Imigangatho Yokupakisha Umthwalo Ogqithisileyo Ovela eTshayina Usiya eFransi: Ibhokisi Yomthi okanye Ipalethi — Oko Kufunwa YiMithetho
intshayelelo
Ukuthumela impahla enkulu ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eFransi akuyonto yokusonga iimveliso ngeplastiki uze ulayishe isitya. Ukuba impahla yakho inkulu kunepakethi eqhelekileyo, njenge-treadmill, isitulo sokuhlikihla, ifriji yorhwebo okanye iseti yesofa eneziqwenga ezininzi, ngoko ukwindawo ekhethekileyo yomthetho kunye nokusebenza apho izigqibo zokupakisha zibalulekile khona kumda. Amasiko aseFransi athatha izinto zokupakisha zomthi, iinkcukacha zepalethi kunye nophawu lwempahla nzulu. Kukho izikhokelo ze-EU. Ukuba ikreyithi ayithobeli, ukuvalelwa yedwa, ukunyangwa kwakhona, iintlawulo ezinkulu okanye nokutshatyalaliswa kokuthunyelwa kunokwenzeka.
Kodwa uninzi lwabathumeli ngaphandle baseTshayina kunye nabathengisi bamanye amazwe basafumanisa ukuba imiyalelo ayichanekanga kwaye iqhekekile. Uninzi luxhomekeke ekupakishweni okwenziwa ngumzi-mveliso okunokwanela ngokupheleleyo ukuthutha ekhaya kodwa kuncinci kakhulu koko kufunwa ziingcali zaseFransi kunye nabahloli bezityalo baseYurophu. Iqokelela imigangatho echanekileyo, imilinganiselo yokulinganisa, iimfuno zonyango kunye nolindelo lwamaphepha oluchaza ukuba umthwalo wakho omkhulu uhamba ngeLe Havre okanye eMarseille ngaphandle kwengxaki.
Ukuba ungumthengisi we-e-commerce othumela ifenitshala kubathengi baseFransi, umenzi othumela izixhobo zoshishino kumsasazi waseYurophu, okanye ingcali yempahla ecebisa abathengi bakho, ulwazi olungezantsi lubonisa imigangatho yangoku phakathi kowama-2025 kwaye lusebenzisa uMgaqo we-EU wokuPakisha kunye nokuPakisha iNkunkuma (PPWR) owaqala ukusebenza ngoFebruwari 2024, izibophelelo ze-EPR ezihlaziyiweyo zaseFransi, kunye nomgangatho we-ISPM 15 we-phytosanitary wezinto zokupakisha iinkuni.
Yintoni Ebalelwa Njengomthwalo Ogqithisileyo — kwaye Kutheni Ingcaciso Ibalulekile
Ngaphambi kokuba sifikelele kwiindlela zokupakisha, okokuqala, kufuneka sifumanise ukuba zeziphi iimpahla ezithathwa njengezinkulu kakhulu xa zithunyelwa zisuka eTshayina zisiya eFransi. Uhlu aluyi kumisela kuphela iimfuno zokupakisha zezinto, kodwa neendlela zokuthumela, naziphi na iintlawulo kunye nolwakhiwo lwamaxwebhu erhafu.
Ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwemida kudla ngokwahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine ngobukhulu nobunzima. “Ngokwesiqhelo iipasela ezincinci zingaphantsi kwe-2 kg. Ukuthunyelwa okuqhelekileyo kungaphantsi kwe-30 kg kwaye kunomda ongaphantsi kwe-3 m. Izinto ezinkulu ziqala kwi-30 kg ukuya kwi-150 kg kunye necala elide elingaphantsi kwe-4 metres. Umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu, okanye 'omkhulu kakhulu' njengoko imboni iwuchaza, sisiqwenga esinye esinobunzima obungaphantsi kwe-8 metric tonnes, esinomphetho omnye ungaphantsi kwe-8 metres kunye nokuphakama okungaphantsi kwe-2.57 metres.
Yile qela lokugqibela, iisofa, izixhobo zejimu, izitulo zokuphulula, izikuta zombane, izixhobo zasekhitshini zorhwebo, iiphaneli zokubonisa ze-LED, oomatshini bemizi-mveliso, ezibangela ingxaki enkulu yokupakisha. Ubungakanani bezi mveliso bubangela ukuba iibhokisi zebhokisi eziqhelekileyo zinganeli. Iindlela ezisekelwe kwiinkuni, nokuba ziipalethi okanye iikreyithi zomthi, zezona ziqhelekileyo.” Emva koko iimfuno zenkcubeko yaseFransi ziyaqala ukusebenza.
Ipalethi ayifani nekreyithi yomthi, kwaye ayifani nje kuphela nembonakalo. Iimpahla kufuneka ziqiniswe ngentambo, i-shrink wrap okanye i-bracing eyongezelelweyo kwaye zixhaswe ukusuka ngaphantsi kwipalethi. Umthwalo uvalelwe ngokupheleleyo kwikreyithi yomthi enika ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo kuzo zonke iicala ezintandathu. Kodwa ukuba izinto ezinkulu zixabiseke kakhulu okanye zibuthathaka, iikreyithi zihlala zibonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono. Iipalethi zinokwanela izinto ezihlala ixesha elide ezinokuhlanganiswa. Kodwa kuzo zombini iimeko iFrance, njengelizwe elililungu le-EU, isebenzisa imigangatho efanayo yococeko lwezityalo kunye neelebheli.
Isalathiso soHlelo lweeNqwelo eziKhululekileyo
| udidi | Ukuphela Kobunzima | Umda woMda | Ukupakishwa okuqhelekileyo |
| Ipasile encinci | Ngaphantsi kwe-2 kg | Ububanzi < 1 m | Ibhokisi lebhokisi |
| Ipasele esemgangathweni | Ngaphantsi kwe-30 kg | Ububanzi < 3 m | Ibhokisi yebhokisi / isisongelo seqamza |
| Into Enkulu | Ngaphantsi kwe-150 kg | Umda omde kakhulu < 4 m | Ibhokisi/iphalethi eqinisiweyo |
| Inkulu kakhulu / Inkulu kakhulu | Ngaphantsi kweetoni ezisi-8 | Umphetho < 8 m, Ubude < 2.57 m | Ibhokisi yomthi / ipalethi ephathwayo |
Umgangatho we-ISPM 15: Isiseko Esingenakuxoxiswana
Xa kufikwa ekupakishweni kweenkuni zeempahla zamazwe ngamazwe, intetho iqala nge-ISPM 15 - iMigangatho yeHlabathi yeMilinganiselo yePhytosanitary No. 15. Lo mgangatho wehlabathi wasekwa ngo-2002 phantsi kweSivumelwano soKhuseleko lweZityalo saMazwe ngaMazwe (IPPC) ngesizathu esinye kuphela: imithi enganyangwanga inokuba nezinambuzane, iimbungu, iifungi kunye neentsholongwane zezityalo ezinokuthi ukuba zingeniswe kwinkqubo entsha yendalo zibangele umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo nakwindalo. IFransi kunye nawo onke amazwe angamalungu e-EU asebenzisa i-ISPM 15 ngokungqongqo kwaye amagunya ezibuko laseFransi eLe Havre naseMarseille ahlala ehlola iiphakheji zeenkuni ezifikayo.
I-ISPM 15 ifuna naziphi na izinto zokupakisha zomthi oqinileyo ezingaphezu kwe-6mm ubukhulu ukuba ziphathwe ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe - oku kuquka iipallet, iibhokisi zomthi, i-dunnage (umthi oqinileyo ngaphakathi kwezikhongozeli) kunye nee-spool zomthi. Eyona ixhaphakileyo yi-Heat Treatment (HT): umbindi womthi kufuneka ufikelele kuma-56 degrees Celsius ubuncinane imizuzu engama-30 elandelelanayo. Itshabalalisa izinambuzane ngaphandle kokushiya intsalela yeekhemikhali kwaye isetyenziswa kumazwe angaphezu kwe-100. Ngokwembali, enye indlela yayiyi-Methyl Bromide fumigation (MB), kodwa amazwe amaninzi, ngakumbi iFrance, ayithintele kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngenxa yenkxalabo yokusingqongileyo, kwaye kufuneka ithintelwe kwimithwalo ehambelana ne-EU.
Zonke iipakethe zomthi ezilungisiweyo kufuneka zibe nophawu olusemthethweni lwe-IPPC – olubizwa ngokuba ‘yisitampu sengqolowa’ – kumacala amabini achaseneyo, abonakalayo emva konyango. Olu phawu luza kuhlala luhleli kwaye lufundeke kwaye luza kubandakanya ikhowudi yelizwe (CN yeTshayina) ikhowudi yomvelisi okanye yesikhungo sonyango kunye nesifinyezo sendlela yonyango (HT okanye MB). Ukuba enye yezinto ayikho, ayifundeki okanye ibekwe kwicala elinye kuphela, amasiko aseFransi anelungelo lokugcina umthwalo.
Enye into ebalulekileyo abangayiqondiyo abathengisi bangaphandle kukuba iimveliso zomthi ezicutshungulweyo ezifana neplywood, ibhodi yestrand esekwe kwi-oriented (OSB), ibhodi ye-particle kunye ne-fibreboard zihlala zingafakwanga kwi-ISPM 15 kuba inkqubo yemveliso isusa umngcipheko wezinambuzane. Oku kuthetha ukuba ibhokisi eyenziwe ngeephaneli zeplywood ezifakwe i-laminated endaweni yeplanga eqinileyo isenokungadingi unyango lwe-ISPM 15. Nangona kunjalo, kuyo yonke into yomthi oqinileyo (i-dunnage, iibhloko zekona, iifreyimu zomthi, njl.njl.) ngaphakathi kwisikhongozeli, inxalenye kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho nganye. Iplanga ekhululekileyo engaqinisekiswanga esetyenziselwa ukubopha ngaphakathi kwikreyithi eqinisekisiweyo isusa imeko yokuthobela imithwalo.
Ingxaki ethile kukusetyenziswa kwakhona kweebhokisi kunye neepalethi. Naliphi na ikreyithi elungisiweyo, etshintshiweyo okanye eyongeziweyo nangayiphi na indlela ngezinto zomthi ezongezelelweyo kufuneka ilungiswe kwakhona kwaye ibekwe isitampu sayo yonke. Ukuba iimpawu zokuqala zisabonakala, ukulungiswa okuncinci ngaphandle kweempawu ezintsha zonyango kunokukhokelela ekungavunywa kwizithethe zaseFransi. Kubathengisi abathumela izinto ezininzi oku kunefuthe lokwenyani kwezoqoqosho kwaye kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisana nababoneleli bokupakisha abaqinisekisiweyo eTshayina.
I-Plat yoMthi vs. I-Pallet: Ukukhetha Isisombululo Esifanelekileyo kwiMithetho yaseFransi
Nje ukuba ukuthotyelwa kwe-ISPM 15 kumiselwe njengesiseko, umbuzo we-crate versus pallet uba ngomnye wokulungelelanisa indlela yokupakisha ngohlobo lomthwalo, iimeko kunye neemfuno zothutho kunye nokuhanjiswa. Kananjalo amasiko aseFransi awakhethi enye kunenye, kodwa ukukhetha engalunganga kunokubiza kakhulu, okubangela umonakalo womthwalo, iingxaki zokuphatha okanye ukungaphumeleli kokuhanjiswa kwempahla ngexesha lokugqibela, konke oku kudala iindleko kunye nokulibaziseka okuphazamisa uqoqosho lokuthengisa kwamanye amazwe.
Ixesha lokusebenzisa iKreyithi yoMthi
Kwizinto ezithambileyo, ezimile ngendlela engacwangciswanga, ezinexabiso eliphezulu okanye ezithunyelwa izihlandlo ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba zifike kumthengi wokugqibela, iimpahla ezinkulu, iikreyithi zomthi zezona sisombululo sifanelekileyo. Kubandakanya isitulo sokuhlikihla esineengalo zoomatshini, isiboniso esikhulu sentengiso se-LED, oomatshini bemizi-mveliso abachanekileyo kunye nezixhobo zonyango. Ikreyithi ikhusela imveliso kuzo zonke iicala, ivumela ukuba kufakwe i-padding ekhethekileyo yangaphakathi ejikeleze iphakheji kwaye inika abahloli berhafu iyunithi ecacileyo, enye yokujonga kunye nokugximfiza.
Kwi-French DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) kunye ne-B2C ezithunyelwa ngeendawo zokugcina impahla zaphesheya ukuze zithunyelwe ngemayile yokugqibela, izikhongozeli ze-hardwood nazo ziyenza lula indlela yokuphatha. I-crate elungileyo ingasusa ukugqunywa kwe-pound ekubeni ikhutshwe ngefolokhwe, ilayishwe kwiilori kwiindawo zokusasaza zaseYurophu, kwaye igcinwe kwiindawo zokugcina impahla zaphesheya ngaphandle kokuba umxholo utshintshe okanye uvezwe emanzini. I-crate idla ngokubiza kakhulu ngaphambili kunepakethe efakwe iipalethi kodwa ixabiso lihlala lihlawulelwa ngamabango omonakalo aphantsi kunye nokususwa okulula kwerhafu.
Xa iPallet Yanele
Ukuba iimpahla ziqinile kwaye zifana kwaye zinokubotshwa kwaye zisongwe kakuhle, ukufaka iipalethi yeyona ndlela ingabizi kakhulu. Iimatshini zokuhlamba, iifriji, iipakethi zefenitshala ezipakishwe ndawonye kunye nezixhobo zokujima ezifana nee-treadmill zihlala zithwalwa kwiipalethi ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eFransi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Into ebalulekileyo kukuqinisekisa ukuba ipalethi ngokwayo iyahambelana ne-ISPM 15, ukuba umthwalo ukhuselekile ngokwaneleyo ukuthintela ukuba ungahambi ngexesha lokuhamba elwandle (okunokuthatha iintsuku ezingama-45 ukuya kuma-50). imithwalo yolwandle iindlela) kwaye ukuphakama konke okuhlanganisiweyo kungaphakathi kokunyamezelana kokususwa kwesikhongozeli.
Ipalethi eqhelekileyo ye-EUR esetyenziswa kwi-logistics yaseYurophu yi-1200 mm × 800 mm. Ipalethi yemizi-mveliso yi-1200 mm × 1000 mm. Abathumeli bangaphandle baseTshayina abathumela eFransi kufuneka baqaphele ukuba iipalethi zabo zasekhaya - ezakhiwe ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo - zisenokungalingani nezixhobo zokuphatha ezizenzekelayo ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuhambisa zaseFransi nakwiindawo zokuhambisa. Iipalethi ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo zinokungavunyelwa ekuphatheni, kwaye zongeze iindleko ezingalindelekanga ekuhanjisweni kokugqibela.
I-Crate vs. Pallet: Isalathiso seSigqibo esiKhawulezayo
| Ukuqwalasela | Ikhreyithi yomthi | Iphalethi |
| Okulungileyo | Iimpahla ezibuthathaka, ezingaqhelekanga, nezinexabiso eliphezulu | Iimpahla ezihlala ixesha elide, ezimile okwebhokisi, nezinokupakishwa |
| Nqanaba lo Khuselo | Ukuvalwa okupheleleyo kwe-360-degree | Inkxaso esezantsi + ukubambelela |
| Kufuneka i-ISPM 15 | Ewe (zonke izinto zomthi oqinileyo) | Ewe |
| Uvavanyo olulula lwerhafu | Iyunithi ephezulu (edibeneyo) | Phakathi (iimpahla ezivezwe) |
| Iindleko ezihambelanayo | Phezulu | Ngaphantsi |
| Ukulingana okusemgangathweni kwepallet ye-EU | Ubukhulu bempahla obulungiselelwe ngokwesiko | Kufuneka ihambelane ne-EUR/iinkcukacha zemizi-mveliso |
| Ukuthobela imithetho yokusetyenziswa kwakhona/ukulungiswa | Unyango olupheleleyo xa kulungiswa | Unyango olupheleleyo xa kulungiswa |
Iimfuneko zokuPakisha eziKhethekileyo eFrance ngaphaya kwe-ISPM 15
I-ISPM 15 yindlela eqhelekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe, nangona kunjalo iFransi inemiqathango eyongezelelweyo eqala ukusebenza xa iimpahla zakho zingena kwimarike ye-EU. Zisekelwe kumthetho we-EU kunye nenkqubo yoxanduva lwabavelisi baseFransi. Nangona zixhalabele kakhulu ukupakisha okujongana nomthengi, endaweni yokupakisha ukuthutha, umahluko unokuba ngolungileyo kwiimpahla ze-B2C, apho ikreyithi yokuthumela yangaphandle iyindlela efanelekileyo yokuhambisa impahla.
UMthetho we-EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) waqala ukusebenza ngoFebruwari 2024 kwaye uqaliswa ukuya kuthi ga ngo-2030, kwaye umisela umgomo wokuphinda usetyenziswe nge-100% kuzo zonke iipakeji. Ukwathintela ezinye iintlobo zeepakeji zeplastiki ezisetyenziswa kanye. Kwabathuthi bempahla enkulu isiphumo esikhawulezileyo kukuba i-stretch wrap, i-plastic banding kunye nezinto ezizalisa i-foam ezisetyenziselwa ukubopha iimveliso kwiipalethi kufuneka ziphinde zisetyenziswe okanye zibole apho kunokwenzeka khona. Amagosa erhafu eLe Havre okwangoku awabambezeli ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kuba nje esebenzisa ifilimu engasetyenziswayo, kodwa abathumeli be-EU bajongene nezibophelelo ezikhulayo phantsi kwemithetho yoXanduva loMvelisi oLwandisiweyo (EPR) yokuxela ubungakanani bokupakisha obubekwe kwimarike yaseFransi - kubandakanya ukupakisha okusetyenziselwa ukungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe.
IFrance iyalela ukuba ilogo yokuphinda usebenzise iTriman kunye nemiyalelo elula yokucwangcisa i-Info-Tri ngesiFrentshi ziboniswe kuzo zonke iileyibhile zeepakeji ezibonakalayo kumthengi wokugqibela. Kwimeko yeempahla ze-B2B, apho ukupakisha kususwa kwiziko lokuhambisa ngaphambi kokuba zisiwe kumthengi, ngokuqhelekileyo ngumthengisi waseFransi okanye umsasazi omele enze oku, kungekhona umthengisi waseTshayina. Nangona kunjalo, kwizinto ze-B2C ezithunyelwa ngenqanawa apho ikreyithi okanye ipalethi ithuthwa ngqo kwidilesi yokuhlala yaseFransi, abathumeli bamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ukupakisha kwabo kwangaphandle kuyahambelana nale migangatho yophawu okanye banokujamelana neenkcaso ezivela kumaqabane abo oshishino aseFransi.
Izinto ezinobungozi okanye abo baneemfuno ezikhethekileyo zokuphatha – iibhetri ezikwii-scooter zombane, ii-refrigerants kwiiyunithi zomoya opholileyo, izinto zeekhemikhali kumatshini wezemveliso – kufuneka zibhalwe ngokuhambelana ne-ADR (iSivumelwano saseYurophu malunga ne-International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road) kwiimpawu zokwahlulwa kumaxwebhu okupakisha kunye nokuthunyelwa. Amasiko aseFransi alumke kakhulu kwizinto ezinkulu ezineebhetri okanye izinto ezixinzelelweyo. Ukubhalwa gwenxa kweelebhile sesinye sezizathu eziqhelekileyo zokulibaziseka kokuthunyelwa kwiindawo zokungena zaseFransi.
Iimfuneko zesakhiwo seeKreyithi neePallet ezinkulu zoMthi
I-ISPM 15 yindlela eqhelekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe, nangona kunjalo iFransi inemiqathango eyongezelelweyo eqala ukusebenza xa iimpahla zakho zingena kwimarike ye-EU. Zisekelwe kumthetho we-EU kunye nenkqubo yoxanduva lwabavelisi baseFransi. Nangona zixhalabele kakhulu ukupakisha okujongana nomthengi, endaweni yokupakisha ukuthutha, umahluko unokuba ngolungileyo kwiimpahla ze-B2C, apho ikreyithi yokuthumela yangaphandle iyindlela efanelekileyo yokuhambisa impahla.
UMthetho we-EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) waqala ukusebenza ngoFebruwari 2024 kwaye uqaliswa ukuya kuthi ga ngo-2030, kwaye umisela umgomo wokuphinda usetyenziswe nge-100% kuzo zonke iipakeji. Ukwathintela ezinye iintlobo zeepakeji zeplastiki ezisetyenziswa kanye. Kwabathuthi bempahla enkulu isiphumo esikhawulezileyo kukuba i-stretch wrap, i-plastic banding kunye nezinto ezizalisa i-foam ezisetyenziselwa ukubopha iimveliso kwiipalethi kufuneka ziphinde zisetyenziswe okanye zibole apho kunokwenzeka khona. Amagosa erhafu eLe Havre okwangoku awabambezeli ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kuba nje esebenzisa ifilimu engasetyenziswayo, kodwa abathumeli be-EU bajongene nezibophelelo ezikhulayo phantsi kwemithetho yoXanduva loMvelisi oLwandisiweyo (EPR) yokuxela ubungakanani bokupakisha obubekwe kwimarike yaseFransi - kubandakanya ukupakisha okusetyenziselwa ukungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe.
IFrance iyalela ukuba ilogo yokuphinda usebenzise iTriman kunye nemiyalelo elula yokucwangcisa i-Info-Tri ngesiFrentshi ziboniswe kuzo zonke iileyibhile zeepakeji ezibonakalayo kumthengi wokugqibela. Kwimeko yeempahla ze-B2B, apho ukupakisha kususwa kwiziko lokuhambisa ngaphambi kokuba zisiwe kumthengi, ngokuqhelekileyo ngumthengisi waseFransi okanye umsasazi omele enze oku, kungekhona umthengisi waseTshayina. Nangona kunjalo, kwizinto ze-B2C ezithunyelwa ngenqanawa apho ikreyithi okanye ipalethi ithuthwa ngqo kwidilesi yokuhlala yaseFransi, abathumeli bamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ukupakisha kwabo kwangaphandle kuyahambelana nale migangatho yophawu okanye banokujamelana neenkcaso ezivela kumaqabane abo oshishino aseFransi.
Iimpahla eziyingozi okanye ezo zineemfuno ezikhethekileyo zokuphatha – iibhetri ezikwii-scooter zombane, ii-refrigerants kwiiyunithi zomoya opholileyo, izinto zeekhemikhali kumatshini wezemveliso – kufuneka zibhalwe ngokuhambelana ne-ADR (iSivumelwano saseYurophu malunga ne-International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road) kwiimpawu zokwahlulwa kumaxwebhu okupakisha kunye nokuthunyelwa. Amasiko aseFransi alumke kakhulu kwizinto ezinkulu ezineebhetri okanye izinto ezixinzelelweyo. Ukubhalwa gwenxa kweelebhile sesinye sezizathu eziqhelekileyo zokulibaziseka kokuthunyelwa kwiindawo zokungena zaseFransi.
Iinkcukacha ezicetyiswayo zesakhiwo sokupakishwa kweenkuni ezinkulu
| Cargo Weight Range | Min. Ukutyeba kweBhodi | UKhuseleko lwangaphakathi | Ukuphakama okuphezulu kweStack |
| 50-200 kg | I-15-18 mm | Ifoam eqhelekileyo / uboya bomthi | 1.5 m |
| 200-1,000 kg | I-18-25 mm | Ifoam enoxinano oluphezulu kunye neebhloko zekona | 1.5 m (iphalethi); indawo epheleleyo iyacetyiswa |
| 1,000 kg – 8 metric tons | 30 mm+ kunye nezibiyeli zesinyithi | Ifoam eyoyiliweyo + i-bracing yangaphakathi | Ibhokisi iyimfuneko; uyilo olulungiselelwe wena |
Iimfuneko zoXwebhu kwiFrench Customs
Licala elinye kuphela lemali yokuthobela ukupakisha. Izithethe zaseFransi, nge-DGDDI (Direction Generale des Douanes et Droits Indirects) kwaye ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yesishwankathelo sokungeniswa kwe-EU ICS2, iyalela ukuba iphakheji epheleleyo nechanekileyo yamaxwebhu ifakwe kuyo yonke imithwalo emikhulu. Ngokwezibalo, esona sizathu sixhaphakileyo sokubanjwa kwempahla efika eLe Havre naseMarseille ngamaphepha angaphelelanga okanye angahambelaniyo.
Amaxwebhu aphambili abekwe kwiimpahla ezinkulu kakhulu ezivela eTshayina ukuya eFransi kufuneka aquke i-Invoyisi yoRhwebo ebonisa ixabiso elichaziweyo kwii-Euro okanye ii-USD (ekufanele ukuba lixabiso lokwenyani lentengiselwano njengoko ixabiso elingaphezulu nelingaphantsi lidala umngcipheko wokuhlolwa), ikhowudi ye-HS efanelekileyo yemveliso nganye, ii-Incoterms ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye namagama kunye needilesi zomthumeli kunye nomthumeli. Uluhlu lokuPakisha luya kubonisa ubukhulu, ubunzima obupheleleyo kunye nobopheleleyo, isitayile sokupakisha (ikreyithi yomthi okanye ipalethi), kwaye, apho kufanelekileyo, inombolo yesatifikethi sonyango se-ISPM 15 sokuthunyelwa ngakunye.
Kwimithwalo ye-DDP – ifomathi edla ngokusetyenziswa ngabathengisi baseTshayina abanqumla imida kubathengi baseFransi – umthengisi wempahla okanye umthengisi wempahla eFransi kufuneka afake iSibhengezo sesishwankathelo se-Entry (ENS) phantsi kwenkqubo ye-ICS2 ye-EU ngaphambi kokuba inqanawa isuke kwizibuko laseTshayina. Le mfuneko yesaziso sangaphambi kokufika yenziwe yaba yimfuneko kwimithwalo yolwandle ngo-2024. Oku kuthetha ukuba idatha yomthumeli – kuquka iikhowudi ze-HS, iinkcazo ezichanekileyo kunye nolwazi olupheleleyo lwamaqela – kufuneka ibhaliswe kwi-EU ngaphambi kokuba ilayishwe, endaweni yokuba ifike xa ifika.
Enye into ebhaliweyo ebangela ukuba abantu abaninzi baseTshayina bathumele impahla kwamanye amazwe bamangaliswe kukufuneka kwesatifikethi sococeko lwezityalo okanye ingxelo yonyango lwe-ISPM 15 evela kwiziko eliqinisekisiweyo eTshayina. Nangona amasiko aseFransi engadingi oku ngaphandle kwesitampu se-IPPC esikumthi ngokwawo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kufunyanwe isiqinisekiso esibhaliweyo kumenzi wephakheji esichaza inkqubo yonyango, ikhowudi yesakhiwo, umhla wonyango kunye neentlobo zeenkuni ezisetyenzisiweyo. Olu xwebhu luyimfuneko ukuba umthwalo ukhethwe ukuba uhlolwe kwaye amanqaku e-ISPM 15 akabonakali lula okanye ayaphikiswa.
Iitshaneli zoThutho kunye nempembelelo yazo kwiMigangatho yokuPakisha
Imigangatho yokupakisha engentla iyasebenza nokuba isetyenziswa kweyiphi na indlela yokuthumela kodwa iimeko zothutho zahlukile kakhulu phakathi kwamathuba kwaye iimfuno ezisebenzayo zokupakisha zahlukile ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuthutha impahla elwandle yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuthutha izinto ezinkulu ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eFransi, nokuba ngumthwalo wesikhongozeli opheleleyo (i-FCL) okanye umthwalo ongaphantsi kwesikhongozeli (i-LCL). Ukuthutha kwe-FCL yangoku phakathi kweTshayina neFransi kwahluka ukusuka kwiintsuku ezingama-25-50, kuxhomekeke kwi-port pair, kunye nokuthutha okude kwendlela yaseShenzhen okanye eGuangzhou ukuya eLe Havre ngeCape of Good Hope (eye yanda kakhulu ukusukela oko kwaphazamiseka uLwandle oluBomvu ngo-2024-25). Kwisikhongozeli se-FCL umthumeli unolawulo kulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi kwaye unokuqinisekisa ukuba iibhokisi kunye neepalethi zibekwe ukuze kuncitshiswe intshukumo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthunyelwa kwe-LCL kufuna ukuhlanganiswa kunye neempahla zabanye abathumeli, oko kuthetha ukuba izinto ezinkulu zinokufuduswa xa zilayishwa kwaye zithululwa kwiindawo zokudibanisa, okubeka umthwalo onzima ekupakisheni ukuze kunyamezele iziganeko zokuphathwa eziphindaphindwayo.
ngelo xesha imithwalo kaloliwe ngenkonzo ye-express yaseTshayina-Yurophu (iTshayina-EU) yindawo ephakathi ngokwexesha kunye neendleko. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuhamba ukusuka kwiidolophu zaseTshayina ezisemantla ukuya kwiindawo zaseYurophu ngololiwe ziiintsuku ezingama-30-45 kwaye inkonzo ngokubanzi izinzile ngakumbi ngokwemigaqo yokuphathwa kwemithwalo kune-LCL yaselwandle. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhamba ngololiwe kwimithambo ye-Central Asia kunye neMpuma Yurophu kufuna ukuwela imida emininzi; nganye iyindawo yokuhlolwa apho iimpawu zeepakeji zomthi ziya kuhlolwa khona. Ngokuthunyelwa ngololiwe kweemveliso ezinkulu, ukuthobela i-ISPM 15 kubaluleke ngokulinganayo.
Nangona ukuthuthwa ngenqwelo moya kungasetyenziswa rhoqo kwimithwalo emikhulu ngokwenene, ngenxa yemida yobukhulu kunye nobunzima bokuthwala imithwalo yomoya, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iipallet zemithwalo yeenqwelo moya kunye nezixhobo zomthwalo weyunithi (ii-ULD) ngokubanzi zenziwe nge-aluminium, kungekhona ngomthi, ngoko ke i-ISPM 15 ayisebenzi kwizixhobo zomthwali. Nangona kunjalo, nayiphi na i-crating yomthi okanye i-dunnage eyongezwe ngumthumeli ngenjongo yokuzinzisa izinto ezikwi-ULD kufuneka isamkele.
Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ezenziwa ngabathumeli bamanye amazwe baseTshayina - kunye nendlela yokuziphepha
Imigaqo icacile, kodwa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eFransi okukhulu kakhulu kuhlala kubambezeleka okanye kungavunyelwa ngamasiko aseFransi ngenxa yeengxaki zokupakisha. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ziwela kwisethi yeepateni eziqikelelweyo.
Ingxaki yokuqala neyona ixhaphakileyo kukusetyenziswa kwemithi engaphathwanga okanye engaphawulwanga ngendlela engafanelekanga. Ukupakisha kwefektri eTshayina kudla ngokwenziwa ngemithi eluhlaza enganyangwanga okanye imithi elungisiweyo enesitampu se-IPPC esifakwe kwicala elinye kuphela, esifihlwe kancinci yileyibhile yemveliso okanye ngekhowudi yesibonelelo esiphelelwe lixesha engasafani neerekhodi zesatifikethi zangoku. Impendulo ilula: thenga kuphela kubaboneleli abaqinisekisiweyo be-ISPM 15 okwangoku, kwaye uhlole iimpawu kwiyunithi nganye ngaphambi kokuba ulayishe.
Ukusilela kwesibini okuxhaphakileyo kukungalingani kobukhulu kunye nobunzima phakathi koluhlu lokupakisha kunye nempahla yokwenyani. Iimpahla ezinkulu ngamanye amaxesha zizinto ezinobunzima okunzima ukuzilinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kwinqanaba lefektri kwaye kuyathandeka ukucinga. Amasiko aseFransi abona lo mahluko njengesizathu sokuhlola ngokwasemzimbeni ukuthunyelwa kwaye anokongeza iintsuku kwinkqubo yokucoca kwaye anokubangela iifizi ezongezelelweyo zokuphatha. Le ngozi isuswa ngokutyala imali ekulinganisweni ngokuchanekileyo kwinqanaba lokupakisha - nangokuqinisekisa ukuba uluhlu lokupakisha luhambelana namaxabiso okwenyani.
Omnye umthombo wokungachaneki kukusetyenziswa kobukhulu beepallet ezingahlangabezaniyo nemigangatho ye-EU. Iiparameter eziqhelekileyo zeepallet zasekhaya zaseTshayina yi-1100 mm x 1100 mm okanye i-1200 mm x 1000 mm, ezingahambelaniyo nomgangatho we-EUR 1200 mm x 800 mm. Iindawo zokusasaza zaseFransi zisenokungaxhotyiswanga ukuba ziziphathe xa zifika kwaye umsasazi kuya kufuneka aphinde azifake iipallet ngeendleko ezongezelelweyo. Kubathengisi bamanye amazwe abaseka unxibelelwano lwexesha elide namaqabane oshishino aseFransi, luphuculo olulula lokusebenza olunezibonelelo ezinkulu ezisezantsi ukusebenzisa iipallet ezisemgangathweni ze-EUR kwasekuqaleni.
Okokugqibela, ingxaki exhaphakileyo kukungaphelelanga okanye uxwebhu olufakwe kwangaphambili lwe-ICS2. Inkqubo yesishwankathelo sokungeniswa kwe-ICS2 ye-EU ifuna idatha echanekileyo ngaphambi kokufika, kwaye inkqubo ifumanisa ngokuzenzekelayo iimpazamo kwiikhowudi ze-HS, iinkcukacha zeqela okanye inkcazo yemithwalo, nto leyo ebangela uphononongo ngesandla. Ukusebenza nomntu onamava othumela impahla oyaziyo inkqubo yokuthumela impahla ngaphandle yaseTshayina kunye neemfuno zokungenisa impahla zaseFransi kunokunciphisa kakhulu le ngozi.
Indlela iTopway Shipping ephatha ngayo imithwalo emikhulu eya eFransi
I-Topway Shipping yinkampani enikezela ngezisombululo ze-e-commerce ezisebenza ngobuchwephesha eShenzhen, eTshayina, kwaye yasekwa ngo-2010. Igxile kwiimpahla ezinkulu nezinkulu kakhulu. Iqela labasunguli linamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 kwi-logistics yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokususwa kwempahla, kunye nokuqonda okubalulekileyo kwiindlela ezivela eTshayina ukuya eYurophu kuquka neFransi.
Imodeli yenkonzo yeTopway Shipping yenzelwe ukuhlangabezana neengxaki ezichazwe kule ncwadi. Le nkampani ineendawo zayo zokugcina impahla eShenzhen kwaye yenza ukupakisha ngaphakathi endlwini, ukufaka iibhokisi zeenkuni kunye nokufaka iipalethi zezinto ezinkulu. Zonke iipakeji zeenkuni ezisetyenziswayo nezifunyenwe yiTopway zivunyiwe yi-ISPM 15 kunye namaxwebhu okuqinisekisa unyango lobushushu anikezelweyo kuzo zonke izinto ezithunyelwayo. Oku kususa uqikelelo kwabo bathumela ngaphandle abangenalo ulwazi lwangaphakathi lokuvavanya ngokuzimeleyo ukuhambelana kwepakeji yefektri yabo.
Inethiwekhi yayo yezothutho igubungela onke amazwe angama-25 angamalungu e-EU okuhambisa izinto ukusuka emnyango ukuya komnye (i-DDP) kuquka neFransi, ngokusebenzisa ubudlelwane obuzinikeleyo bokuhambisa izinto ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, iTopway yenza imvume yerhafu eFransi ngeearhente ezibophelelweyo eLe Havre naseMarseille, ifaka iingxelo zesishwankathelo sokungeniswa kwe-ICS2, kwaye iphatha lonke ubalo lwexabiso lerhafu (kubandakanya irhafu kunye neFrench TVA (i-VAT kwi-20%) ngokwemigaqo ye-DDP). Inkonzo ye-B2C yokugqibela yeTopway isetyenziswa rhoqo ngabathengi abathumela iisofa, ii-treadmills, izitulo zokumasaja, ii-scooter zombane, izixhobo zasekhitshini kunye nezixhobo zoshishino kwiindawo zaseFransi, kunye nokuhanjiswa okusekelwe kwi-aphoyintimenti yezinto ezinzima ezifuna indawo esezantsi okanye ukufikelela kwi-lift.
I-Topway Shipping ibonelela ngempahla yolwandle ye-FCL kunye ne-LCL evela kumazibuko aseTshayina afana neShenzhen, iGuangzhou, iShanghai, iNingbo, njl.njl. ukuya kumazibuko aseFransi. Le nkampani ikwaqhuba inkonzo kaloliwe phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu xa ixesha lokuhamba ngololiwe leentsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-45 lifikelela kwibhalansi engabizi kakhulu phakathi kolwandle nomoya. Kwimpahla enkulu apho isantya sibaluleke kakhulu, itshaneli yokuthutha ngenqwelo moya yeTopway iya kuphatha iimpahla ukuya kuthi ga kwimida yeenqwelo moya ngoncedo olupheleleyo lwamaphepha e-ISPM 15 kuyo nayiphi na inkunkuma yemithi esetyenzisiweyo.
Inkqubo yolawulo lwezothutho yenkampani ilandelela ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ukusuka ekufumaneni iimpahla kwindawo yayo yokugcina impahla eShenzhen ukuya kwisiginitsha yokugqibela yokuhanjiswa kwempahla eFransi. Oku kubonakala ngokupheleleyo kubaluleke kakhulu kubathengisi be-B2C, kuba abathengi baseFransi balindele unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kwiifestile zokuhanjiswa kwempahla. Ngokwedatha yokusebenza yeTopway, i-91% yemithwalo yolwandle ye-DDP eya eYurophu ithunyelwe ngaphakathi kwesithuba seentsuku ezingama-45 ukuya kwezingama-55 ukususela ngexesha lokwamkelwa kwempahla eTshayina - uphawu lokusebenza oluthetha ukuthembeka kweendlela zokuthumela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokulungiselela amaxwebhu okukhupha impahla kwangaphambili.
Kwiinkampani ezinqwenela ukukhulisa imisebenzi yazo yokuthutha impahla enkulu eYurophu, iTopway Shipping iyafumaneka ukuze unxibelelane nazo kwiwebhusayithi yazo ethi www.topwayshipping.com.
Uluhlu lokutshekisha: Ngaphambi kokuba ukuthunyelwa kwakho okukhulu kuhambe eTshayina
Ngaphambi kokuba uqinisekise nayiphi na imithwalo emikhulu yokuthuthwa ukuya eFransi, kuya kuba luncedo ukubhekisela kuluhlu olulandelayo lokuhlola ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
| Inqaku loluhlu lokuhlola | isimo |
| Zonke izinto zokupakisha iinkuni (ikhreyithi/ipalethi/i-dunnage) zilungiswa ngobushushu yi-ISPM 15 | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Isitampu se-IPPC sibonakala kumacala amabini achaseneyo eyunithi nganye yomthi | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Isitampu siquka: ikhowudi yelizwe i-CN, ikhowudi yesibonelelo, kunye nophawu lwe-HT | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Nawuphi na umthi olungisiweyo okanye owongeziweyo ulungisiwe kwakhona kwaye waphinda wagximfizwa isitampu | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Ubukhulu bepalethi buhambelana nomgangatho we-EUR (1200mm x 800mm) okanye iinkcukacha zomthengi ezivunyiweyo | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Ukuphakama kwemithwalo ebekwe kwi-pallet akudluli kwi-1.5 yeemitha | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| I-invoyisi yezorhwebo ibandakanya ikhowudi ye-HS echanekileyo, ixabiso elibhengeziweyo, kunye ne-Incoterms | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Uluhlu lokupakisha luchaza ubukhulu, ubunzima bokwenyani, kunye nohlobo lokupakisha | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Isibhengezo sesishwankathelo soNgeniso lwe-ICS2 singeniswe kwangaphambili kwi-EU customs | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Izinto ezinobungozi okanye ezineebhetri zihlelwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zibhalwe iilebhile | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Isatifikethi sonyango se-ISPM 15 esivela kumthengisi wezinto zokupakisha sikwifayile | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Umgama ophakathi kweepalethi ezikwisikhongozeli ugcinwa malunga ne-5–10 cm ukuze kufikelelwe kwirhafu | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
| Iilebhile zokuphinda kusetyenziswe zeTriman ziyasebenza ukuba ukupakisha kubonakala kubathengi baseFransi | [ ] Iqinisekisiwe |
isiphelo
Ukuthumela iimpahla ezinkulu ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eFransi lithuba leshishini elifumanekayo ngakumbi - kodwa lifuna ulwazi lokupakisha olungafunekiyo kwiimpahla zorhwebo ze-e. Izixhobo zokupakisha iinkuni, iimpawu zemithwalo, ukuchaneka kwamaphepha kunye nokwakhiwa kokupakisha konke kuxhomekeke kwiikhrayitheriya ezichanekileyo nezinyanzeliswayo ezibekwe yimigangatho yaseFransi, exhaswa yimigangatho yococeko lwezityalo kunye nenkunkuma yokupakisha kwi-EU. Iindleko zokufumana ukupakisha ngokuchanekileyo kwasekuqaleni zinokuba ngaphezulu kuneendleko zokungathobeli, ezinokubandakanya ukuthunyelwa okulibazisekileyo, imithwalo evalelwe yodwa, iifizi zonyango kwakhona okanye ukupakisha okutshatyalaliswayo.
Imfuneko esisiseko kukuba ukupakisha iinkuni eziqinileyo kufuneka kuhambelane ne-ISPM 15, oko kukuthi, kulungiswe ubushushu, kugximfizwe isitampu se-IPPC kumacala amabini ahlukeneyo kwaye kufuneka kuhambisane nesatifikethi esivela kwisityalo sonyango esaziwayo eTshayina. Abathumeli kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ukupakisha kufanelekile ngokwe-fragility kunye nobunzima bomthwalo, ukuba ubungakanani bepalethi buhambelana nemigaqo yokuphatha yaseYurophu, ukuba amaxwebhu erhafu achanekile kwaye afakwe kwangaphambili, kwaye ukuba bahlala benolwazi ngeemfuno ze-EPR zaseFransi ezihlala zitshintsha kunye neemfuno zenkunkuma yokupakisha.
Eyona nto ibangela ukungaqiniseki isuswa ngokusebenzisana nomboneleli wezothutho oqonda imeko yokuthumela ngaphandle yaseTshayina kunye nemigaqo yokungenisa impahla yaseFransi - kubandakanya isaziso sangaphambi kwe-ICS2, ukuphathwa kwerhafu ye-DDP kunye nokuthobela imithetho yokuhanjiswa kwempahla enkulu kakhulu. Njengoko imakethi yeempahla ezinkulu zaseTshayina eFransi ikhula, abathumeli ababandakanyeka ekuthobeleni iipakethe njengobuchule obuphambili baya kuba ngabo baphuhlisa amashishini aseYurophu ahlala ixesha elide nanengeniso.
FAQs
Q: Ngaba i-ISPM 15 isebenza kuzo zonke iinkuni ezikwimpahla yam, okanye kwi-pallet kuphela?
A: I-ISPM 15 isebenza kuzo zonke izinto zomthi oqinileyo ezingaphezulu kwe-6mm ubukhulu ezisetyenziswa njengokupakisha. Oku kuquka iipallet, iikreyithi, i-dunnage, iibhloko zeekona kunye nokufakwa kweplanga ngaphakathi kwisikhongozeli. Ngokubanzi, iimveliso zomthi ezicutshungulweyo ezifana neplywood kunye nebhodi yamasuntswana azinazo. Nangona kunjalo, nasiphi na isithako somthi oqinileyo - nokuba sisiqwenga esincinci sokufakwa kweplanga kwikreyithi - kufuneka siphathwe kwaye siphawulwe.
Q: Ndingasebenzisa iikreyithi zomthi ezikhoyo kumzi-mveliso wam, okanye kufuneka ndithenge ezintsha ezineziqinisekiso?
A: I-ISPM 15 isebenza kuzo zonke izinto zomthi oqinileyo ezingaphezulu kwe-6mm ubukhulu ezisetyenziswa njengokupakisha. Oku kuquka iipallet, iikreyithi, i-dunnage, iibhloko zeekona kunye nokufakwa kweplanga ngaphakathi kwisikhongozeli. Ngokubanzi, iimveliso zomthi ezicutshungulweyo ezifana neplywood kunye nebhodi yamasuntswana azinazo. Nangona kunjalo, nasiphi na isithako somthi oqinileyo - nokuba sisiqwenga esincinci sokufakwa kweplanga kwikreyithi - kufuneka siphathwe kwaye siphawulwe.
Q: Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba upakisho lwam lomthi lungaphumeleli kuhlolo lwerhafu lwaseFransi?
A: I-ISPM 15 isebenza kuzo zonke izinto zomthi oqinileyo ezingaphezulu kwe-6mm ubukhulu ezisetyenziswa njengokupakisha. Oku kuquka iipallet, iikreyithi, i-dunnage, iibhloko zeekona kunye nokufakwa kweplanga ngaphakathi kwisikhongozeli. Ngokubanzi, iimveliso zomthi ezicutshungulweyo ezifana neplywood kunye nebhodi yamasuntswana azinazo. Nangona kunjalo, nasiphi na isithako somthi oqinileyo - nokuba sisiqwenga esincinci sokufakwa kweplanga kwikreyithi - kufuneka siphathwe kwaye siphawulwe.
Q: Ngaba kufuneka ndazise kwangaphambili amasiko aseFransi ngaphambi kokuba impahla yam ifike?
A: Ewe. Phantsi kwenkqubo ye-EU ICS2, iSibhengezo sesishwankathelo soNgeniso kufuneka sifakwe kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokuba inqanawa iphume kwizibuko laseTshayina. Umthumeli weempahla zakho uza kujongana noku, kodwa bafuna idatha echanekileyo—iikhowudi ze-HS ezichanekileyo, ulwazi olupheleleyo lwamaqela, iinkcazo ezichanekileyo—kwangaphambi kokuba kulayishwe. Naziphi na iimpazamo kwisibhengezo sangaphambi kwesibhengezo ngokuzenzekelayo ziphumela kwiiflegi zophononongo.
Q: Ingaba ubungakanani bepalethi bubaluleke ngokwenene ekuhanjisweni kwempahla eFransi?
A: Ewe, ingakumbi kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ze-B2B kwiindawo zokusasaza zaseFransi okanye kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla. Uninzi lweenkqubo zokugcina impahla ezizenzekelayo eFransi naseYurophu zisebenzisa iipallets ezisemgangathweni ze-EUR, ezilinganisa i-1200 mm x 800 mm. Ubungakanani beepallets ezingezizo ezisemgangathweni bufuna ukuphathwa ngabantu, zifaka iindleko zokuphinda zithunyelwe kwaye zibangela ukwaliwa kokuhanjiswa kwezinye iindawo. Kwimpahla ezithunyelwayo ze-B2C ezifika emva kwexesha, ubungakanani beepallet abuyongxaki ingako, njengoko iimpahla zihlala zisuswa kwipallet ukuze zisiwe emnyango.
