo yonke imithwalo ye-DG |
| Ibhetri yeLithium SoC > 30% (iKlasi ye-IA) | Ukulahlwa komthwali | Ulawulo lokutshaja ngaphambi kokupakisha |
| Akukho Satifikethi sokuPakisha se-GACC | Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuvaliwe eTshayina | Faka isicelo ngelebhu enelayisenisi ye-GACC ngaphambi kokuba ubhukishe |
| Inombolo ye-UN ephelelwe lixesha (umz. i-UN 3171 yee-EV) | Ukuvalelwa echwebeni laseNorway | Sebenzisa i-UN 3556/3557/3558 ukususela ngoJanuwari 2026 |
Ngaphandle kweempazamo zamaphepha, ukufika ngexesha lokubhukisha lelinye iqela elikhulu leengxaki ezinokuthintelwa. Naziphi na iimpahla eziyingozi kufuneka zibhengezwe kumthwali ngaphambi kokuba kunqunyulwe i-DG, okuhlala kusenzeka kwiintsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-5 ngaphambi komhla wokufumana imithwalo yenqanawa. Abathumeli abaninzi bajonga ukubhukisha kwe-DG njengokubhukisha okuqhelekileyo kwaye bashiya ukungeniswa kwamaxwebhu e-DG kumzuzu wokugqibela. Ngenxa yoko, isebe le-DG lomthwali alinaxesha lokwenza uvavanyo lokwamkelwa kwaye ukubhukisha kuyaliwa. Abathumeli abakhulu abaphakathi banokwenza impembelelo enkulu kwimisebenzi ngokujonga ixesha lokuhanjiswa kwe-DG kwisicwangciso sokuthumela, endaweni yokucinga emva koko.
8. Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kwempahla Eyingozi Ngayo KwiTopway
I-Topway Shipping, eseShenzhen, eTshayina, ibingumboneleli oqeqeshiweyo wezisombululo ze-e-commerce eziwela imida ukusukela ngo-2010. Iqela labasunguli linamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 kwi-logistics yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokususwa kwerhafu, ligxile kakhulu ekuthuthweni phakathi kweTshayina ne-US - kwaye linolwazi olufanayo olugubungela uthungelwano lwezorhwebo lwaseTshayina eYurophu, kuquka ne-China Norway corridor.
Iinkonzo zeTopway Shipping zigubungela lonke uthotho lwezinto ezifunekayo: uthutho lokuqala ukusuka kwifektri ukuya echwebeni, nakwamanye amazwe ukugcina, ukucoca irhafu (uncedo lokukhupha impahla eTshayina kunye nokukhupha impahla eNorway), kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla okukhawulezileyo. Ingakumbi kwiimpahla eziyingozi, iTopway isebenza nemibutho yokuhlola enelayisenisi ye-GACC ukunceda abathumeli ngaphandle bafumane iSatifikethi sokuPakisha impahla eyingozi kwinqanaba lokuthumela impahla eTshayina kwaye isebenza namaqela okwamkela i-DG yokuthwala ukuqinisekisa ukuba izibhengezo ze-DG zingeniswa ngaphakathi kwefestile efunekayo yokuthwala impahla.
I-Topway ibonelela ngeenkonzo zokuthutha ulwandle ezine-container-load epheleleyo (FCL) kunye ne-less-than-container-load (LCL) ukusuka eTshayina ukuya kumazibuko aphambili kwihlabathi liphela, kuquka amazibuko aseNorway afana ne-Oslo, iBergen kunye neStavanger. Ukhetho lwe-FCL lubonelela ngendlela elula yokuthobela imithwalo ye-DG - isitya esinye sempahla yomthumeli omnye, ngaphandle kweengxaki zokulayisha kunye ezidibene ne-DG LCL. Xa i-LCL ifuneka kwimithwalo emincinci ye-DG, iqela le-Topway lifumana iindawo zokugcina impahla ezihlanganisiweyo ezineelayisenisi zokuphatha i-DG kwindawo efanelekileyo yokuthutha.
Eli qela likwanceda abathengi ngemeko yophuhliso lolawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle lwaseTshayina. Njengoko uluhlu lolawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle lwe-MOFCOM luza kulungiswa ngo-2025 ukulawula ubuchwepheshe bebhetri kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini, iTopway isebenzisana nabacebisi bokuthobela imithetho yokuthumela ngaphandle ukunceda abavelisi bebhetri kunye nabathumeli ngaphandle bagqibe ukuba ngaba ilayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle iyafuneka kwimveliso yabo ethile ngaphambi kokuba imithwalo ifike eNingbo-Zhoushan, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe isiganeko esibizayo sokwaliwa kwemithwalo esangweni lezibuko.
isiphelo
Ukuthumela iimveliso eziyingozi ukusuka eNingbo-Zhoushan ukuya eNorway yenye yezona meko zinzima zokuthobela imithetho kwiimpahla zaselwandle zamazwe ngamazwe—kodwa kunokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ngamaqabane afanelekileyo kunye nocwangciso. Uhlengahlengiso lweKhowudi ye-IMDG oluyimfuneko 42-24, oluqale ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo nge-1 kaJanuwari 2026, lubeke isiseko esitsha sokwahlulahlula iindidi eziphambili zemithwalo, kubandakanya izinto zebhetri ye-lithium. Ukongeza kwimithetho ye-EU REACH kunye ne-CLP, ukulungelelaniswa kweNorway kuthetha ukuba kufuneka kuphathwe umaleko wesibini wokuthobela imithetho ngaphambi kokuba iimpahla zikwazi ukususa amasiko e-Oslo, eBergen, okanye eStavanger.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekuphumeleleni kokuthunyelwa kwe-DG kule ndlela yile: ukuhlelwa ngokuchanekileyo kwiKhowudi ye-IMDG yangoku; amaxwebhu apheleleyo nalungiselelwe ngokuchanekileyo, kuquka i-DGD, i-MSDS/SDS kunye neSatifikethi sokuPakisha iiMpahla eziyingozi zaseTshayina; ulwazi malunga nolawulo oluqinileyo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lwaseTshayina kwiiteknoloji ezinxulumene nebhetri; ixesha elifanelekileyo lokubhukisha ngokuthathela ingqalelo iinkqubo zokwamkelwa kwe-DG yomphathi; kunye nokukhethwa kweqabane lezothutho elinolwazi lokwenyani lwe-DG kuzo zombini iindlela zokuthumela ngaphandle zaseTshayina kunye nezokungeniswa kwempahla zaseNorway.
Njengoko iNingbo-Zhoushan yandisa uthungelwano lwayo lweendlela kwaye ityale imali kwiziseko zolawulo lwe-DG, kwaye njengoko umdla waseNorway weemveliso ezisebenza ngebhetri kunye neekhemikhali zoshishino ezivela eTshayina uqhubeka ukhula, ubungakanani kunye nobunzima beempahla eziyingozi ezihamba kule ndlela yorhwebo buza kwanda kuphela. Abo bathumeli batyala imali kwizakhono zokuthobela imithetho ngoku, endaweni yokufunda ekulibazisekeni okubizayo kunye nezohlwayo, baya kuba kwindawo efanelekileyo yokwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwabo ngaphandle ngokufanelekileyo nangokuthembekileyo.
FAQs
Q: Ngaba iKhowudi ye-IMDG iyimfuneko kuzo zonke iinqanawa ezithunyelwa elwandle ezivela eTshayina ukuya eNorway?
A: Ewe. I-China neNorway zombini ziyinxalenye ye-SOLAS, nto leyo efuna ukuthotyelwa kweKhowudi ye-IMDG kuzo zonke iimveliso eziyingozi ezithuthwa ngolwandle. Uhlelo luka-2024 (uLungiso 42-24) luya kufuneka ukususela nge-1 kaJanuwari 2026.
Q: Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-FCL kunye ne-LCL kwiimpahla eziyingozi ezithunyelwayo?
A: I-FCL (uMthwalo opheleleyo weContainer) ibonisa ukuba umthwalo wakho uhlala kwisikhongozeli sonke, ngoko ke akukho ngxaki zokulayisha kunye nemithwalo yabanye abathuthi. Olu lolona khetho lukhethwayo kwimithwalo ye-DG. I-LCL (uMthwalo ongaphantsi kweContainer) idibanisa iimpahla zabathuthi abaninzi kwisikhongozeli esinye. Ayizizo zonke iindawo zokugcina impahla ezidibanisa impahla eziza kuthatha umthwalo we-DG kwaye iindleko ze-DG LCL zihlala ziphezulu ngama-30-50% kune-non-DG LCL.
Q: Iibhetri zam ze-lithium zazichazwe ngaphambili phantsi kwe-UN 3171. Ngaba kukho into ekufuneka ndiyitshintshe?
A: Ewe–ngoko nangoko. Ukususela nge-31 kaMatshi 2025, i-UN 3171 isebenza kuphela kwiimoto ezineebhetri ezingezizo ze-lithium (umz. i-lead acid). “Iimoto ezisebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium ngoku kufuneka zisebenzise i-UN 3556, i-UN 3557 okanye i-UN 3558. Ukuhlelwa ngokweendidi okudala kunokukhokelela ekubanjweni kwemithwalo kwizibuko zaseNorway.
Q: Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iSatifikethi sokuPakisha iiMpahla eziyingozi eTshayina?
A: Ngokwesiqhelo iintsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-10 zokusebenza ukususela kwixesha ongenisa ngalo isicelo kunye neesampuli zokupakisha kwi-arhente yokuhlola eyaziwayo yi-GACC. Oku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kwiishedyuli zemveliso kunye nezokuhanjiswa kwabathumeli ngaphandle, ingakumbi xa bejongene nezinto ezintsha okanye uqwalaselo olutsha lokupakisha.
Q: Ngaba iTopway Shipping iyayiphatha indlela yokukhupha impahla ngaphandle kwe-DG eTshayina?
A: Ngokuqinisekileyo. Umsebenzi weTopway Shipping ubandakanya imvume yokuthumela impahla ngaphandle kwe-DG kumazibuko aseTshayina afana neNingbo-Zhoushan kwaye usebenzisana nemibutho yokuhlola enelayisenisi ye-GACC ukuze kufunyanwe isiqinisekiso sokupakisha. Sinyamekela amaphepha e-DG afunekayo ukuze sizalisekise imihla ebekiweyo yokuthwala impahla.
