Ukuthunyelwa kweebhetri ze-EV ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eJamani: Imithetho, iingozi, kunye neendlela
intshayelelo
Uguquko lwezithuthi zombane kwihlabathi liphela lwenze iibhetri ze-EV zaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenye yezona nkampani zibalulekileyo zokubonelela ngeenkonzo kwihlabathi. I-China ngumthengisi oyintloko kwicandelo lezithuthi zombane (i-EV) ezikhula ngokukhawuleza eYurophu. Oku kungenxa yokuba amashishini afana ne-CATL kunye ne-BYD alawula ngaphezulu kwe-67% yemarike yeebhetri zehlabathi. I-Jamani yeyona nkampani inkulu yezoqoqosho eYurophu kwaye yeyona nkampani inkulu yemoto kweli lizwe. Ikwangumthengisi obalulekileyo weebhetri ze-EV kunye neenxalenye zayo.
Kodwa akuyi kuba lula ukudlulisa iibhetri ze-EV ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eJamani ngo-2025 nango-2026. Imithetho nemigaqo itshintshe kakhulu. I-EU ibeke imithetho emitsha engqongqo yeebhetri kunye neerhafu kwiimoto zombane zaseTshayina. I-China ikwabeke nemiqathango yayo yokuthumela ngaphandle kwizithako ezibalulekileyo zebhetri kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuvelisa. Iindleko zothutho, amaphepha okuthobela imithetho, imithetho yokhuseleko lomlilo, kunye nemithetho emitsha efana neDigital Battery Passport zonke zenza izinto zibe nzima ngakumbi, nto leyo enokudideka nakubathumeli abanamava.
Esi sikhokelo sinqumla ingxolo ukuze sikunike umfanekiso ocacileyo, oluncedo, nohlaziyiweyo wemithetho ekufuneka uyilandele, iingozi ekufuneka uzilawule, kunye neendlela ezilungileyo zokuhambisa iibhetri ze-EV ngokukhawuleza nangokukhuselekileyo ukusuka kwimveliso yaseTshayina ukuya kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla zaseJamani okanye kwizakhiwo zemveliso.
Imeko-bume yoLawulo: Yintoni etshintshileyo
Ukuqinisa ulawulo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lwaseTshayina
Ngasekupheleni kuka-2025, imithetho elawula ukuthunyelwa kweebhetri ze-EV ezivela eTshayina yatshintsha kakhulu. ISebe lezoRhwebo laseTshayina (i-MOFCOM) kunye noLawulo oluPhezulu lweMithetho (i-GAC) bakhuphe iSaziso No. 58 ngo-Okthobha 9, 2025. Saqala ukusebenza ngoNovemba 8, 2025. Iibhetri zeLithium, izinto ze-cathode, kunye nezinto ze-anode ze-graphite ezenziweyo ngoku zikwiLuhlu lwezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini phantsi koLawulo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba nabani na ofuna ukuzithumela kwamanye amazwe kufuneka afumane ilayisenisi kurhulumente ngaphambi kokuba azithuthe.
Ukuze ufake isicelo selayisenisi, inkampani kufuneka inikezele ngala maxwebhu alandelayo: ubungqina bobuwena bommeli wenkampani osemthethweni, isivumelwano sokuthumela ngaphandle, inkcazo yobuchwephesha yemveliso yebhetri, ubungqina bobuwena bomsebenzisi wokugqibela kunye nokusetyenziswa okucwangcisiweyo, kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izinto ezifunwa ngabasemagunyeni. Le ndlela yenza inkqubo yokuthumela ngaphandle ibe nzima ngakumbi kwaye ithatha ixesha kunye nomgudu ongakumbi.
NgoJulayi 2025, iTshayina yayisele ithathe amanyathelo okunciphisa ukudluliselwa kwetekhnoloji ezibalulekileyo zokwenza iibhetri ze-EV. Ngokukodwa, babejolise kwiiteknoloji zokwenza iibhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha nokucubungula i-lithium. Le miqathango yetekhnoloji ayiyekisi kwangoko ukuhanjiswa kweemveliso zebhetri ezigqityiweyo, kodwa yenza kube nzima kakhulu kwizakhiwo zaseYurophu ukufumana ulwazi lokuvelisa olufunekayo, nto leyo etshintsha indlela ezorhwebo olusebenza ngayo.
Imithetho yokungenisa impahla ye-EU kunye nemisebenzi yokuchasana nayo
Imithetho eYurophu nayo iyinkimbinkimbi. Ngo-Okthobha ka-2024, i-EU yabeka amatyala asisigxina okuphikisana nezithuthi zombane zebhetri eziziswe zivela eTshayina. Amaxabiso ayehluka ngokwabavelisi: i-BYD kwafuneka ihlawule malunga ne-17%, iGeely kwafuneka ihlawule malunga ne-19%, kwaye i-SAIC kwafuneka ihlawule ukuya kuthi ga kwi-35%. Abanye abavelisi baseTshayina kwafuneka bahlawule umyinge oqhelekileyo. Ezi ntlawulo zenzelwe ukusebenza kwizithuthi ezipheleleyo, kungekuphela nje kwiipakethe zebhetri, kodwa zinefuthe kuqoqosho lulonke lwendlela yorhwebo phakathi kweTshayina neJamani kunye nendlela elungiselelwe ngayo ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo.
Ukususela ngoJanuwari 2026, iKhomishini yaseYurophu ikhuphe ulwazi oluhlaziyiweyo malunga nendlela eza kujonga ngayo izibonelelo zamaxabiso ezivela kubathengisi bangaphandle baseTshayina be-BEV njengendlela yokuphepha ukuhlawula iindleko ezichaseneyo. Oku kusaxoxwa ngako, kungekhona umgaqo-nkqubo wokugqibela, ngoko ke abathumeli bamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka bahlale bejonge oko kuza kwenzeka emva koko, kuba naluphi na utshintsho kwisakhelo lunokuchaphazela urhwebo kwinqanaba lecandelo.
Ulawulo lweebhetri ze-EU: Umgaqo-nkqubo wokuThotyelwa kweMithetho yokungenisa impahla eJamani
Ukongeza kwiirhafu zorhwebo kunye nolawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle, nabani na ozisa iibhetri ze-EV eJamani kufuneka alandele uMgaqo weBhetri we-EU (EU 2023/1542), owathatha indawo yoMyalelo weBhetri omdala waza waqalisa ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo ngo-Agasti 2025. Lo mthetho ugubungela lonke umjikelo wobomi beebhetri, ukususela ekuzenzeni nasekuziseni eJamani ukuya ekuzisebenziseni kwakhona nasekuzilawuleni ekupheleni kobomi bazo. Abangenisi eJamani kufuneka bahlale bejonge ngokusondeleyo iseti yemigangatho yokuthobela imithetho esekelwe kwixesha.
Isibhengezo seNyawo yeKhabhoni
Ukususela nge-18 kaFebruwari 2025, abavelisi kunye nabangenisi kufuneka bafumanise baze baxele nge-carbon footprint yemodeli nganye yebhetri ye-EV kunye nomzi-mveliso. Olu tyhilelo kufuneka luquke ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuzo zonke izigaba ezifanelekileyo zomjikelo wobomi, njengokukhupha izinto eziluhlaza, ukwenza izinto ezisebenzayo kunye neeseli, ukuhlanganisa iibhetri, ukuzithumela, kunye nokuzinyanga ekupheleni kobomi bazo. Ulwazi malunga ne-carbon footprint kufuneka luhlolwe ngumntu wesithathu kwaye lwenziwe lufumaneke kuluntu kwi-intanethi. Lo mthetho ngokusisiseko uthetha ukuba abenzi beebhetri baseTshayina abafuna ukuthengisa iimveliso zabo eJamani kufuneka babe ne-akhawuntingi yekhabhoni echanekileyo neqinisekisiweyo kwindawo yesakhiwo. Le yimfuno enkulu yokusebenza engeyiyo yonke inkampani eyayikulungele.
Ipaspoti yebhetri yedijithali
Ukususela nge-18 kaFebruwari 2027, zonke iibhetri zezithuthi zombane ezithengiswayo kwi-EU kufuneka zibe nepasipoti yebhetri yedijithali enokuskenwa ngekhowudi ye-QR. Ipasipoti iya kuba yirekhodi epheleleyo ye-elektroniki equka iinkcukacha malunga nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zebhetri, indlela eyenziwe ngayo, unyawo lwayo lwekhabhoni, apho izinto zayo eziluhlaza zivela khona, indlela esebenza kakuhle ngayo, kunye nendlela yokuyisebenzisa kwakhona. Umntu okanye inkampani ethengisa ibhetri kwi-EU (ngesiqhelo umngenisi wezinto ezivela eTshayina) unoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba ipasipoti ichanekile, ibanzi, kwaye kulula ukuyifumana. Oku kuthetha ukuba abathumeli bangaphandle baseTshayina kufuneka babe neenkqubo zabo zedatha, ulungelelwaniso lwabathengisi, kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa zomntu wesithathu zonke zicwangciswe kwangaphambili ukususela ngo-2027.
Ubhaliso lwabavelisi eJamani
Ukususela nge-18 ka-Agasti 2025, abavelisi abangaphandle kwe-EU kufuneka babize ummeli ogunyazisiweyo woxanduva olongezelelekileyo lomvelisi kwilizwe ngalinye elilungu le-EU apho bathengisa khona iibhetri. Umthetho owaqalisa esi sicwangciso (iBatteriedurchführungsgesetz) wapasiswa eJamani ngoSeptemba 2025. Amagosa aseJamani athi ukunyanzeliswa kuya kuqala ekupheleni kuka-2025. Ngexesha lesigaba sotshintsho, kuya kubakho indlela elula yokubhalisa. Nayiphi na inkampani yaseTshayina ethumela iibhetri eJamani njengomthengisi othe ngqo kufuneka yazi ngalo msebenzi kwaye iqinisekise ukuba inommeli olandela imithetho.
Ulawulo lweBhetri ye-EU: Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zokuthobela imithetho
| Umhla osebenzeyo | Imfuneko | Ngubani Ochaphazelekayo |
| Agasti 2025 | Umthetho weBhetri we-EU uthatha indawo yeSikhokelo seBhetri ngokupheleleyo; imiqathango yezinto ezinobungozi, ukumakishwa kwe-CE, ukulebhelisha, ubhaliso lwabavelisi luyasebenza | Bonke abangenisi beebhetri eJamani |
| Februwari 18, 2025 | Isibhengezo se-carbon footprint siyimfuneko kwiibhetri ze-EV (ziqinisekisiwe ngumntu wesithathu, zifikeleleka kuluntu) | Abavelisi kunye nabangenisi beebhetri ze-EV |
| Agasti 18, 2025 | Abavelisi abangengabo abe-EU kufuneka batyumbe ummeli ogunyazisiweyo we-EU ukuze anike uxanduva olongezelelekileyo kubavelisi | Abathengisi baseTshayina babeka iibhetri kwimarike yaseJamani |
| Februwari 18, 2027 | Ibhetri yedijithali iyimfuneko kwiPaspoti (ikhowudi ye-QR, idatha epheleleyo yomjikelo wobomi) kwiibhetri ze-EV >2 kWh | Onke amaqela abeka iibhetri ze-EV kwimarike ye-EU |
| Agasti 18, 2027 | Iimbopheleleko zokuqwalasela ngokucokisekileyo malunga nokufunyanwa kwekhonkco lokubonelela ziqala ukusebenza (zihlehlisiwe ukususela ngo-2025) | Abangenisi kunye nabasasazi beebhetri |
| Agasti 18, 2031 | Ubuncinane bomlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-cobalt, i-lithium, i-nickel, kunye ne-lead kwiibhetri | Abavelisi kunye nabangenisi beebhetri |
Ukuthobela Iimpahla Eziyingozi: Imithetho Yokhuseleko Engenakutyeshelwa
Imithetho yothutho lomoya nolwandle ithi iibhetri ze-EV, nokuba yi-lithium-ion okanye i-lithium iron phosphate, zizinto eziyingozi. Ukungalandeli le migaqo kunokukhokelela kokungaphezulu nje kwezohlwayo. Izinto ezithunyelwayo zingabanjwa, imithwalo ingathululwa, kwaye kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, imililo ekwibhodini enemiphumo emibi kakhulu.
IKhowudi yeHlabathi yeeMpahla eziNgozi zaseLwandle (i-IMDG) yiseti yemithetho esebenza kwimpahla yaselwandle. Iibhetri zeLithium-ion ezithwalwa zodwa ziphantsi kwe-UN 3480, ngelixa iibhetri zeLithium-ion ezipakishwe okanye ezikwizixhobo ziwela phantsi kwe-UN 3481. IKhowudi ye-IMDG ithi iibhetri ezithunyelwa elwandle mazibe neState of Charge (SOC) engadluli kwi-30% ngexesha lokuhamba, zipakishwe kwiphakheji eqinisekisiweyo yi-UN eyenziwe ngezinto ezingatshiyo, zikhatshwe yiDangerous Goods Declaration (DGD) enamanani achanekileyo e-UN kunye namagama okuthunyelwa, kwaye ziquka iMaterial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) kunye nesishwankathelo sovavanyo lwe-UN 38.3 esibonisa ukuba iibhetri ziphumelele iimvavanyo zokhuseleko ezifunekayo.
Uthotho lovavanyo lwe-UN 38.3 luluhlu olupheleleyo lovavanyo lokhuseleko oluquka ukulinganisa ukuphakama okwahlukeneyo, ukujikeleza kobushushu phakathi kwe--40°C kunye ne-+72°C, uvavanyo lokungcangcazela, ukutshayiswa koomatshini, uvavanyo lwe-external short-circuit, uvavanyo lokutyumza, ukutshaja kakhulu, kunye novavanyo lokuphoswa. Kuchasene nomthetho ukuthumela nayiphi na ibhetri phesheya kolwandle engaqinisekiswanga ngokufanelekileyo yi-UN 38.3. Ukuba awulandeli lo mthetho, ukuthunyelwa kwakho kunokulibaziseka, unokuhlawuliswa, okanye ungathintelwa kwiibhetri zokuthumela kwixesha elizayo.
I-IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) imisela imithetho yokuthunyelwa kweebhetri ze-EV ngomoya, kwaye le mithetho ingqongqo ngakumbi. Uninzi lweebhegi ze-EV ezinkulu azinakuthunyelwa kwiinqwelomoya zabakhweli kwaphela, kwaye nakwiinqwelomoya zemithwalo, kukho imiqathango emininzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuthunyelwa kweenqwelomoya akulona ukhetho kwiibhegi zebhetri ze-EV ziphela, nangona kunokwenzeka kwiimodyuli zebhetri ezincinci okanye iiseli kwezinye iimeko.
Ukususela ngoJanuwari 2025, onke amaphepha eemveliso eziyingozi kufuneka athunyelwe ngefomathi ye-XML kwi-intanethi. Oku kongeza elinye inqanaba lokuthobela imithetho yedijithali kwinkqubo esele inzima kumaphepha.
Iindlela zokuthumela: Ukufumana iibhetri ze-EV ezivela eTshayina ukuya eJamani
Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zokuthumela iibhetri ze-EV ezivela eTshayina ukuya eJamani: ngokuthunyelwa kwempahla elwandle, ngokuthunyelwa imithwalo kaloliwe nge-China-Europe Railway Express, nangothutho lweenqwelo-moya. Nganye ineendleko zayo, amaxesha okuthuthwa, kunye nemiba esebenzayo ekufuneka icinge ngayo xa kuthunyelwa iimveliso eziyingozi ezifana neebhetri.
Imithwalo yeLwandle
Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ngolwandle kuseyeyona ndlela iphambili yokuhamba kweempahla phakathi kweTshayina neJamani, kwaye kwiibhetri ezinkulu, phantse yeyona ndlela ingabizi kakhulu. Indlela eqhelekileyo iqala kwiizibuko ezinkulu zaseTshayina ezifana neShanghai, iNingbo, iShenzhen, kunye neQingdao idlula kuLwandle lwaseMzantsi China, uLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya, iSuez Canal, kunye noLwandle oluseMantla ukuya eHamburg okanye eBremerhaven, iizibuko ezimbini eziphambili zeekhonteyina zaseJamani. IHamburg lizibuko lesithathu elixakekileyo leekhonteyina eYurophu. Liphatha uninzi lweempahla zaseTshayina eziza eJamani kwaye lineendawo ezininzi zokugcina impahla, zokugcina impahla kunye nokuhambisa impahla.
Kwimithwalo ye-Full Container Load (FCL), ixesha lokuhamba ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye kule ndlela lidla ngokuba phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-25 ukuya kwezingama-35. Ukuhanjiswa ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-33 ukuya kwezingama-45 xa ukuphathwa kwicala lokuqala kunye nokususwa kwerhafu yaseJamani kufakiwe. Xa kukho iingxaki ngeSuez Canal, iinqanawa zingathatha indlela eyahlukileyo ejikeleze iCape of Good Hope. Oku kongeza malunga neentsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezili-10 kwiishedyuli zokuhamba.
Xa kufikwa ekuthunyelweni kweebhetri, ukuthunyelwa kweenqanawa kwimo ye-FCL kudla ngokuba ngcono kunokuhlanganiswa kwe-Less than Container Load (LCL). Ukuphatha izinto eziyingozi ezifana neebhetri kufuna unonophelo olukhethekileyo, kwaye ukuzidibanisa neminye imithwalo kwenza izinto zibe nzima ngakumbi, kwandisa uxanduva, kwaye kwenza kube lula ukuba abanye abanini bemithwalo okanye abathwali bangavumi ukuyamkela. Ukuthunyelwa kwemithwalo ye-FCL kukwavumela umthumeli ukuba alawule ngokupheleleyo indlela ekufakwa ngayo isitya, esibekwa ngayo, nesibhalwe phantsi ngayo, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthunyelweni kwezinto eziyingozi.
Uthutho lweZitimela — I-China-Europe Railway Express
I-China-Europe Railway Express, okanye i-CR Express, iye yaba yindlela elungileyo yokufikelela kwindawo ephakathi. Kuthatha iintsuku ezili-12 ukuya kwezingama-22 ukusuka kwiindawo zoololiwe baseTshayina ezifana neChengdu, iXi'an, iChongqing, kunye neZhengzhou ukuya kwizikhululo zoololiwe baseJamani eDuisburg (eyona zibuko inkulu eYurophu yesitimela seekhonteyina) kunye neHamburg. Imithwalo kaloliwe ikhawuleza kunemithwalo yaselwandle kwaye ixabisa kancinci kunemithwalo yomoya, ngoko ke lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwimithwalo ekufuneka ifike apho ngokukhawuleza kodwa ayizizo iimeko ezingxamisekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke izithuthi zikaloliwe eziza kuthatha iibhetri ze-EV, kwaye imithetho yokuzamkela kunye namaphepha afunekayo yahlukile kumqhubi ngamnye kaloliwe kunye nelizwe lezothutho. Ngaphambi kokubhukisha, abathumeli kufuneka bahlole nomthumeli wempahla ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayazamkela izinto eziyingozi. Impahla kaloliwe kufuneka ihlolwe ngokweerhafu kwiindawo zokuwela imida, ingakumbi xa oololiwe bedlula eRashiya, eBelarus, ePoland, okanye kwezinye iindlela ezisemazantsi. Olu hlolo lunokubangela ukulibaziseka okunzima ukukuqikelela.
Uloyiko lomoya
Ukuthutha ngenqwelo moya phakathi kweTshayina neJamani yeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo, ithatha malunga neentsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-8 ukusuka emnyango ukuya kwisikhululo seenqwelo moya. Iindlela zihamba ukusuka eShanghai Pudong, eGuangzhou, naseShenzhen ukuya kwisikhululo seenqwelo moya saseFrankfurt, esiyindawo ephambili yokuthutha ngenqwelo moya eJamani. Kodwa i-IATA DGR inemithetho eqinileyo eyenza ukuthutha ngenqwelo moya kube nzima kakhulu kwiipakethe zebhetri ezinkulu ze-EV, kwaye akunakwenzeka rhoqo kwiinkqubo zebhetri ezipheleleyo. Ukuthutha ngenqwelo moya kusebenza ngcono kwiimodyuli zebhetri ezincinci, iiseli, okanye iindawo ze-elektroniki. Kwakhona lolona khetho lubiza kakhulu ngekhilogram, ngoko ke lufanelekile kuphela kwiindawo ezixabisekileyo ezifuna ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza.
Uthelekiso lweNdlela yoThutho: iTshayina ukuya eJamani (Isalathiso sika-2025–2026)
| ifashoni | Ixesha lokuhamba | Ixabiso eliqikelelweyo (FCL/40ft) | Ngaba ifanelekile kwiipakethi zebhetri ze-EV? | Iichweba/iiHub ezibalulekileyo |
| UThutho eLwandle (FCL) | Iintsuku eziyi-25-40 | I-USD 2,000-3,500 | Ewe (ngokuthobela i-DG) | IShanghai/Shenzhen → IHamburg/Bremerhaven |
| UThutho eLwandle (LCL) | Iintsuku eziyi-30-45 | Iidola ezingama-70–200 nge-cbm nganye | Iyinkimbinkimbi – ayikhuthazwa kwiipakethi ezinkulu | Shanghai/Ningbo → Hamburg |
| Imithwalo kaloliwe | Iintsuku eziyi-12-22 | I-USD 6,500-8,500 | Iyahluka ngokomqhubi – jonga ukwamkelwa kwe-DG | Chengdu/Chongqing → Duisburg/Hamburg |
| Uloyiko lomoya | Iintsuku eziyi-5-8 | I-USD 6-10 ngekhilogram | Incinci kakhulu – iimodyuli/iiseli ezincinci kuphela | I-Shanghai PVG/SZX → iFrankfurt FRA |
UkuVunywa kweMithetho eJamani: Amaxwebhu kunye neMisebenzi
Xa iibhetri ze-EV zifika kwizibuko eJamani, zidlula kwenye yezona nkqubo zingqongqo ze-EU zokujonga amatyala. I-German customs (i-Zoll) idume ngokuba yingozi kakhulu malunga nokujonga amaxwebhu. Iimpazamo kwi-invoyisi zorhwebo, iikhowudi ze-HS, okanye amaphepha eempahla ezinobungozi zinokubangela ukubanjwa kwezinto okongeza iintsuku okanye iiveki kwixesha lokuhanjiswa.
Ngokwesiqhelo, iibhetri ze-EV ziwela phantsi kwesihloko esithi 8507 (ii-accumulators zombane), nangona kunjalo isihlokwana esichanekileyo sixhomekeke kuhlobo lwebhetri kunye nendlela esekwe ngayo. Uninzi lweebhetri ze-lithium-ion (kuquka iintlobo ze-LFP) ezisebenzisa iimoto zombane zihlelwa njenge-HS 8507.60. Kufuneka usebenzise ikhowudi ye-HS echanekileyo evela kwisiseko sedatha se-EU TARIC endaweni yeekhowudi ezinikwa ngumthengisi wakho. Ukuba awenzi njalo, ungagqibela unerhafu eyahlukeneyo kunye nezohlwayo ezinokwenzeka.
Irhafu eqhelekileyo ye-EU yokungenisa kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion phantsi kwe-HS 8507.60 isusela kwi-1.9% ukuya kwi-3.7%, nangona kunjalo oku kunokutshintsha ngokusekelwe kwizivumelwano zorhwebo kunye neminye imiqathango esele ikhona kuloo candelo. IJamani ikwahlawulisa iRhafu eyongeziweyo ye-19% (i-Einfuhrumsatzsteuer), esekwe kwixabiso lilonke leemveliso, iindleko zokuthumela, i-inshurensi, kunye nayo nayiphi na irhafu efanelekileyo. Amashishini aseJamani abhalisele i-VAT anokubuyiselwa le rhafu, ngoko ke ayisiyondleko esisigxina kodwa yingxaki yemali engenayo.
Xa kuthunyelwa iibhetri ze-EV, amaphepha erhafu adla ngokufuna ukuba ne-invoyisi yorhwebo eneenkcukacha zebhetri ezichanekileyo, uluhlu lokupakisha, iBill of Lading okanye i-Air Waybill, iDangerous Goods Declaration, i-MSDS, isishwankathelo sovavanyo lwe-UN 38.3, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-carbon footprint declaration efunekayo yi-EU Battery Regulation. Ukususela ekupheleni kuka-2025, abathengisi baseTshayina kuya kufuneka bakwazi ukubonisa amaxwebhu elayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle ye-MOFCOM yezinto zebhetri ezithintelweyo.
Iingozi eziphambili kunye nendlela yokuzinciphisa
Xa kuthunyelwa iibhetri ze-EV kwamanye amazwe, kukho iingozi ezidlula inkxalabo eqhelekileyo malunga nomonakalo kunye nokulibaziseka. Umngcipheko womlilo ngowona mkhulu. Ukuba iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zonakele, zitshajiswa kakhulu, okanye zigcinwe ngendlela engafanelekanga, zinokungena kwi-thermal runaway, nto leyo edala ubushushu obuninzi okunzima kakhulu ukubucima. Abanini-inshorensi benze kwaba nzima ukufumana i-battery shipping shipping, kunye ne-marine shipping. i-inshurensi yempahla kufuneka ihlale ibandakanya ukugqunywa kwebhetri kwiimoto zombane (ii-EV) kuba imigaqo-nkqubo eqhelekileyo yaselwandle ayinakugubungela iziganeko zobushushu ezenzeka ngenxa yekhemistri yebhetri.
Iqela lesibini elikhulu elinomngcipheko alilandeli imithetho. Ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe lwaseTshayina kunye nemithetho yokungenisa impahla ye-EU itshintsha ngokukhawuleza, impahla eyayithobela ngokupheleleyo iinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo ngoku inokufuna amaphepha okanye iimvume ezingaphezulu. Abathumeli kufuneka bongeze iindawo zokujonga ukuthobela imithetho kwimisebenzi yabo yothutho kwaye basebenzisane nabathumeli bempahla abazi kakhulu ngeempahla eziyingozi kwindlela ephakathi kweChina ne-EU.
Ngenxa yenkqubo entsha yelayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle yaseTshayina, amathuba okuphazamiseka kwekhonkco lokubonelela ngempahla ahambe kakhulu. Kukwakho nokungaqiniseki malunga nokuba kuza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukugqiba iilayisenisi zokuthumela ngaphandle ze-MOFCOM, ingakumbi xa kukho imfuno eninzi okanye isiphithiphithi sezopolitiko. Abathumeli kufuneka banike ixesha elongezelelweyo lokuqalisa kwiikhalenda zabo zokucwangcisa kwaye bangathembisi abathengi amaxesha okuhambisa angashiyi ndawo yokulibaziseka kwelayisenisi.
Okokugqibela, imeko yerhafu etshintshayo phakathi kweTshayina ne-EU ithetha ukuba iindleko zeebhetri zokuthumela zinokutshintsha kakhulu ngaphandle kwesilumkiso esincinci. Kubalulekile ukuhlala ujonge ngononophelo iintetho ze-EU-China malunga nezinye iindlela endaweni yerhafu echaseneyo kunye naluphi na utshintsho kwiindidi zerhafu. Le yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokulawula lonke iindleko zokuzisa iibhetri ze-EV eJamani.
Indlela iTopay Shipping inganceda ngayo
Iqabane lezothutho elinamava amaninzi kwindlela yokuthutha impahla phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu liyafuneka ukuze lijongane neengxaki zokuthobela imithetho eyingozi yokuthunyelwa kwempahla, ukutshintsha ulawulo lokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe, iimfuno zomthetho ze-EU, kunye nokwenza ngcono iindlela ngaxeshanye. Ukusukela ngo-2010, iTopway Shipping ibingumboneleli ofanelekileyo wezisombululo zothutho oluwela imida. Ikomkhulu layo liseShenzhen, eTshayina. ITopway ineqela elisunguleyo elinamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 kuthutho lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokususwa kwempahla. Oku kuthetha ukuba bayazi indlela yokusingatha iintlobo zothutho olunzima olujongene nabathumeli beebhetri ze-EV.
Iinkonzo zeTopway zigubungela lonke uthotho lwezinto ezithunyelwayo, ukusuka ekukhupheni iimpahla kwiifektri zaseTshayina ukuya ekuzigcineni kwamanye amazwe, ukucoca irhafu kwindawo ezisuka kuyo nakwindawo ezithunyelwa kuyo, kunye nokuzihambisa eJamani kwimayile yokugqibela. Olu buchule bokusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni bubaluleke kakhulu kubathumeli beebhetri ze-EV. Ukuba kukho umsantsa phakathi kwamanqanaba amabini othotho lwezinto ezithunyelwayo, oku kunokukhokelela kwisiganeko esiyingozi sokungathobeli imithetho yempahla, ukubanjwa kwerhafu, okanye ukungaphumeleli kwamaxwebhu okulibazisa ukuthunyelwa kwaye kukhokelele kwisohlwayo.
I-Topway ibonelela ngeenkonzo zokuthutha ulwandle ukusuka eTshayina ukuya kumazibuko aphambili kwihlabathi liphela, afana neHamburg neBremerhaven. Banikezela ngeenkonzo ze-Full Container Load (FCL) kunye ne-Less than Container Load (LCL). Abathengisi beebhetri badla ngokujongana nokutshintsha kobungakanani, okuxhaphakileyo kwi-EV supply chain njengoko ii-odolo zinyuka okanye zisihla ngemijikelo yokuvelisa yabavelisi. Ukukwazi ukutshintsha phakathi kokuthunyelwa kwe-FCL kunye ne-LCL ngaphandle kokutshintsha amaqabane e-logistics kunceda ukugcina imisebenzi isebenza kakuhle. Iqela le-Topway liyazi nendlela yokusingatha amaphepha okuthumela izinto eziyingozi, njengokulungiselela i-DGD, ukulungelelanisa i-MSDS, kunye nokulawula isatifikethi se-UN 38.3 esifunekayo kukuthobela i-IMDG.
Njengoko isakhelo esitsha se-MOFCOM saseTshayina sitshintsha imithetho yeelayisenisi zokuthumela ngaphandle, ubudlelwane obude beTopway namagunya eenkcubeko kunye norhwebo lwaseTshayina bunika abathengi isaziso kwangethuba ngeemfuno ezintsha kwaye bunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izicelo zeelayisenisi zisetwa ngokuchanekileyo okokuqala. I-Topway Shipping lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwiinkampani ezifuna iqabane elithembekileyo, elithobelayo, nelinamava kwezothutho ukuze lithwale iibhetri ze-EV ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eJamani. Banokuqonda okusemthethweni, ubuchule bokuhamba, kunye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza okufunekayo kule ndlela yorhwebo inzima.
isiphelo
Ukuthunyelwa kweebhetri ze-EV ezivela eTshayina ukuya eJamani akuseyongxaki nje yezothutho. Ngoku yingxaki efuna ulwazi kwiindawo ezininzi ngaxeshanye, kubandakanya imithetho, icebo, kunye nolawulo lomngcipheko. Inkqubo entsha yelayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle yaseTshayina yezixhobo kunye nobuchwepheshe bebhetri, isakhelo esikhulayo solawulo lwebhetri se-EU esiquka izibhengezo ze-carbon footprint kunye nePasipoti yeDijithali yeBhetri, iirhafu ezichaseneyo kwizithuthi zombane zaseTshayina, kunye neemfuno zokuthobela iimpahla eziyingozi ze-IMDG zonke zenza imeko ibe nzima kakhulu.
Iziseko zendlela yorhwebo zisaqinile. I-China yenza uninzi lweebhetri ze-EV zehlabathi, kwaye icandelo leemoto laseJamani lisaxhomekeke kuzo. Impahla yolwandle edlula eHamburg, kunye nempahla kaloliwe edlula kwi-China-Europe Railway Express, yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuzisa ezi mpahla apho kufuneka ziye khona. Kodwa indlela abathumeli abahlangabezana ngayo ngempumelelo nemithetho enzima kuzo zombini iindlela iya ibaluleke ngakumbi kwimpumelelo kule ndlela, kungekuphela nje kwindlela abazithutha ngayo ngokukhawuleza izikhongozeli emanzini.
Iinkampani ezifaka imali ekwakheni iziseko zophuhliso ezifanelekileyo zokuthobela imithetho—njengokuqinisekisa ukuba zine-HS code classification efanelekileyo, uxwebhu lweempahla eziyingozi, kunye nokuthotyelwa koMgaqo weBhetri ye-EU, kunye nokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yelayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle yaseTshayina kwangethuba—ziya kukwazi ngcono ukugcina imixokelelwane yazo yokubonelela ihamba njengoko le meko yolawulo itshintsha. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokunciphisa iindleko kunye nomngcipheko wokuthunyelwa kweebhetri ze-EV kukusebenza namaqabane ezothutho ayaziyo icala lokuthumela ngaphandle laseTshayina kunye necala lokungenisa laseJamani kule ndlela.
FAQs
Q: Ngaba ndifuna ilayisenisi ekhethekileyo yokuthumela ngaphandle ukuze ndithumele iibhetri ze-EV ezivela eTshayina ukuya eJamani?
A: Ewe, ukususela nge-8 kaNovemba 2025. Phantsi kweSaziso No. 58, i-MOFCOM yaseTshayina ngoku ifuna ilayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle iibhetri ze-lithium, izinto ze-cathode, kunye nezinto ze-graphite anode. Ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, abathumeli ngaphandle kufuneka bafake isicelo kwi-MOFCOM baze bathumele amaphepha anjengesivumelwano sokuthumela ngaphandle, inkcazo yobugcisa, kunye nobungqina bomsebenzisi wokugqibela.
Q: Lingakanani ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuhamba kweebhetri ze-EV ezivela eTshayina ukuya eJamani?
A: Ukuthutha ngolwandle (i-FCL) kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-25 ukuya kwezingama-35 ukusuka kwelinye izibuko ukuya kwelinye, kwaye ukuhanjiswa emnyango nomnyango kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-33 ukuya kwezingama-45. I-China-Europe Railway Express ithatha iintsuku ezili-12 ukuya kwezingama-22 ukufika apho ngololiwe. Imithetho ye-IATA yenza kube nzima ukuthumela iibhetri ezinkulu ze-EV ngenqwelo moya, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuthumela iinxalenye zebhetri ezincinci ngenqwelo moya kwiintsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-8.
Q: Yintoni iPaspoti yeBhetri yeDijithali ye-EU kwaye isebenza nini?
A: Ipasipoti yebhetri yedijithali yirekhodi ye-elektroniki ekufuneka igcinwe kwibhetri nganye. Ibandakanya ulwazi malunga nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zebhetri, unyawo lwekhabhoni, imithombo yezinto eziluhlaza, kunye nembali yokusebenza kwayo. Kufuneka kube lula ukufikelela kuyo ngekhowudi ye-QR. Lo mthetho uqala ukusebenza nge-18 kaFebruwari 2027, kwiibhetri ze-EV ezithengiswa kwi-EU, kuquka nezo ziziswa eJamani. Ngumsebenzi wabangenisi ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into ilungile.
Q: Ngaba iibhetri ze-EV zingathunyelwa ngenqwelo moya zisuka eTshayina zisiya eJamani?
A: Hayi, ayifanelekanga kwiipakethi zebhetri ze-EV ezinkulu. Imithetho ye-IATA Dangerous Goods yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthumela iibhetri ezinkulu ze-lithium-ion ngomoya. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, iimodyuli zebhetri ezincinci okanye iiseli zinokuthwalwa yimpahla yomoya, nangona kunjalo oku akulona ukhetho olufanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zebhetri ze-EV ezipheleleyo.
Q: Ngawaphi amaxwebhu afunekayo ukuze kungeniswe iibhetri ze-EV eJamani?
A: Amaxwebhu aphambili yi-invoyisi yorhwebo, uluhlu lokupakisha, iBill of Lading, iDangerous Goods Declaration (DGD), iMaterial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), isishwankathelo sovavanyo lwe-UN 38.3, i-carbon footprint declaration (efunekayo ukususela ngoFebruwari 2025), kunye nelayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle ye-MOFCOM (efunekayo ukususela ngoNovemba 2025). Kubalulekile nokuba nohlelo olufanelekileyo lwekhowudi ye-HS phantsi kwe-EU TARIC ukuze kubalwe iirhafu ngokuchanekileyo.
