Ukuthunyelwa Kweempahla Eziyingozi Ukusuka eTshayina Ukuya ePortugal: Imithetho Neemfuno
intshayelelo
Ukuthumela izinto eziyingozi ukusuka eTshayina ukuya ePortugal yenye yezona zinto zinzima ukuzenzela kwi-logistics yamazwe ngamazwe. Kukukudibana kwemithetho yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe yaseTshayina, imithetho yolwandle yehlabathi, kunye nemigaqo yokungenisa impahla ye-European Union eyandayo. Zonke ezi ndlela zintathu zibone utshintsho olukhulu ngo-2024 nango-2025. Ukuba wenza into engalunganga kuzo, umthwalo wakho ungabanjwa kwiPort of Sines, ungafumana izaziso zesohlwayo ezivela kwizithethe zasePortugal, okanye okubi ngakumbi, umthwalo wakho ungabuyiselwa kuwe ngeendleko zakho.
Ngomhla woku-1 kweyoKwindla, ngowama-2025, iSebe lezoThutho laseTshayina (i-MOT) laqalisa ukusebenza koMgaqo-nkqubo walo ohlaziyiweyo woLawulo loKhuseleko kunye noLawulo lweeNqanawa ezithwala iinqanawa. Iimpahla eziyingozi. Le nguqulelo intsha ithatha indawo yenguqulelo ka-2018 kwaye yongeza ezinye iimfuno zokuba abathumeli bayibhengeze. Uhlengahlengiso lweKhowudi ye-IMDG ye-International Maritime Organisation 42–24, equka iibhetri, iinombolo ezintsha ze-UN, imiyalelo emitsha yokupakisha, kunye nezinye iinguqu ezingaphezu kwama-300, iba yinto yokuzikhethela ngoJanuwari 1, 2025, kwaye iya kufuneka ngoJanuwari 1, 2026. IPortugal ilandela imithetho yeekhemikhali ye-EU REACH, uMgaqo-nkqubo woKhuseleko lweMveliso Jikelele (i-GPSR) owaqala ukusebenza ngo-2024, kunye nemithetho eqhelekileyo ye-EU yamasiko kwiindawo zayo eziphambili zeekhonteyina.
Esi sincoko sijonga yonke into: indlela ezinobungozi ngayo iimveliso ezihlelwa ngokweenkcukacha, oko abasemagunyeni baseTshayina bakufunayo ngaphambi kokuba imithwalo iphume echwebeni, oko kufunwa yi-IMDG framework elwandle, kunye noko kuthethwa yimigangatho yamaPhuthukezi kunye ne-EU malunga nokufika. Sikwathetha ngeengxaki ezixhaphakileyo zokuthobela imithetho kunye nendlela ukusebenzisana neqabane lempahla efana neTopway Shipping okunokugcina ngayo uthotho lwakho lokuhambisa luhamba ngaphandle kokulibaziseka okongezelelweyo.
Yintoni Ebonakala Njengento Eyingozi?
Indlela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokwahlulahlula iimpahla eziyingozi izibeka kumaqela alithoba ngokusekelwe ekubeni ziyingozi kangakanani na. Wonke umntu obandakanyeka kwindlela esuka eTshayina ukuya ePortugal, ukusuka kumagosa ezibuko laseTshayina ukuya kwizikhululo zasePortugal ukuya kwigosa lempahla eyingozi lomthwali wenqanawa ngokwalo, usebenzisa olu lwimi njengolwimi lwabo oluqhelekileyo.
| iklasi | Uhlobo lweengozi | Imizekelo eqhelekileyo |
| 1 | Iziqhushumbisi | Iziqhushumbisi, iimbumbulu, ii-pyrotechnics |
| 2 | Irhasi | Ii-aerosols, i-LPG, i-helium, izicimi-mlilo |
| 3 | Ulwelo olunokutsha | Iipeyinti, izinto zokuncamathelisa, iziqholo, i-ethanol, i-acetone |
| 4 | Izinto eziqinileyo ezinokutsha | Imatshisi, iipowder zesinyithi, izinto ezizivuselelayo |
| 5 | Izithambisi-mafutha / iiPeroxides zeNdalo | I-hydrogen peroxide, i-bleach, izichumisi ezithile |
| 6 | Ityhefu kunye neNtsholongwane | Izibulali-zinambuzane, iikhemikhali zelebhu, inkunkuma yezonyango |
| 7 | Izixhobo zeRadioactive | Ii-isotopes zonyango, iigeyiji zemizi-mveliso |
| 8 | Izidleke | Iibhetri ze-lead-acid, i-sulfuric acid, izinto zokucoca |
| 9 | Zomxube | Iibhetri zeLithium, umkhenkce owomileyo, izinto ezisebenzisa imagnethi, ii-EV |
Iklasi yesi-9 lolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kubavelisi be-elektroniki kunye nabathumeli be-e-commerce. Iibhetri zeLithium-ion kunye neLithium-metal zinika amandla phantse kuzo zonke izixhobo zabathengi ezivela kwiifektri zaseTshayina. I-IMDG Amendment 42-24 yongeze amanani amatsha e-UN kwiibhetri zeSodium-ion kunye nezithuthi ezisebenzisa iibhetri zeLithium- okanye zeSodium. Oku kubonisa indlela eli candelo lemarike elitshintsha ngokukhawuleza ngayo. Ukuba imveliso yakho ineseli etshajwayo yalo naluphi na uhlobo, yiphathe njengento enobungozi ukususela kwangoko xa uyibhukisha, hayi njengento ocinga ngayo emva koko.
Uluhlu lweempahla eziyingozi lwe-GB 12268 luluhlu olusemthethweni lweempahla eziyingozi eTshayina. Luhlaziywe ngoMatshi 2025 kwaye luza kuthatha indawo yohlobo luka-2012 ngo-Okthobha 1, 2025. Olu tshintsho lwenza inkqubo yohlu lwempahla yaseTshayina ifane ne-UN Model Regulations Revision 23. Abathumeli ngaphandle kufuneka bajonge izinto zabo ngokuchasene ne-GB 12268 entsha kunye noLuhlu lweempahla eziyingozi ze-IMDG ngaxeshanye. Oku kungenxa yokuba umahluko omncinci kwindlela izinto ezihlelwa ngayo eTshayina kunye nendlela ezihlelwa ngayo kwamanye amazwe unokubangela iingxaki xa kususwa iimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zaseTshayina ngokusebenzisa amasiko okanye kuhlolwa izinto ezingeniswa ePortugal.
Isakhelo soLawulo loThumelo lwaseTshayina
Ngaphambi kokuba iimpahla ziphume echwebeni eTshayina, kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zamagunya amaninzi aseTshayina asebenzisanayo. Inyathelo lokuqala ekwenzeni inkqubo yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe elandela imithetho kukwazi ukuba ngubani ophethe ntoni.
UMthetho woKhuseleko lwaseLwandle ka-2024 (Uqala ukusebenza nge-1 kaMatshi 2025)
Umgaqo-nkqubo ka-2024, olulona tshintsho lubalulekileyo lwakutshanje kwicala laseTshayina, ngumthetho omtsha malunga nendlela yokugcina iliso nokulawula iinqanawa ezithwala iimpahla eziyingozi. Ngomhla woku-1 kweyoKwindla, ngo-2025, wathatha indawo yohlelo luka-2018. Inqaku lama-23 lolona tshintsho lubalulekileyo kubathumeli ngaphandle. Ukongeza kuhlobo, ubungakanani, kunye nolwazi lwendalo oluyingozi olwalusele lufuneka, abathumeli ngoku kufuneka banike nabathwali babo igama elisemthethweni lezinto eziyingozi kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko achanekileyo ekufuneka athathwe xa kwenzeka ingozi. Uluhlu lwezinto ekufuneka uzibhengeze lukhule kakhulu.
Umgaqo ka-2024 ukwabeke imihla yokugqibela yeenkqubo ingqongqo ngakumbi. I-Maritime Safety Administration (MSA) ngoku ineentsuku ezintlanu zokusebenza, endaweni yesixhenxe, zokugqiba ngezibhengezo zempahla eyingozi rhoqo kwiinqanawa. Kwaye kwizaphuli-mthetho ezibandakanya iikhemikhali eziyingozi, izohlwayo ngoku zisekelwe kwiMigqaliselo yoLawulo loKhuseleko lweeKhemikhali eziyingozi endaweni yomgaqo wothutho ngokwawo. Oku kudla ngokubandakanya izohlwayo ezingaphezulu.
Amagunya aseTshayina kunye neendima zawo
| Igunya | indima |
| Ulawulo loKhuseleko lwaseLwandle (i-MSA) | Ivuma izibhengezo ze-DG zenqanawa; ihlola ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yezibuko laseTshayina |
| Ulawulo Jikelele lwezeRhafu (i-GAC) | Imvume yokuthumela ngaphandle; ilayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle iikhemikhali |
| UMphathiswa wezoThutho (MOT) | Ikhupha kwaye ilungisa imigaqo yezothutho, kuquka noMmiselo ka-2024 |
| Ulawulo lwezoLuntu lwaseChina (CAAC) | Iyalawula uloyiko lomoya I-DG phantsi kwe-CCAR-276-R2, isebenza ukususela ngoJulayi 2024 |
| I-SAMR / AQSIQ | Ukuhlolwa kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho wemveliso |
Ingxelo yoVavanyo lweMeko yoThutho lweeMpahla eziNgozi
Olu luxwebhu olulungiselelwe iTshayina kuphela, kwaye uninzi lwabathumeli-mpahla abaqalayo abalufumani ulwazi ngalo de kube umntu othwala impahla okanye isiphelo sendlela asiyi kuthatha impahla yabo. Ingxelo yoVavanyo, evela kwimibutho yovavanyo eqinisekisiweyo efana neCCIC okanye iSGS China, iqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ukuba impahla yakho iyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko lokuthuthwa kwaye iqinisekisa udidi lwe-UN kunye neGama lokuThunyelwa eliLungileyo (PSN). Ngaphandle kwalo, abathwali bempahla baseTshayina kunye nezikhululo zezibuko ezinkulu aziyi kuthumela impahla eyingozi. Ukucubungula kudla ngokuthatha iintsuku ezintlanu ukuya kwezilishumi zomsebenzi emva kokuba isampulu ithunyelwe, ngoko ke kufuneka uyi-odole kwangethuba ngaphambi kokuba uqeshe inqanawa.
Isikhokelo seHlabathi sezoLwandle: Ikhowudi ye-IMDG
IKhowudi yeHlabathi yeZinto eziyingozi zaseLwandle (i-IMDG) ngumthetho wokuhamba kolwandle xa impahla iphuma kwizibuko laseTshayina. Iyimfuneko phantsi kweSivumelwano seHlabathi soKhuseleko loBomi eLwandle (i-SOLAS) kwaye isebenza kuzo zonke iinqanawa zorhwebo, ezenza ngaphezulu kwama-99 ekhulwini eenqanawa zorhwebo zehlabathi ngetoni epheleleyo.
Inguqulelo ebalulekileyo ngoku yi-Amendment 42-24. Yayifumaneka ukuze yamkelwe ngokuzithandela nge-1 kaJanuwari 2025, kwaye iza kuba ngumgangatho oyimfuneko kuphela nge-1 kaJanuwari 2026. Ngelo xesha, uhlelo luka-2022 alusayi kufaneleka ukuba lulandelwe. Olu hlengahlengiso lwenza utshintsho olungaphezulu kwama-300, olufana notshintsho olungaphezulu kwama-60 kuLuhlu lweeMpahla eziyingozi, amanani amatsha ali-11 e-UN (umzekelo, kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion kunye nezithuthi ezisebenzisa iibhetri), uhlaziyo olungaphezulu kwama-50 kwimiyalelo yokupakisha, kunye nemithetho emitsha yokubhala iilebhile kwiikhompawundi ezenza umsi. Ukuba umthumeli ufuna ukuthumela imithwalo ngoJanuwari 2026 okanye kamva, kufuneka alandele imithetho ekwi-Amendment 42-24 ngoku ukuze aphephe ukungxama ngomzuzu wokugqibela.
IKhowudi ye-IMDG ikwakuxelela indlela yokugcina izinto nokuzigcina zahlukile. Izinto eziqinileyo ezinokutsha akufuneki zihlangane nezinyibilikisi. Akufanele ugcine izinto ezibolayo ecaleni kwezinto eziyingozi. Uhlengahlengiso 42-24 luquke ikhowudi entsha yokubeka izinto, i-SW31, ethi ezinye iikhemikhali ezikhupha iigesi eziyingozi xa zimanzi kufuneka zihlale kude nemithombo yomlilo enqanaweni. Abahloli bolawulo lwezibuko kumazibuko asePortugal banelungelo lokukhwela iinqanawa kwaye bajonge ukuba le mithetho iyalandelwa na. Ukuba isikhongozeli asihambelani, sinokuhlukaniswa, sikhutshwe enqanaweni, okanye sibuyiselwe kwindawo yaso yokuqala.
Amaxwebhu: Uluhlu olupheleleyo lokujonga
Uninzi lwexesha, ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kuyasilela ngenxa yamaphepha. Akwanelanga ukuba neefomu ezifanelekileyo; kufuneka zizaliswe ngokuchanekileyo, rhoqo, nangendlela ehambelanayo. Amasiko asePortugal kunye nolawulo lwelizwe lezibuko bajonga amaxwebhu ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Ukuba kukho umahluko omnye phakathi kwenkcazo ye-invoyisi yorhwebo kunye nesibhengezo seempahla eziyingozi, umthwalo unokumiswa kwangoko.
| Uxwebhu | Oko Ikugubungelayo | Ngubani Oyilungiselelayo |
| Isibhengezo seMpahla eyiNgozi (DGD) | Inombolo ye-UN, i-PSN, udidi lweengozi, iqela lokupakisha, ubungakanani | Umthumeli / uMdluliseli |
| Iphepha leDatha yoKhuseleko lweMpahla (SDS/MSDS) | Iimpawu zeekhemikhali, iingozi, impendulo engxamisekileyo; kufuneka ithobele i-GHS; inguqulelo yesiNgesi iyimfuneko | kumvelisi |
| Ingxelo yoVavanyo lweMeko yoThutho lwe-DG | Okuphathelele iTshayina: kuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso iyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko lwezothutho lwe-DG | I-CCIC, i-SGS China, okanye ilebhu evunyiweyo |
| I-invoyisi yentengiso | Kufuneka ihambelane neenkcazo zemveliso yesibhengezo se-DG ngokuchanekileyo | kwamanye amazwe |
| Uluhlu lokupakisha | Uchonga ukuba zeziphi iipakethe ezine-DG; ubhekisa kwiinombolo ze-DGD | kwamanye amazwe |
| Umthetho osayilwayo woMthwalo (B / L) | Kufuneka ibandakanye ubhalo lwe-DG, iikhowudi zokuphatha, kunye nesalathiso se-DGD | Umthwali / uMdluliseli |
| Isatifikethi sokuPakisha izikhongozeli | Iqinisekisa ukuba i-DG ilayishwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ikhuselekile kwisikhongozeli | Umpakishi/Umthumeli |
| Isibhengezo sePort DG (MSA) | Ithunyelwe kwi-MSA yasekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba inqanawa ilayishwe kwizibuko laseTshayina | Iarhente yokuThumela |
| Iimvume zokungenisa/ukuthumela ngaphandle | Iyimfuneko kwiikhemikhali ezithile ezilawulwayo okanye izinto ezilawulwayo | Amasiko aseTshayina / isiPhuthukezi kwi-AT |
Isahluko 5.4 seKhowudi ye-IMDG sithi iSibhengezo seeMpahla eziNgozi kunye neSatifikethi sokuPakisha iContainer zinokudityaniswa kwiFomu enye yeeMpahla eziNgozi eziNinzi. Le yindlela eluncedo enciphisa inani lamaxwebhu kunye nethuba leempazamo phakathi kwezi zimbini. IFomu ye-DG yeZimo ezininzi yifomathi elindelwe ngabathwali abaninzi kwimpahla yaselwandle.
I-SDS kufuneka ijongwe ngononophelo. Abavelisi baseTshayina kufuneka benze iinguqulelo ezihlangabezana neemfuno zeGlobally Harmonised System (GHS) kunye neemfuno ze-GB/T zasekhaya. Ukuhanjiswa kwamanye amazwe, inguqulelo yesiNgesi iyafuneka. Amasiko asePortugal akayi kwamkela i-SDS ebhekisa kwimigangatho yesizwe saseTshayina kwaye ayinasakhiwo secandelo le-GHS esifanelekileyo, amagama emiqondiso, ingozi kunye neengxelo zokhuseleko. Oku kunokuthetha ukuba izinto kuya kufuneka ziphinde zibhalwe echwebeni, nto leyo enokudla imali eninzi.
IiMfuno zokuPakisha kunye neeLebhile
Zonke iimpahla eziyingozi ezithunyelwa ngolwandle kufuneka zibe kwiphakheji eqinisekisiweyo yi-UN. Oku kuthetha ukuba izikhongozeli zihlolwe ngumntu wesithathu kwaye ziphawulwe ngekhowudi yenkcazo ye-UN ebonisa ukuba ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokusebenza yeqela lokupakisha kunye nodidi lwengozi ezikulo. Abahloli banokubona kwangoko ukuba iphakheji ivunyiwe na yeziyobisi ngaphakathi ngokujonga ikhowudi ekuyo. Esinye sezizathu eziqhelekileyo zokujikiswa kwemithwalo kwiindawo zokulayisha zaseTshayina kukuba iphakheji ayinazo iimpawu ze-UN ezifanelekileyo okanye ayizifumani kwaphela.
Amaqela okupakisha amisela inqanaba lomngcipheko: Iqela I lijongene nomngcipheko ophezulu, Iqela II lijongene nomngcipheko ophakathi, kwaye Iqela III lijongene nomngcipheko ophakathi. Ukupakisha kufuneka kulinganiswe kwiqela elifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, i-corrosive yeQela I idinga ukugcinwa okunamandla kakhulu kunezinto ezahlukeneyo zeQela III. Lo mahluko ubaluleke kakhulu ekuthunyelweni kweekhemikhali, xa isabelo seqela lokupakisha singacaci rhoqo kwinkcazo yemveliso yodwa.
Iilebheli ezingaphandle kwephakheji kufuneka zifezekise imigangatho ye-IMDG kwaye kube lula ukuzibona ukusuka kwelinye icala ubuncinane ngexesha lonke lohambo. Iilebheli zeklasi yeengozi ezimile okwedayimani zixelela abaphathi, abasebenzi beenqanawa, kunye nabaphenduli beemeko ezingxamisekileyo ukuba loluphi uhlobo lomngcipheko abajongene nawo. Ukuba kukho into embi kwindalo esingqongileyo, kufuneka iphawulwe ngokuba yiMarine Pollutant. Uhlengahlengiso 42-24 lukwabangele ukuba kube yimfuneko ukuba izinto ezenza umsi zibe neelebheli zengozi zokuphefumla ezirhabaxa okanye ezinetyhefu xa zifuneka. Iibhodi ezi-orenji ezinenombolo ye-UN maziqhotyoshelwe ngaphandle kwezikhongozeli ezinobunzima obungaphezulu kwe-4,000 kg.
Iimfuneko zokungenisa impahla ePortugal kunye ne-EU
Uhlu lweeRhafu kunye nokubalwa kweMirhumo
Njengelungu elipheleleyo le-EU, iPortugal kufuneka ilandele amaxabiso erhafu angaphandle e-EU kwiimpahla ezivela eTshayina, asekelwe kudidi lwekhowudi ye-HS. Ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, abathumeli ngaphandle kufuneka bajonge iikhowudi zabo ze-HS kwisiseko sedatha se-EU TARIC. Oku kungenxa yokuba irhafu yokulwa nokulahla impahla isebenza kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemveliso zaseTshayina kwaye inokuchaphazela kakhulu iindleko zokufika. IPortugal isebenzisa inkqubo ye-CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight) ukufumanisa ukuba ingakanani irhafu yerhafu ekufuneka ihlawuliswe. Isiseko serhafu siquka ixabiso leemveliso, ixabiso lokuthunyelwa, kunye nexabiso le-inshurensi ukuya kumda wasePortugal. Abathuthi badla ngokufaka iirhafu ezongezelelweyo ze-DG kwiimpahla ezithunyelwayo eziyingozi. Oku kuphakamisa ixabiso le-CIF, elikwanyusa irhafu yerhafu kunye ne-VAT ekufuneka ihlawulwe xa iimveliso zifika. Abathumeli abasebenzisa amaxabiso e-FOB ukufumanisa iindleko zokufika baya kuhlala bengayinaki irhafu abafanele bayihlawule.
I-REACH kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo woKhuseleko lweMveliso Jikelele
Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kweekhemikhali ezithunyelwa ePortugal kufuneka zilandele imithetho ye-REACH ye-EU. Ukuba uzisa ngaphezulu kwetoni enye yento kwi-EU minyaka le, unokufuna ukubhalisa kwangaphambili okanye ubhalise ngokupheleleyo kwi-European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Ukuba awubhalisi, usenokungakwazi ukuthengisa le khemikhali kwi-EU konke konke. UMgaqo-nkqubo woKhuseleko lweMveliso Jikelele (i-GPSR), owaqala ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo ngo-2024, ukwathi abavelisi abangengabo abe-EU, njengabo baseTshayina, kufuneka babize uMntu onoxanduva okanye uMsebenzi wezoQoqosho osekwe kwi-EU kwiindidi ezininzi zemveliso ezilawulwayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba uninzi lwabathumeli bamanye amazwe baseTshayina kufuneka baqeshe ngokusemthethweni iarhente yokuthobela imithetho okanye umsasazi ohlala ePortugal okanye kwi-EU kwaye unoxanduva ngokusemthethweni lwamaphepha okuthobela imithetho yemveliso kunye nemisebenzi yokujonga imakethi.
Izibuko laseSines kunye nezibuko laseLeixoes
Izibuko laseSines kunxweme lwase-Atlantic ePortugal yindawo ephambili yokungena kwiinqanawa ezivela e-Asia. Lilawula uninzi lweendawo ezinzulu.imithwalo yolwandle phakathi kweTshayina nePortugal. Izibuko laseLeixoes, elikufutshane nePorto, likwalawula izithuthi ezininzi, ingakumbi kumantla ePortugal naseSpain. Zombini ezi zibuko kufuneka zixelelwe kwangaphambili ngempahla eyingozi xa kufika inqanawa, kwaye zinemigaqo ekhethekileyo yokulawula i-DG. Abahloli bolawulo lwezibuko banokukhwela iinqanawa ezingena echwebeni ukuze bajonge ukuba balandela imithetho ye-IMDG na. Ukuba bafumana izinto eziyingozi ezingaxelwanga okanye ezingabhalwanga ngokufanelekileyo, zinokuhlukaniswa, zinyanzelwe ukulungisa ingxaki, okanye zibuyiselwe kwindawo yazo yokuqala, kunye nazo zonke iindleko ezithwalwa ngumngenisi.
Ukusilela Okuqhelekileyo Kokuthobela Imithetho - kunye Nendlela Yokukuphepha
Iimpazamo ezifanayo ziyaqhubeka zisenzeka kwindlela esuka eTshayina ukuya ePortugal. Eyona nto iyingozi kakhulu kukucinga ukuba amaxwebhu amadala asebenza kwiqela elitsha leemveliso okanye uyilo lwemveliso olutshintshileyo. Umthetho we-EU uthi imveliso nganye kufuneka ibe novavanyo lwayo lokuhambelana. Ukubekwa kwe-DG kwimodeli yangaphambili akudluliseli kuyilo olunomthamo webhetri otshintshileyo okanye ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali.
Ukulungiswa kwamaxwebhu ngendlela engafanelekanga kubiza imali efanayo. Iinkqubo zerhafu ziphawula ngoko nangoko ukuthunyelwa xa i-invoyisi yorhwebo isithi “ikhompawundi yokucoca” kwaye i-DGD isithi “ulwelo olubolayo, i-asidi, i-inorganic, i-nos, i-UN1760, iKlasi 8, iQela lokuPakisha II.” Nangona uxwebhu ngalunye lunenjongo eyahlukileyo yomthetho, kufuneka bobabini bavumelane ngesazisi semveliso. Kulula ukulungisa: xa uthumela amaphepha akho okuthumela, wajonge onke njengeqela, hayi elinye ngexesha.
Ukuthunyelwa kweebhetri zeLithium kubangela iingxaki ezininzi zokuthobela imithetho kunezinye izinto ezithunyelwayo. Abantu badla ngokungaqondi umahluko phakathi kweebhetri “ezikwizixhobo” (UN3481), iibhetri “ezigcwele izixhobo” (UN3481, kodwa ezineemfuno zokupakisha ezahlukeneyo), kunye neebhetri ezizimeleyo (UN3480). Nganye inemiqathango eyahlukileyo kwiiyure ze-watt, inani lezinto ezinokungena ebhokisini, ubungakanani bentlawulo efunekayo, kunye nemigaqo yendlela yokuzipakisha. Ukususela ngo-2024, abathwali bebesenza uhlolo olucokisekileyo kwimithwalo ye-DG evela eTshayina ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe. Ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwebhetri akuhlangabezani neemfuno, umthwali uya kukwala kwinqanaba lokubhukisha.
Okokugqibela, uninzi lwabathumeli ngaphandle abacingi ngokwaneleyo malunga nokuba kuza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iNgxelo yoVavanyo lweMeko yoThutho lwe-DG. Ukuba ubhukisha inqanawa ngaphambi kokuba ufumane le ngxelo, umthwalo uya kuba ulungele ukuthunyelwa, kodwa isikhululo sezibuko saseTshayina asiyi kuthatha. Kweli nqanaba lodwa, kufuneka wongeze ubuncinane iintsuku ezilishumi zokusebenza kwishedyuli yakho yangaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
Ukusebenza neTopway Shipping
Amalungiselelo exesha elicwangcisiweyo akayondlela ilungileyo yokulandela imigaqo emithathu ehambelanayo: umthetho wokuthumela ngaphandle waseTshayina, imigangatho yolwandle ye-IMDG, kunye nemiqathango yokungenisa impahla ye-EU. Ifuna iqabane lezothutho elithuthe impahla eyingozi kulo lonke uthotho lwezothutho kwaye liyazi apho iingozi ziphezulu khona.
Ukususela ngo-2010, iTopway Shipping ibiyinkampani yobungcali yezothutho lwe-e-commerce ephesheya kwemida eseShenzhen. Iqela labasunguli linamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 kwihlabathi lokwenyani ekususweni kwempahla kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe. ITopway yaziwa ngokuthumela impahla esuka eTshayina ukuya e-US, kodwa inokusingatha ukuthunyelwa kwezinto eziya nezibuya kumazibuko amakhulu ehlabathi kuquka iPort of Sines yasePortugal kunye nePort of Leixoes. Le nkampani iphatha yonke inyathelo, ukusuka ekufumaneni impahla ukusuka kwisityalo ukuya kumazibuko okunduluka, ukuyigcina phesheya, ukucoca imithwalo eTshayina nakwilizwe ekuyiwa kulo, kwaye ekugqibeleni izise kumntu wokugqibela othumela impahla.
ITopway inikezela ngeenkonzo zokuthutha ulwandle ze-FCL (umthwalo wesikhongozeli opheleleyo) kunye ne-LCL (umthwalo ongaphantsi kwesikhongozeli) kwiimpahla ezinobungozi. Eli qela lijongene nokuhlanganisa amaphepha afunekayo kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa yi-DG. Oku kuquka ukusebenza nemibutho yovavanyo yaseTshayina eqinisekisiweyo ukuze kufumaneke iNgxelo yoVavanyo lweMeko yoThutho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiDangerous Goods Declarations ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho ye-IMDG, ukujonga ukuba amaxwebhu e-SDS ayahlangabezana nemigangatho ye-GHS, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaphepha okuthumela ayahambelana ngaphambi kokuba nantoni na ifike esangweni lezibuko. Le ndlela idibeneyo isusa umngcipheko wokuba kufuneka udibane nomthengisi werhafu, umcebisi wokuthobela imithetho, kunye nomthumeli wempahla ophethe iindawo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo. Oku kuluncedo ngakumbi kubathengisi be-e-commerce okanye abavelisi abatsha kwiindidi zeemveliso ezilawulwayo ezifana nezimonyo ezinotywala, izixhobo ze-elektroniki zabathengi ezineeseli ze-lithium, okanye iikhemikhali zoshishino.
UMthetho waseTshayina ka-2024 kunye noLungiso lwe-IMDG 42-24 zombini zitshintsha imigangatho yokuthobela imithetho ngaxeshanye, nto leyo eyenza eli xesha libe nzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba iTopway izazi kakuhle zombini ezi nkqubo, abathengi akufuneki bajongane notshintsho olubini lomthetho ngaxeshanye ngaphandle koncedo lweengcali.
Uluhlu Lokujonga Ukuthobela Imithetho Ngaphambi Kokuthunyelwa
Ngaphambi kokuba ubhukishe inqanawa yokuthumela izinto eziyingozi ezivela eTshayina ukuya ePortugal, qiniseka ukuba ulandela onke amanyathelo angezantsi. Isizathu esixhaphakileyo sokulibaziseka kwezibuko kunye nezohlwayo kule ndlela yorhwebo kukungafumani nto ithile.
| # | Kufuneka isenzo | Iqela elinoxanduva |
| 1 | Qinisekisa inombolo ye-UN, i-PSN, kunye neklasi yeengozi ngokuchasene ne-GB 12268 (uhlobo luka-2025, olusebenza ukususela ngo-Okthobha 2025) kunye noLuhlu lweeMpahla eziNgozi ze-IMDG | Umthumeli / umenzi |
| 2 | Thumela ingxelo yoVavanyo lweMeko yoThutho lwe-DG evela kwiqumrhu lovavanyo laseTshayina elivunyiweyo — vumela ubuncinane iintsuku ezili-10 zokusebenza | Umthumeli / uMdluliseli |
| 3 | Lungisa i-SDS ezimbini (i-GB/T yesiTshayina + i-GHS yesiNgesi); qinisekisa ukuba inguqulelo yesiNgesi inamagama achanekileyo esignali, iingxelo zengozi, kunye neengxelo zokhuseleko | kumvelisi |
| 4 | Qinisekisa ukuba upakisho oluqinisekisiweyo lwe-UN lukhethiwe kwiklasi yeengozi efanelekileyo kunye neqela lokupakisha | Umenzi/Umpaki |
| 5 | Faka iilebheli zengozi ze-IMDG; yongeza uphawu lokungcolisa ulwandle apho kufuneka khona; ncamathisela iibhodi ze-UN eziorenji ukuba ubunzima besikhongozeli bungaphezulu kwe-4,000 kg | Ipakethi |
| 6 | Isibhengezo seeMpahla eziyingozi esipheleleyo (kunye neSatifikethi sokuPakisha iiContainer, okanye iFomu ye-DG edibeneyo ye-Multimodal yokuthutha ngolwandle) | Uloyiko ludluliselwe |
| 7 | Ngenisa iSibhengezo seeMpahla eziNgozi zaseZibukweni kwi-MSA yasekuhlaleni ngaphambi kokuba kulayishwe inqanawa — impendulo ilindeleke kwiintsuku ezi-5 zokusebenza phantsi koMgaqo ka-2024 | Iarhente yokuThumela |
| 8 | Jonga ulwimi lwe-invoyisi yorhwebo kunye noluhlu lokupakisha ngokuchasene ne-DGD ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkcazo yemveliso iyahambelana. | kwamanye amazwe |
| 9 | Qinisekisa imeko yobhaliso lwe-EU REACH; tyumba uMntu onoxanduva lwe-EU phantsi kwe-GPSR apho kufuneka khona | Iarhente yokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe/yokuthobela imithetho |
| 10 | Ngenisa isaziso se-DG kwangaphambili kwiPort of Sines okanye kwiPort of Leixoes ngaphambi kokuba kufike inqanawa, njengoko kufuneka ngokweenkqubo zokuphatha i-port DG. | Umthwali / uMdluliseli |
isiphelo
Ukuthunyelwa kwezinto eziyingozi ezivela eTshayina ukuya ePortugal kufuna ukusebenza phantsi kweenkqubo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zomthetho ezitshintshayo ngoku. Umgaqo-nkqubo ka-2024 eTshayina wenze kwaba nzima kubathumeli ukuba babhengeze iimpahla zabo kwizibuko abasuka kulo. Ukususela ngoJanuwari 2026, uHlaziyo lwe-IMDG 42-24 luza kutshintsha imithetho yokupakisha, ukulebhelisha, kunye nokwahlulahlula iimpahla elwandle. Kwaye izikhokelo ze-GPSR kunye ne-REACH ze-EU zenza kube nzima kwiinkampani ezingezizo eze-EU ukulandela imithetho ekupheleni kwendawo ekuyiwa kuyo.
Zonke ezi zikhokelo ziyafuneka, kwaye akukho nanye kuzo esebenza yodwa. Ukuthi nje uhlangabezana nemigangatho yokuthumela impahla ngaphandle eTshayina akuthethi ukuba uhlangabezana nemigangatho ye-IMDG, kwaye ukuthi nje uhlangabezana nemigangatho ye-IMDG akuthethi ukuba amasiko asePortugal aya kucoca impahla yakho ngaphandle kweengxaki. Abathumeli bempahla abasoloko behambisa impahla elawulwayo ngaphandle kweengxaki ngabo bachithe imali ekupakisheni ngokufanelekileyo, ukwahlulahlula ngokuchanekileyo, amaxwebhu apheleleyo nahambelanayo, kunye neqabane lezothutho elaziyo indlela yokusingatha izinto ezinobungozi kuzo zonke izigaba zekhonkco lothutho. Kwimeko yokuthobela imithetho enzima kangaka, ukulungiselela akuyonto yokuchitha ixesha; yindlela yokuba phambili kukhuphiswano.
FAQs
Q: Ngaba iimveliso ezineebhetri ze-lithium zihlala zibalwa njengezinto eziyingozi?
A: Ewe. Iibhetri zeLithium, nokuba zahlukile, zikwiphakheji enezinye izixhobo, okanye zakhiwe kwisixhobo, zithathwa njengezinto eziyingozi zeKlasi 9 yiKhowudi ye-IMDG. Uqwalaselo ngalunye lunenombolo yalo ye-UN kunye nezikhokelo zokupakisha. Ukuba imveliso yakho ineseli ye-lithium kuyo, kufuneka uyiphathe njengokuthunyelwa kwe-DG kwasekuqaleni.
Q: Ingaba i-IMDG Amendment 42-24 sele iyimfuneko kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa eTshayina ukuya ePortugal?
A: Ayikafiki, kodwa iza kuqala nge-1 kaJanuwari 2026. Abathumeli banokusebenzisa uLungiso 41-22 okanye uLungiso 42-24 ngo-2025. Iinkampani kufuneka ziqale ukusebenzisa i-42-24 ngoko nangoko endaweni yokulinda de kube lixesha lokugqibela kuba kukho utshintsho oluninzi, njengohlengahlengiso olungaphezulu kwama-300 oluquka amanani amatsha e-UN kunye nemiyalelo emitsha yokupakisha.
Q: Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana ingxelo yovavanyo lwemeko yoThutho lwe-DG eTshayina?
A: Ngokwesiqhelo, kuthatha iintsuku ezintlanu ukuya kwezilishumi zokusebenza emva kokuthumela iisampulu zemveliso kunye nedatha yobugcisa kwi-arhente yovavanyo eyaziwayo njengeCCIC okanye iSGS China. Musa ukubhukisha indawo enqanaweni de kube le ngxelo iqinisekisiwe; isikhululo asiyi kuthwala imithwalo ngaphandle kwayo.
Q: Leliphi izibuko lasePortugal eliphatha uninzi lweempahla eziyingozi ezivela eTshayina?
A: Izibuko laseSines kunxweme lwase-Atlantic ePortugal lifumana uninzi lwezithuthi zeekhonteyina ezivela e-Asia, kuquka neempahla eziyingozi. Izibuko laseLeixoes, elikufutshane nePorto, lolona khetho lwesibini lulungileyo. Zombini kufuneka zithole izaziso ze-DG kwangaphambili kwaye zilandele imithetho ethile yokuphatha iimpahla eziyingozi.
Q: Ngaba umntu omnye othutha impahla angajongana nokuthobela imithetho yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe eTshayina kunye nokususwa kwerhafu ye-EU kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa yi-DG?
A: Ewe, kwaye oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiimpahla ezinobungozi. Xa amaqela amaninzi ahlukeneyo ephatha amanqanaba ahlukeneyo omthwalo ofanayo, kunokwenzeka ukuba amaxwebhu angangqinelani. Ukusebenzisa umthengisi omnye odibeneyo ofana neTopway Shipping kwimpahla yokuqala, amaphepha e-DG, ukususwa kwempahla kuzo zombini iziphelo, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla kwimayile yokugqibela kususa lo mngcipheko.
