Umahluko Wokwenene Phakathi kwe-EXW, i-FOB kunye ne-DDP Xa Kuthunyelwa Impahla Enkulu Ukusuka eTshayina Ukuya eFransi
intshayelelo
Ukuba wakha wathenga iseti yesofa, i-treadmill okanye i-hood yekhitshi yorhwebo kumzi-mveliso waseTshayina waza wazama ukuyithumela emnyango nomnyango kumthengi oseParis okanye eLyon, uyazi ukuba igama lomthwalo elishicilelwe kwi-invoyisi yakho yeproforma linokuthetha umahluko phakathi kokuhanjiswa okutyibilikayo kunye nephupha elibi leempahla. I-EXW, i-FOB, i-DDP ayizizo nje izifinyezo. Yimithetho yorhwebo esemthethweni egqiba ukuba ngubani umnini wempahla yakho, ngubani ohlawulela ntoni, kwaye ngubani othatha umngcipheko xa into ethile yonakala phakathi komgangatho wefektri eShenzhen kunye nedilesi yokugqibela eFransi.
Ngowama-2024, iFransi ingenise iimveliso ezixabisa ngaphezulu kwe-USD 77 yeebhiliyoni ezivela eTshayina, uninzi lwazo luquka izinto ezinkulu nezinzima ezifana nefenitshala, izixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo zokomelela kunye nezixhobo zoshishino. Njengoko urhwebo lwe-e-commerce oluwela imida lukhula, abanini beevenkile abazimeleyo ngakumbi kunye nabangenisi abancinci ukuya kwabaphakathi bathumela ezi ndidi okokuqala, kwaye iziphumo zokukhetha igama elingalunganga lorhwebo ziphezulu kwimpahla enkulu kuneemveliso zephakheji ezincinci. Ukubala gwenxa kweendleko zokufika kwisikhongozeli sezitulo zokumasaja kunokususa umda kwikota epheleleyo.
Kule sikhokelo, sichaza i-EXW, i-FOB kunye ne-DDP ngamagama acacileyo, ngesenzo esicacileyo, kwimithwalo emikhulu neyinkulu kakhulu esuka eTshayina ukuya eFransi. Sigubungela oko ibinzana ngalinye likubiza kona ngokwenene ekusebenzeni, apho umngcipheko udlula khona ezandleni, indlela amasiko aseFransi kunye ne-EU VAT ezisebenzisana ngayo nemeko nganye kunye nokuba ixesha ngalinye linentsingiselo yokwenene kwezemali.
Oko Kuthethwa Ngala Magama - Kwaye Kutheni Umthwalo Ogqithisileyo Uwenza Ube Ngunzima Ngakumbi
Uninzi lweenkcazo ze-Incoterms zisekelwe kulo mgaqo jikelele. I-EXW ithetha ukuba umthengisi akenzi nto phantse. Umthengi ulungiselela yonke into ukusuka kwisango lomzi-mveliso. I-FOB ibonisa ukuba umthengisi ubeka umthwalo enqanaweni kwizibuko lokuqala aze adlulisele uxanduva kumthengi xa sele ekhwelile. I-DDP ibonisa ukuba umthengisi uzisa impahla emnyango womthengi, kunye nerhafu ehlawulweyo. Ezo zimvo zichanekile, kodwa azifikeleli kwingxabano esebenzayo yokuhambisa isitulo sokuhlikihla esineekhilogram ezingama-400 okanye i-oda yesofa ethe tyaba egcwalisa isiqingatha sesikhongozeli esineemitha ezingama-40.
Imithwalo emikhulu nenzima ibangela iingxaki kuyo yonke indawo yokudlulisela impahla. Kwiphakheji yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe kuphela, into enobunzima obungamakhulu eekhilogram kufuneka ipakishwe kwiikreyithi zomthi ezifunxiweyo okanye kwiipallet eziqinisiweyo ezihambelana nemigaqo ye-ISPM 15 yococeko lwezilwanyana. Umthamo webhedi ethe tyaba kunye nezixhobo zokulayisha ziyafuneka kwiilori zasekuhlaleni ukusuka kumzi-mveliso ongaphakathi ukuya kwizibuko laseTshayina. Iimpahla zinokufuna ukucutshungulwa okukhethekileyo kwizibuko eliya eLe Havre okanye eMarseille-Fos. Ukuhanjiswa kwempahla yokugqibela eFransi kudla ngokubandakanya ukuhanjiswa okusekelwe kwidinga kunye namaqela e-lift-gate okanye amaqela abantu ababini. Ngayinye kwezi zinto yindawo yokuxoxisana efihliweyo ngasemva kwaso nasiphi na isivumelwano sorhwebo osivumayo kumthengisi wakho.
EXW: Ulawulo oluphezulu, uMthwalo omkhulu
I-EXW (i-Ex Works) – Nje ukuba izinto zibekwe kwindawo echaziweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo kumzi-mveliso womthengisi okanye kwindawo yokugcina impahla), uxanduva lomthengisi luphelile. Umthengi uhlawula zonke iindleko ezilandelayo: ukubhukisha ilori yasekuhlaleni ukuze ayithathe kumzi-mveliso, imvume yokuthumela impahla eTshayina kunye nelayisenisi yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe apho kuyimfuneko, ukubhukisha impahla kwamanye amazwe, ukuqinisekiswa kwempahla, amasiko okungenisa impahla aseFransi, ukuhlawula irhafu kunye ne-VAT kunye nokulungiselela ukuhanjiswa kokugqibela. Oku kunzima kakhulu kubathengi abangenalo ubudlelwane obuqinileyo bokuthumela impahla eTshayina. Umthengi kufuneka abe nenkampani enelayisenisi yaseTshayina ukuba ibe ngumthengisi wempahla odumileyo ukuze athumele imveliso evela eTshayina ngokusemthethweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthengi kufuneka abe nearhente yasekuhlaleni okanye asebenzisane nomthumeli wempahla onolwazi.
Umthwalo omkhulu wongeza enye into enzima, ukulandwa kwe-EXW. Iindawo zokulayisha zinokuthintelwa kumzi-mveliso ongaphandle kweGuangzhou kwipaki yemizi-mveliso. Umthengi okanye iarhente yakhe kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba izixhobo ziyahambelana na, iindlela zokulayisha kunye nokuba isityalo siza kunceda okanye siza kumela nje. Zonke izinto azifakwanga kwixabiso.
I-FOB: I-Industry Default - kunye neZikhewu zayo ezifihlakeleyo
I-FOB (Free On Board) lelona gama lisetyenziswa kakhulu xa kuthengiswa impahla eTshayina, kwaye kufanelekile. Umthengisi waseTshayina ulungiselela ukuthuthwa kwempahla yasekhaya ukuya echwebeni, ukususwa kwempahla ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokulayisha enqanaweni. Ukudluliselwa komngcipheko kunye neendleko kumthengi xa impahla ikwinqanawa. Olu hlu lwabasebenzi lunengqiqo kuba umthengisi uyiqonda imeko yezothutho kwindawo yasekuhlaleni kwaye uyakwazi ukuqhuba iinkqubo zaseTshayina ngokufanelekileyo, ngelixa umthengi enoxanduva lokubhukisha impahla yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokususwa kwayo kwindawo eya kuyo.
Kodwa i-FOB ineziphene ezibonakalayo kwindlela ye-China-France yeempahla ezinkulu. Ukukhethwa kwezibuko kubaluleke kakhulu. Umthengisi ocaphula i-FOB Jiangmen usenokungayithathi lula le ngxaki njengoko iJiangmen yindawo yokuphakela impahla kwaye umthwalo kufuneka uthuthwe ngehabhu enkulu efana neShenzhen ukuze ulayishwe kwamanye amazwe. Ukuhanjiswa kwezithuthi kongeza iindleko kunye nexesha, kwaye xa izibuko elichaziweyo lingeyiyo indawo ephambili yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe, iingxabano malunga nokuba ngubani ojongene nezo ndleko ziqhelekile. Abathengi kufuneka bagxininise kwi-FOB kwiindawo ezinkulu ezifana neShanghai, iShenzhen, iNingbo okanye iGuangzhou, kwaye baqinisekise oku ngokubhala ngaphambi kokuba bamkele iproforma.
Emva koko kukho umbuzo wokuba kuza kwenzeka ntoni emva kokuphela kwe-FOB. Umthengi kuya kufuneka akhethe isithuthi sokuhambisa impahla yolwandle okanye yomoya, asuse impahla ethunyelweyo nge-customs yaseFransi, ahlawule irhafu yokungenisa impahla kunye ne-VAT, aze alungiselele ukuhanjiswa kwempahla ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba le yinyanga yakho yokuqala ungenisa izinto ezinkulu, nganye kwezi zinto lulwalamano olutsha lomthengisi ekufuneka uluphathe, kunye ne-invoyisi yalo kunye namathuba okuba kubekho izinto ezingalindelekanga.
I-DDP: Ukulungela Okupheleleyo, Kodwa Ubunzima Bokuthobela Imithetho
Kwelinye icala le-spectrum kukho i-DDP (Delivered Duty Payed). Baza kujongana nayo yonke inkqubo ukusuka kumenzi eTshayina ukuya kwidilesi obanika yona eFransi, kubandakanya imvume yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe, imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe, irhafu yokungenisa impahla eFransi, intlawulo yemirhumo, i-VAT kunye nokuhanjiswa kokugqibela. Kwimpahla yorhwebo lwe-e-commerce edlula imida eya eFransi, i-DDP inomtsalane ngokusebenza kwayo: ixabiso elinye, indawo enye yokunxibelelana, akukho nto imangalisayo xa ithathwa kwimpahla.
Nangona kunjalo, ubukhulu bokuthobela i-DDP kwi-EU abunto ilula. Ukususela ngo-2021, i-EU imisele i-VAT kuzo zonke izinto zorhwebo ezingeniswayo kungakhathaliseki ixabiso lazo kwaye ukususela ngo-2024 ukuya kutsho ngo-2025, imfuneko yokufaka ukhuseleko lwe-ICS2 ye-EU ingenise iimfuno zengxelo yedatha ngaphambi kokufika kuzo zonke izinto ezithunyelwayo. Ukuze i-DDP isebenze kakuhle, umboneleli wezothutho kufuneka abe nenombolo ye-EORI ebhalisiweyo eFransi okanye kwenye indawo kwi-EU, akwazi ukusebenza njengomngenisi werekhodi kwaye alawule i-DAF (izibhengezo zangaphambili zenkqubo ye-Delta) kunye neefayile ze-ICS2 ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuseta i-DDP kunye nomboneleli ongenazo ezi zakhono kunokubangela ukuba i-customs holds, finance okanye i-returned shippings - zonke iziphumo ezibizayo, ngakumbi kwimpahla enkulu apho iindleko zokugcina zemihla ngemihla kwizibuko zaseFransi okanye kwiindawo zokugcina impahla zinokuqokelelana kungekudala.
Ixabiso Lokwenyani Lokufika: Uthelekiso Olusecaleni
Ukuze wazi ukuba ixesha libiza ngaphezulu na, kufuneka ucinge ngexabiso lilonke lokufika emhlabeni – ixabiso lilonke lokufudusa iyunithi enye yeempahla ukusuka kwisakhiwo saseTshayina ukuya kwindawo esetyenziswayo eFransi. Le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa uhlalutyo lweendleko zokuthunyelwa kwempahla enkulu kakhulu kwikota nganye: isitya esinye se-20ft sefenitshala ethe tyaba esixabisa malunga ne-USD 15,000 FOB, esithunyelwa ukusuka eShenzhen ukuya eLe Havre, kunye nokuhanjiswa kokugqibela eParis.
| ixabiso Component | I-EXW | Fob | I-DDP |
| Ukulandwa kwefektri yaseTshayina kunye neelori zangaphakathi elizweni | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengisi uyahlawula | Umthengisi uyahlawula |
| Imvume yokuthumela impahla ngaphandle (eTshayina) | Umthengi ulungiselela | Izibambo zomthengisi | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| Ilayisenisi / uxwebhu lokuthumela ngaphandle | Umthengi ulungiselela | Izibambo zomthengisi | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| Ukuthobela imithetho yokupakisha iinkuni ye-ISPM 15 | Umthengi ulungiselela | Izibambo zomthengisi | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| Uthutho lwaselwandle (Shenzhen → Le Havre) | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengisi uyahlawula |
| I-inshurensi yempahla | Umthengi ulungiselela | Umthengi ulungiselela | Umthengisi ulungiselela |
| Ifayile yokhuseleko ngaphambi kokufika kwe-EU ICS2 | Umthengi ulungiselela | Umthengi ulungiselela | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| imvume yerhafu yokungenisa impahla yaseFransi | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengi uyahlawula | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| Iirhafu zokungenisa impahla (kuxhomekeke kwimveliso, 0–12%) | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengisi uyahlawula |
| I-VAT yaseFransi (20% kwi-CIF + irhafu) | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengisi uhlawula/uqokelela |
| Iindleko zokuphatha indawo oya kuyo izibuko (THC) | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengisi uyahlawula |
| Ukuhanjiswa ngaphakathi eLe Havre → eParis | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengi uyahlawula | Umthengisi uyahlawula |
| Inkonzo yokuqeshwa/inkonzo yesango lokulifti | Umthengi ulungiselela | Umthengi ulungiselela | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| Indawo yokudluliselwa komngcipheko | Isango lomzi-mveliso | Ilayishwe enqanaweni | Idilesi yomthengi |
Ukususela kolu lwabiwo-mali, i-EXW inika umthengi ulawulo oluphezulu kuzo zonke iindleko kunye nokukhetha kwabathwali, kodwa ifuna ulawulo olusebenzayo kubudlelwane obuncinci obuthandathu obukhethekileyo babathengisi kunye neenkqubo ezimbini zerhafu. Kwabangenisi abanamava abanonxibelelwano lokuthumela impahla ecaleni laseTshayina, i-EXW inokuba nexabiso eliphantsi. Iindleko ezifihlakeleyo zokulungelelanisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe zaseTshayina zingaphezulu kokulinganisela nayiphi na inzuzo yexabiso eliphantsi kwixabiso lomthengisi kwiinkampani ezininzi zorhwebo lwe-e-commerce ezithumela iimpahla ezinkulu ngamanye amaxesha.
I-FOB yindawo elungileyo ephakathi. Umboneleli unyamekela indima abayaziyo kakuhle - uthutho oluvela eTshayina kunye nokususwa kwempahla ngaphandle. Umthengi uphatha ixabiso lempahla yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokususwa kwempahla kwindawo oya kuyo. I-FOB iluncedo kubathengi abathumela rhoqo eFransi kwaye banomthengisi werhafu waseFransi kunye nomthumeli wempahla othembekileyo abanokumsebenzisa kwiingxoxo zeendleko kunye namaxabiso. Ixabiso lokuthunyelwa ngenqanawa ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eLe Havre lahluka kakhulu. Abathengi abakhulu ababhukisha imithwalo ngqo kumthwali okanye nge-trading forwarder bahlala befumana ixabiso elingcono kunabathengisi ekufuneka balungiselele imithwalo yabathengi abaninzi abancinci.
Kumthengi, i-DDP yeyona ilula kwaye iba ligama elithandwayo lokuthunyelwa kwe-e-commerce okuwela imida apho umthengi wokugqibela elindele ixabiso elipheleleyo. Isilumkiso esisebenzayo kukusebenza komgangatho: isicatshulwa se-DDP esivela kumthengisi ongenalo ubhaliso oluchanekileyo lwerhafu ye-EU, umelo lwemali lwe-VAT eFransi kunye nomthamo wokufaka iifayile we-ICS2 asiyo-DDP yokwenyani - yindlela yokufumana irhafu kunye ne-invoyisi engalindelekanga.
Ukuhamba nge-VAT kunye ne-VAT yaseFransi: Kwenzeka ntoni eLe Havre
ILe Havre, izibuko elikhulu kweli lizwe, isebenza uninzi lwezikhongozeli zaseFransi ezingeniswayo, ezinye ziphathwa yiMarseille-Fos emazantsi. Ukuba ukhetha phakathi kweFOB kunye neDDP, kufuneka ucinge ngento eza kwenzeka xa ufumana ukuthunyelwa kwempahla enkulu kakhulu kuzo zombini ezi zibuko. Inkqubo yerhafu eFransi iye yaba nzima kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
EFransi, iirhafu zokungenisa impahla zifakwa kwinqanaba le-EU kusetyenziswa i-EU Common Customs Tariff kwaye zibalwe kwixabiso le-CIF lokuthunyelwa (oko kukuthi, iindleko ezidibeneyo zeemveliso, i-inshurensi kunye nomthwalo wamazwe ngamazwe ukuya kwizibuko lokuqala lokungena le-EU). Amaxabiso erhafu kwiindidi eziqhelekileyo ezithunyelwa njengempahla enkulu evela eTshayina aqala malunga ne-0 ekhulwini kwezinye izixhobo zoshishino ukuya malunga ne-6 ekhulwini kwiisofa kunye nefenitshala efakwe upholstery ukuya kwi-12 ekhulwini kwezinye iingubo. Ixabiso lokwenyani limiselwa yikhowudi ye-HS ebonelelweyo yemveliso.
EFransi, i-VAT ibekwa ngexabiso eliqhelekileyo leepesenti ezingama-20, nakwixabiso le-CIF kunye nomrhumo wokungenisa impahla, kungekuphela nje ixabiso elichaziweyo leemveliso. Le mpembelelo inzima ibalulekile kwimeko yemithwalo emikhulu apho iindleko zokuthutha ziphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso lezinto. Ukuthunyelwa kwee-treadmills ezinexabiso le-FOB le-USD 20,000 kusenokuba ne-USD 3,500 kwimithwalo yaselwandle kunye ne-USD 500 kwi-inshurensi, nto leyo ebangela ixabiso le-CIF le-USD 24,000. Ngexabiso lomrhumo leepesenti ezingama-3.7, iirhafu zifikelela kwi-USD 888 kwaye ngesiseko se-VAT se-USD 24,888, oku kukhokelela kwi-USD 4,978 kwi-VAT yodwa. Umthwalo werhafu uphela ungaphezulu kwepesenti elula yexabiso leempahla ezikule mpahla: phantse i-USD 5,800.
Inkqubo yoLawulo lokungenisa impahla ye-EU 2 (ICS2) ifuna idatha yokhuseleko lwe-elektroniki ephuculweyo kuyo yonke imithwalo engena kwi-EU ukususela ngo-2024. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa ufuna ukuhambisa impahla ngenqwelomoya kufuneka uyilayishe kwangaphambili kwaye imithwalo yolwandle Iimfuneko ziyasetyenziswa kwinqanaba lenqanawa kwaye zifuna iinkcazo ezifanelekileyo zezinto ezithengiswayo, iikhowudi ze-HS kunye nedatha yomthumeli/umthumeli ngendlela ye-elektroniki ngaphambi kokufika. Ukuba kukho impazamo okanye idatha enganeleyo inokubangela ukuba irhafu igcinwe kwizibuko. Oku kuyinkxalabo enkulu kwiimpahla ezinkulu njengoko iifizi zokugcina izibuko zihlawuliswa yonke imihla ngesikhongozeli ngasinye. Ukuba ungumthumeli osebenzisa i-FOB kwaye wenza imvume yakho yerhafu, kuya kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba umthengisi wakho werhafu waseFransi ukulungele i-ICS2. Ukuba ungumthumeli osebenzisa i-DDP, kuya kufuneka ujonge oku kumboneleli wakho wezothutho.
| Uhlobo lwempahla | Isahluko se-HS esiqhelekileyo | Ixabiso leMirhumo ye-EU | Umzekelo: I-FOB USD 20,000 + USD 4,000 Umthwalo | Irhafu iyonke (Imisebenzi + 20% ye-VAT) |
| Isofa ene-upholstery | 9401 | 5.7% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Umrhumo USD 1,368 | ~USD 5,074 |
| Izixhobo zokuthambisa iitreadmill/zokomeleza umzimba. | 9506 | 2.7% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Umrhumo USD 648 | ~USD 4,930 |
| Imeshini yovasa Impahla | 8450 | 2.0% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Umrhumo USD 480 | ~USD 4,896 |
| Isitulo sokumisa | 9402 | 2.7% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Umrhumo USD 648 | ~USD 4,930 |
| Isithuthuthu sombane | 8711 | 6.0% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Umrhumo USD 1,440 | ~USD 5,088 |
| Ihodi yekhitshi / isixhobo | 8414 | 1.7% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Umrhumo USD 408 | ~USD 4,882 |
Idatha engentla ibonisa ukuba kutheni ukukhetha ixesha lorhwebo kunefuthe ngqo kwezemali ngaphaya kwe-invoyisi yokuthutha impahla. Phantsi kwe-FOB ezi mali zihlawulwa ngumthengi kwi-customs yaseFransi nokuba ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngomthengisi we-customs oza kumhlawulisa kamva. Kwi-DDP, ezo ntlawulo zifakwa kwi-invoyisi iyonke ngumnikezeli we-logistics kwaye umthengi uhlawula ixabiso elinye elibandakanya konke. Umngcipheko nge-DDP kukuba umthengi unokufumana uvavanyo olongezelelweyo kwi-customs yaseFransi kwixesha elizayo ukuba umboneleli ugwebe kakubi irhafu yomrhumo okanye usebenzise ikhowudi ye-HS engalunganga - yiyo loo nto ukusebenzisana neqabane le-logistics elinolwazi olunzulu lwe-customs ye-EU kungengokhetho.
Liliphi Ixesha Olikhethayo - kwaye Nini
Impendulo efanelekileyo ixhomekeke ekuvuthweni komthengi kwempahla, ukuba zithunyelwa kangaphi, uhlobo lwezinto kunye nokuthembeka kweqabane lempahla kumacala omabini entengiselwano.
I-EXW ifanelekile kubathengi abasele benomthengisi wempahla othembekileyo oseTshayina onokuphatha amasiko okuthumela ngaphandle, athumele umthamo owaneleyo ukuze axoxisane ngamaxabiso afikelelekayo okuthutha ulwandle ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye anomthengisi wempahla osemthethweni eFransi othobela i-ICS2. Kwakhona kuyavakala xa umthengi enqwenela ukudibanisa impahla evela kubathengisi abaninzi baseTshayina ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye, njengoko ukulawula ukulandwa kwempahla kwisityalo somthengisi ngamnye kuvumela ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kwimpahla yokudibanisa.
Kwabaninzi abangenisa impahla enkulu yaseTshayina abathumela rhoqo, i-FOB yeyona nto iqondakalayo. Isusa ubunzima bomthwalo wamazwe ngamazwe (ixabiso elinye elikhulu eliguquguqukayo kwi-equation) ezandleni zomthengi kwaye ivumela umthengisi ukuba anyamekele ubunzima becala laseTshayina abaxhotyiswe ngcono ukuba baphathe. Phantsi kwe-FOB, icandelo kukuchonga izibuko elikhulu kwaye liqinisekise ngokubhaliweyo, ukhethe umthengisi werhafu waseFransi ohambelana neemfuno ze-ICS2, kwaye adibanise yonke imithwalo kunye noxanduva lwe-VAT kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lweendleko zomhlaba ukususela ngomhla wokuqala.
I-DDP sisisombululo esicacileyo kubathengisi be-e-commerce abanqumla imida abanabathengi abafuna ukubona ixabiso elipheleleyo xa behlawula, kwaye abangenazo iziseko zophuhliso zangaphakathi zokusingatha ukususwa kwempahla ngokwabo. Kwakhona lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwabo bangenisa okokuqala izinto ezinkulu abafuna ukuqonda ishishini ngaphambi kokuba baqalise unxibelelwano lwabo nabathengisi. Iikhrayitheriya ezibalulekileyo kukukhetha umboneleli we-DDP onobhaliso lwempahla oluqinisekisiweyo lwe-EU, ummeli we-VAT yezemali yaseFransi, kunye nobuchule obuqinisekisiweyo bokuhambisa impahla emikhulu, kubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwe-aphoyintimenti yeekhilomitha zokugqibela ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo.
| Iprofayile yomthengi | Ixesha elicetyiswayo | Isizathu Esiphambili |
| Umthengisi we-e-commerce, ukuthunyelwa kokuqala eFransi | I-DDP | Ubulula; akukho mfuneko yeziseko zerhafu |
| Umthengisi we-B2B ohlala ephindaphinda, umthengisi werhafu osungulweyo | Fob | Ulawulo lwamaxabiso okuthutha impahla; ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kweendleko |
| Umthengi wokudibanisa abathengisi abaninzi | I-EXW | Ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kokuhlanganiswa kwecala laseTshayina |
| Umthengisi weqonga one-SKU ephezulu, enokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili | FOB okanye DDP | Kuxhomekeke ekubeni umthengisi ulawula ubhaliso lwe-VAT ye-EU na |
| Ukuthunyelwa kweprojekthi kube kanye (oomatshini, izixhobo) | I-DDP | Ithintela isidingo sokuseta umngenisi werekhodi ukuze kuthunyelwe kube kanye |
Indlela iTopway Shipping eyixhasa ngayo imithwalo emikhulu eya eFransi
Yasekwa ngo-2010, iTopway Shipping ngumboneleli weenkonzo zothutho oluwela imida, ogxile kwimithwalo emikhulu nenzima, eseShenzhen China. Iqela labasunguli bale nkampani lineminyaka engaphezu kwe-15 yamava okwenyani othutho lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokususwa kwempahla kunye nolwazi oluqinileyo lokusebenza kweendidi ezenza ishishini elikhulu lempahla, kubandakanya ifenitshala, izixhobo zokomelela, izixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo zorhwebo kunye nokunye.
I-Topway Shipping isebenza phantsi kwale migaqo mithathu yorhwebo exutyushwa apha. I-Topway inikezela abathengi be-FOB ingqokelela yokuqala evela kwiifektri zaseTshayina, ukuhlanganiswa kwelizwe kwindawo yayo yaseShenzhen, ukususwa kwerhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokubhukisha imithwalo yolwandle kwiindlela ezivunyiweyo zaseTshayina naseYurophu. Le nkampani ithumela ngemithwalo yolwandle, ethatha iintsuku ezingama-45 ukuya kuma-50 ukuya kumazibuko eYurophu, kwaye nge imithwalo kaloliwe ngokusebenzisa uthungelwano lukaloliwe phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu, oluthatha iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-45 kwaye luxabisa phakathi kokuthunyelwa ngolwandle nangomoya.
I-Topway inikezela ngenkonzo yayo epheleleyo ye-DDP kubathengisi nakubathengi abasebenza kwiimeko ze-DDP kumazwe angama-25 e-EU kuquka iFrance, iJamani, i-Itali, iSpain, iNetherlands kunye neBelgium. Le nkonzo ibonelela ngokuthunyelwa kwempahla eTshayina, imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe, ukungeniswa kwempahla e-EU kunye nokubhaliswa kwe-EORI, irhafu kunye nentlawulo ye-VAT kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla okuhamba ngeenyawo kubandakanya ukuhanjiswa okusekelwe kwi-aphoyintimenti kunye nokukwazi ukuphakamisa izinto ezinkulu nezinkulu. Ngokwedatha yokusebenza kokuhanjiswa kwe-DDP yenkampani, iipesenti ezingama-91 zokuthunyelwa kwe-DDP ngolwandle zisayinwa kwaye zifunyenwe ngumthengi wokugqibela kwiintsuku ezingama-45 ukuya kuma-55 emva kokuphuma eTshayina.
Izakhiwo zemithwalo ezinkulu zeTopway zilungiselelwe iimfuno ezithile zolu didi. Indawo yokugcina impahla yenkampani yaseShenzhen inokusingatha iimveliso ezimalunga nobunzima obufikelela kwiitoni ezisi-8 kwaye zifikelela kwiimitha ezisi-8 kwicala elinye, ziquka uluhlu olupheleleyo lweendidi zemithwalo emikhulu ukusuka kwifenitshala yasekhaya ukuya kwizixhobo zorhwebo kunye nezixhobo zemizi-mveliso ezilula. Iindawo zethu zokugcina impahla zaseYurophu zixhasa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla okwesibini, ukubuyiselwa, ukulebhelisha kwakhona, kunye nokufezekiswa kwe-B2B ukuya kubathengi.
I-Topway Shipping inikezela ngokuhanjiswa okudibeneyo okukhawulezileyo kubathengisi be-e-commerce abanqumla imida kunye nokuhamba kwee-odolo ze-B2B kunye ne-B2C ngenethiwekhi yayo yamaqabane aseYurophu kunye nokulandelela iipakeji ukusuka ekuthathweni kwempahla ukuya ekutyikityweni kokugqibela. Inkqubo yolawulo lwezinto ezithunyelwa yinkampani ivumela ukubonakala kwinqanaba ngalinye, inciphisa izikhewu zolwazi ezidla ngokubangela iingxabano kunye namabango kwiimpahla ezinkulu ezithunyelwayo.
Indlela yeTopway yokubeka amaxabiso ibonisa iimpawu zemarike enkulu kakhulu yempahla. Ngelixa abathwali beepasela abaqhelekileyo besebenzisa ngamandla ukubala ubunzima obunobukhulu, amaxabiso eTopway asekelwe kubungakanani bomthwalo kunye nobunzima, ngoko ke abathengi banokubonakala kweendleko ngokucacileyo nangokuqikelelwayo ngaphambi kokuba banikelwe. Oku kunefuthe kubathengisi ababeka amaxabiso kwiimveliso zemarike yaseFransi. Ukubalwa kweendleko ezifikelelweyo ngaphakathi kweepesenti ezimbalwa sisiseko sesicwangciso esisebenzayo samaxabiso.
Iimpazamo Ezihlanu Ezibizayo Okufanele Uziphephe Nokuba Ukhetha Eliphi Igama
Iimpazamo zihlala zisenzeka xa kuthunyelwa impahla enkulu kwindlela ephakathi kweTshayina neFransi kwaye zibiza kakhulu kangangokuba zifuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo, nokuba uthumela i-EXW, i-FOB okanye i-DDP.
Okokuqala kuxa wamkela ikowuteshini yomthengisi ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa indawo ekhankanyiweyo. Ukuthi yi-FOB China kuphela akuthethi nto ukuba izibuko alibizwanga ngokuthe ngqo - kwaye likhulu. Qinisekisa i-FOB Shenzhen, i-FOB Shanghai okanye i-FOB Ningbo kwaye ujonge ukuba umboneleli unokuhambisa ngokwenene kwiziko elikwizibuko lokulayisha.
Okwesibini kukungayinanzi ukubaluleka kokupakisha kwixabiso lilonke lokufika. Kwimithwalo emikhulu, iindleko zokufaka iinkuni ezifunxwayo okanye iipallet ezihambelana ne-ISPM ezili-15 zingongeza i-USD engama-50 ukuya kwi-USD engama-200 ngeyunithi nganye kwaye ukungakwenzi oku kubangela iingxaki ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwe-phytosanitary ye-EU. Eli xabiso kufuneka lichazwe ngokucacileyo kuqikelelo lomthengisi kwaye liqinisekiswe kwinkcazo yokupakisha.
Okwesithathu kukungabhalisi inombolo ye-EORI ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kokuqala. Ukuba ungenisa eFransi ngokwemigaqo ye-FOB, wena okanye umthengisi wakho werhafu kufuneka nibe nenombolo yoBhaliso kunye noLwazi loMsebenzi wezoQoqosho ukuze nikhuphe iimpahla ngerhafu ye-EU. Izicelo zithatha ixesha kwaye kufuneka ziqalwe kwangethuba ngaphambi kokuba kufikelelwe ukuthunyelwa kokuqala okulindelekileyo.
Eyesine kukungajongi iikhowudi ze-HS ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe. Ikhowudi ye-HS ichaza izinga lerhafu kwaye kwezinye iindidi amanyathelo okulwa nokulahla inkunkuma. E-China, abathumeli ngaphandle ngamanye amaxesha basebenzisa iikhowudi zokwahlulahlula ezinciphisa uxanduva lwabo lwerhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle, olunokuthi lungahambelani nohlelo olufanelekileyo lokungenisa eFransi. Ukuba kufunyenwe umahluko, amasiko aseFransi anokubeka uvavanyo kwakhona, iintlawulo kunye nokugcinwa kwempahla.
Okwesihlanu, kwaye okubaluleke ngakumbi kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa nge-DDP, kuxa umboneleli wezothutho ekhethwa ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso kuphela, ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuba lo mboneleli ubhalisiwe kwi-EU customs kwaye nokuba unomthamo ofanelekileyo wokusebenza wezinto ezinkulu. Ukuba ufumana ikowuteshini ye-DDP engabizi kakhulu kumthombo ongenalo umelo lwe-VAT yezemali yaseFransi okanye indlela yokuhambisa into engama-250kg kwidilesi yokuhlala, oko akusiyonto incinci - oko kuxanduva.
isiphelo
I-EXW, i-FOB kunye ne-DDP zahluke kakhulu ekwabelaneni kwazo ngeendleko kunye nemingcipheko, kwaye iziphumo zalo mahluko ziba nkulu ngakumbi xa umthwalo umkhulu. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-30kg okubambeka kwi-customs kuyacaphukisa. Sithetha ngokuthunyelwa kwezitulo zokumasaja, iipallet ezimbini ezimiswe eLe Havre ngenxa yeengxaki zedatha ye-ICS2 okanye ukungahlelwa kakuhle kwekhowudi ye-HS. Loo nto ibangela ingxaki enkulu kwezemali.
Kwabaninzi abathengisi be-e-commerce abanqumla imida kunye nabangenisi be-B2B abangena kwimarike yaseFransi ngeempahla ezinkulu ezivela eTshayina, isindululo esisebenzayo kukuqala nge-DDP de kube umzila uqondwe - imisebenzi, amaxesha aqhelekileyo okuhamba, izinto ezenzeka kwizixeko nakwiindawo ezikufutshane zaseFransi - uze emva koko uvavanye ukuba i-FOB enomthengisi wempahla othembekileyo kunye nomthengisi werhafu inikezela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zexabiso kwinqanaba. I-EXW yenzelwe abathengi abasele bakhe iziseko zothutho kumacala omabini, kwaye banqwenela ukuba nolawulo oluphezulu.
Nokuba ubiza ntoni na, umgangatho weqabane lakho lezothutho ubaluleke ngaphezu kwegama. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukuthunyelwa kwakho ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eFransi kufike ngexesha, kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali, kwaye ngaphandle kwezimanga zerhafu kukukhetha umboneleli onobuchule bokwenyani bokuthwala impahla, amandla okuthobela irhafu ye-EU, kunye nokubonakala ngokwenene kwimayile yokugqibela.
FAQs
Q: Ingaba i-DDP isoloko ibiza kakhulu kune-FOB yokuthumela impahla enkulu esuka eTshayina ukuya eFransi?
A: Ayisoloko injalo. I-DDP iqokelela zonke iindleko kuquka irhafu, i-VAT, impahla kunye nokuhanjiswa kweekhilomitha zokugqibela zibe lixabiso elinye ngamanye amaxesha elinokuncintisana neendleko ezipheleleyo umthengi anokuzilawula xa ejongene nezo zinto ngokwahlukeneyo (i-FOB). Uninzi lothelekiso luxhomekeke kumthamo wempahla yakho, amandla akho okuxoxisana nabathwali kunye nokusebenza kakuhle komthengisi wakho ozimeleyo werhafu. I-DDP inokuba lixabiso elifanayo okanye eliphantsi xa ubandakanya iindleko zokulungelelanisa zabathumeli abaphantsi okanye abaqalayo.
Q: Ndingayibuyisa na i-VAT yaseFransi ehlawulwe kwiimpahla ezingeniswayo ukuba ndilishishini?
A: Ewe, ngesiqhelo, ukuba unobhaliso lwe-VAT eFransi okanye isivumelwano sommeli wezimali waseFransi, ungayibuyisa i-20% ye-VAT yokungenisa oyihlawule kwi-customs usebenzisa inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokubuyisela i-VAT. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba abathumeli abaqhelekileyo ngamanye amaxesha bakhethe ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo e-FOB okanye e-DDP apho i-VAT iboniswe ngokucacileyo kwi-customs entry kwaye ke ngoko kulula ukuyibuyisa. Ingcali yakho yerhafu yaseFransi okanye umthengisi werhafu unokujonga iimeko ezichanekileyo.
Q: Lingakanani ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuhamba kwempahla enkulu kakhulu ukusuka eShenzhen ukuya eParis phantsi kwendlela nganye yokuthutha?
A: Ngokubanzi, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla elwandle ukusuka eShenzhen ukuya eLe Havre kuya kuthatha malunga neentsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-35 ukuhamba ngenqanawa. Ngokuphathwa kwezibuko kunye nokulungiswa kwerhafu, lonke ixesha lokungena emnyango ukuya emnyango liya kuba malunga neentsuku ezingama-45 ukuya kwezingama-55 phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kaloliwe phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-30-45 ukusebenza. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ngomoya kusetyenziswa kwimeko nganye kwimpahla enkulu. Ngokubanzi ukuthunyelwa kwempahla emoyeni kugcinelwe izinto ezibalulekileyo ngexesha okanye ezixabisa kakhulu. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kuthatha iintsuku ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-15. I-Topway Shipping ngokwembali ifikelele kwinqanaba lokuhanjiswa kwempahla yaselwandle elingama-91 ekhulwini kwixesha leentsuku ezingama-45 ukuya kwezingama-55 zokuthunyelwa kwe-DDP.
Q: Yintoni ebalwa njengemithwalo emikhulu kakhulu kwiinjongo zokuthumela impahla ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eFransi?
A: Inkcazo iyahluka ngokomthwali kunye nomnikezeli wezothutho, kodwa uphawu oluqhelekileyo kushishino kukuba imithwalo idlula ubunzima obuyi-150 kg, ubude obuziimitha ezi-4, okanye ifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokuphatha. I-Topway Shipping ichaza udidi lwayo olukhulu njengezinto ezinobunzima beyunithi enye ngaphantsi kweetoni ezisi-8 kunye nobukhulu obunye obungaphantsi kweemitha ezisi-8, olugubungela uninzi lwefenitshala, izixhobo, izixhobo zokomelela, kunye neendidi zoomatshini borhwebo.
Umbuzo: Ngaba irhafu yokuthintela ukulahla inkunkuma iyasebenza kwiimpahla ezinkulu ezivela eTshayina ezingena eFransi?
A: Amanyathelo okulwa nokulahla inkunkuma anokubekwa kwiindidi ezithile zemveliso kwaye agqitywa kwinqanaba le-EU. I-EU sele ibeke iindleko zokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma kwiibhayisekile zombane ezivela eTshayina kunye nezinto ezithile zentsimbi. Kwimithwalo emikhulu kwiindidi zefenitshala, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokuqina komzimba, amaxabiso aqhelekileyo erhafu yerhafu ye-EU asebenza ngokubanzi ngaphandle kweerhafu ezongezelelweyo zokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma, nangona kunjalo oku kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngokuchasene nekhowudi ye-HS echanekileyo yempahla nganye ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe. Oku kufuneka kuhlolwe ngumthengisi wakho werhafu njengenxalenye yokubala iindleko zokuthunyelwa kwangaphambili.
