I-DDP vs FOB vs EXW: Lokho Okushiwo Yi-Incoterm Ngayinye Ngempela Ngokuthunyelwa Kwakho KwaseShayina

 

Uma uke wacela umhlinzeki waseShayina ukuthi akunike isilinganiso, cishe uke wabona izinhlamvu ezintathu eziyimfihlakalo zihlezi eduze kwentengo: i-EXW, i-FOB, noma i-DDP. Ephepheni lesilinganiso zibukeka zincane, kodwa zinquma ukuthi ubani okhokhela ezokuthutha, ukuthi ubani okhokhela intela, ukuthi ubani omboza ingozi yomshuwalense, nokuthi ubani osala ephethe isikhwama uma isitsha sigcinwe echwebeni. Iphutha le-oda lokuthenga lingashintsha amasonto amathathu abe yisilingo sezinyanga ezimbili, kanye nezinhlawulo ezingalindelekile edeskini lakho.

Lawa makhodi anezinhlamvu ezintathu ayingxenye yeziqondiso ze-Incoterms ezikhishwe yi-International Chamber of Commerce. Kube khona ulwazi olungelona iqiniso ku-inthanethi mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwe-Incoterms 2025 noma i-Incoterms 2026 kodwa akukho nguqulo entsha ekhishwe. Eqinisweni, i-Incoterms 2020 iyindinganiso yamanje nevumelekile yokuhweba kwamanye amazwe futhi cishe izohlala injalo kuze kube yilapho inguqulo entsha idingeka cishe ngo-2030. Ngakho-ke, uma umhlinzeki ebhala i-FOB Shenzhen 2020 ku-invoyisi, leso sithenjwa sisasebenza nanamuhla.

Sizoxoxa ngemigomo emithathu evame kakhulu yokuthumela (i-EXW, i-FOB, kanye ne-DDP) ikakhulukazi njengoba ihlobene nokuthunyelwa okushiya iShayina, ngoba lokhu okuthathu kwakha iningi elikhulu lama-quotes atholwa ngempela ngabathumeli kanye nabathengisi be-e-commerce. Sizohlola ukuthi ubani owenza ini esigabeni ngasinye, lapho izindleko ezifihliwe zivame ukucasha khona, nokuthi wazi kanjani ukuthi yiliphi igama elifanele usayizi wakho wokuthumela, izinga lobuchwepheshe, kanye nokubekezelela ubungozi.

Lokho Okulawulwa Yi-Incoterms Ngempela

I-incoterm akuyona isikhathi sokukhokha, akuyona isu lokubiza amanani. Kuwukuhlukaniswa komsebenzi. Konke ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuhilela uchungechunge lwemisebenzi okufanele uyifeze: Ukupakisha izimpahla, ukuzihambisa echwebeni noma esikhumulweni sezindiza, ukuhlanza amasiko okuthumela kwamanye amazwe eShayina, ukuzilayisha emkhunjini noma endizeni, ukukhokha ulwandle noma umthwalo wezindiza, ukukhokha umshwalense wasolwandle, ukuhlanza amasiko okungenisa ezweni okuya kulo, ukukhokha intela, kanye nokuthutha impahla ngeloli ukuya lapho ifika khona. I-Incoterms imane idweba umugqa endaweni ethile kulolo chungechunge bese ithi konke okungaphambi kwaleli phuzu kungumsebenzi womthengisi futhi konke okungaphezulu kungokwabathengi.

Abathumeli abasha abavela eShayina bavame ukudida i-Incoterm neshejuli yokukhokha, noma kunjalo abahlobene. Isikhathi sokukhokha: idiphozithi engu-30% kanye no-70% okhokhelwe ngekhophi yebhili lokulayisha impahla. I-FOB Ningbo iyimigomo yokulethwa. Ungafanisa cishe noma yisiphi isimiso sokukhokha cishe nanoma iyiphi i-Incoterm. Umhlinzeki angakucaphuna umkhiqizo ofanayo ngemigomo emibili noma emithathu ehlukene kuye ngokuthi ucela ini.

EXW: Imisebenzi Yangaphandle, Ukulawula Okuphezulu, Umthwalo Wemfanelo Ophezulu

Nge-EXW umthwalo wemfanelo womthengisi uyaphela lapho izinto zibekwe kumthengi efektri noma ewarejini yomthengisi. Umthengisi akalayishi imoto, akaphathi amaphepha okuthumela ngaphandle futhi akahleli noma iyiphi ingxenye yezokuthutha zakwamanye amazwe. Umthengi unesibopho sazo zonke ezinye izinto; iloli elilanda izinto, ukuthuthwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, ukuthutha olwandle noma emoyeni, ukuthuthwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, intela kanye nokulethwa kokugcina.

Ngokwethiyori i-EXW inenzuzo ngoba intengo yeyunithi iphansi kakhulu kunemigomo emithathu, kodwa ukonga okubonakalayo kungase kuphele ngokushesha uma ucabanga ngokudala amadokhumenti akho okuthumela ngaphandle. E-China, amabhizinisi anelayisensi yokuthumela ngaphandle esemthethweni kuphela angathumela izimpahla ngokusemthethweni. Uma uthenga i-EXW esitshalweni esincane esingenayo, umthumeli wakho wezimpahla ngokuvamile kuzodingeka athole inkampani yokuhweba engakhipha amadokhumenti okuthumela ngaphandle egameni lefektri, okwengeza ungqimba lwezindleko kanye nengozi engafakwanga entengweni yokuqala.

I-EXW ivame ukuba yindlela engcono kakhulu yabathengi abanolwazi abanomshini wokuthutha impahla othembekile eShayina, abahlanganisa ukuthunyelwa okuvela ezimbonini eziningana zibe yibhodlela elilodwa, noma abafuna nje ukulawula ngokuphelele ukuthi yimuphi umthwali ophatha umlenze ngamunye wohambo. Lokhu ngokuvamile akulungele abangenisi bokuqala futhi akufanele kusetshenziswe ekuthunyelweni kwebhizinisi kuya kwabathengi, njengoba kungekho mthengi ojwayelekile online onezindlela noma ilayisensi yokuhlela isimemezelo sokulanda nokuthumela impahla efektri ngokwabo.

I-FOB: Mahhala Ebhodini, Ihhashi Elisebenzayo Lempahla Yasolwandle YaseShayina

I-FOB yigama elicashunwe kakhulu lokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla zasolwandle ngaphandle kweShayina, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Ngaphansi kwe-FOB, umthengisi kumele athuthe izimpahla aye echwebeni lokuhamba, azikhiphe ngentela yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe bese ezilayisha emkhunjini oqanjwe ngumthengi. Ngemva kokuba impahla isidlulile esitimela somkhumbi, izindleko zengozi kanye nezesikhathi esizayo ziya kumthengi. Umthengi uhlela futhi akhokhele imithwalo yolwandle, umshwalense wolwandle, imvume yokungenisa impahla, intela kanye nokulethwa kwempahla ngaphakathi ezweni lapho eya khona.

Okukhanga i-FOB ukulinganisela. Umhlinzeki usevele unamaloli namalayisense okuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe futhi wenza izingxenye zomzila azazi kahle ngaphakathi eShayina. Umthengi ulawula ukubhukha izimpahla kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uqhathanise amanani ezimpahla zasolwandle, ukhethe owakho umthengisi wezimpahla futhi ugweme amamaki abanye abahlinzeki abawabeka buthule lapho bephatha umlenze wokuthumela impahla ngokwabo.

Enye imininingwane ephazamisa abathumeli abasha yindawo yechweba. IShayina iyizwe elikhulu, futhi uma ibhizinisi enyakatho licaphuna i-FOB Shenzhen kusho ukuthi izinto kufanele ziqale zihambe cishe amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ukuya eningizimu ukuze zifike emkhunjini. Njalo qinisekisa ukuthi ichweba eliqanjwe ngegama liyichweba eliseduze kakhulu nefektri, ngaphandle kwalokho izindleko zamaloli angaphakathi ezweni zingasusa buthule noma yikuphi ukonga obekufanele kunikezwe yi-FOB.

Kuyafaneleka futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi i-FOB yaqale yaklanywa ngezimpahla zasolwandle zendabuko, ezingafakwanga ezitsheni. Ekuthunyelweni kwezitsha zanamuhla, ochwepheshe abaningi bezokuthutha babheka i-FCA, noma i-Free Carrier, njengendlela enembile kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, njengoba ingozi idluliselwa lapho izimpahla zinikezwa umthwali endaweni yezitsha kunokuba ziwele isitimela somkhumbi esicatshangwayo. Kodwa empeleni, cishe wonke umhlinzeki waseShayina usacaphuna i-FOB, hhayi i-FCA. Umehluko osebenzayo kwabaningi abangenisa impahla uncane, uma nje ichweba nemigomo kubhalwe ngokucacile ku-oda lokuthenga.

I-DDP: Uma Imali Ekhokhiwe, Umthengisi Wenza Cishe Konke

I-DDP itholakala ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-EXW. Umthengisi noma umthumeli wezimpahla omele umthengisi, unesibopho sohambo lonke: ukukhishwa kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe, ukuthunyelwa kolwandle noma emoyeni, ukukhishwa kwezimpahla ezingeniswayo, intela kanye nokulethwa kokugcina emnyango womthengi. Umsebenzi womthengi ngokuyinhloko ukukhulula iloli.

Kubathengi abangafuni ukubhekana nabathengisi bezimpahla zamakhasimende, ukuhlukaniswa kwekhodi ye-HS, noma ukubalwa kwemisebenzi, i-DDP isusa cishe konke lokho bunzima. Yingakho i-DDP isibe yindinganiso yabathengisi be-e-commerce abathumela bevela eShayina abafuna izindleko zokufika ezibikezelwayo futhi abafuna ukugwema amakhasimende enqaba iphakheji ngenxa yebhili yemisebenzi engalindelekile emnyango.

Ukushintshana kwentengo kuyintengo. Ngenxa yokuthi umthengisi noma umthumeli wezimpahla uthatha kokubili izindleko kanye nengozi yezimpahla zamasiko nezibopho, izingcaphuno ze-DDP zivame ukuba ne-premium uma kuqhathaniswa ne-FOB noma i-EXW yempahla efanayo. Kukhona futhi inselele yesakhiwo: emazweni amaningi okuya kuwo kunzima ngempela kumthengisi wangaphandle ukubhalisa njengomthengisi werekhodi, akhokhe izibopho ngqo, futhi acacise izimpahla zamasiko ngaphandle kokumelwa kwendawo. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi ukuthunyelwa okuningi kwe-DDP okuvela eShayina empeleni kuphathwa ngumthumeli wezimpahla okhethekile kunokuba kube yifektri uqobo, njengoba umthumeli esevele enamalayisense, amabhondi, kanye nobudlelwano bomthengisi obudingekayo endaweni okuya kuyo.

Isibonelo, i-Topway Shipping yakhe isevisi yayo ye-DDP eduze kwaleli gebe. Kusukela ngo-2010, inkampani enendlunkulu yaseShenzhen ibilokhu igxile ekuthuthweni kwe-e-commerce phakathi kweShayina ne-United States, futhi ithimba layo elisungule linikeza ulwazi oluhlangene lweminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi nanhlanu ekuthuthweni kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kanye nokususwa kwempahla yamasiko. Ngoba i-Topway Shipping isebenza kulo lonke uchungechunge oluphelele, ukuthathwa kwempahla yokuqala eShayina, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla olwandle, ukugcinwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, i-custom brokeragekanye nokulethwa kwemayela lokugcina, ukuthunyelwa kwe-DDP okubhukwe ngomhlinzeki oyedwa kugwema izinkinga zokudluliselwa ezenzeka lapho abathengisi abahlanu abahlukene ngamunye ephatha umlenze owodwa wohambo.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-Side-by-Side

Ithebula elingezansi lifingqa ukuthi ubani onesibopho sezindleko kanye nentela ngayinye ebalulekile phakathi nalezi zikhathi ezintathu. Lisebenzise njengereferensi esheshayo uma ubukeza ikhotheshini yomhlinzeki.

Umbhidlango	I-EXW	Fob	I-DDP
Thumela ukupakisha	Umthengisi	Umthengisi	Umthengisi
Ukuhamba ngamaloli ukuya echwebeni	Umthengi	Umthengisi	Umthengisi
Thekelisa imvume yamazwe angaphandle	Umthengi	Umthengisi	Umthengisi
Ukulayisha emkhunjini	Umthengi	Umthengisi	Umthengisi
Ukuthutha olwandle noma emoyeni	Umthengi	Umthengi	Umthengisi
Umshwalense wasolwandle	Umthengi	Umthengi	Umthengisi
Ngenisa imvume yamasiko	Umthengi	Umthengi	Umthengisi
Imisebenzi kanye nezintela	Umthengi	Umthengi	Umthengisi
Ukulethwa kokugcina endlini	Umthengi	Umthengi	Umthengisi
Iphoyinti lokudlulisa ubungozi	Izakhiwo zomthengisi	Emkhunjini	Ikheli lomthengi

 

Indlela Amagama Amathathu Aqhathaniswa Ngayo Nokubikezela Izindleko Nokulawula

Lezi zinhlaka ezintathu zivame ukuhamba ngezindlela eziphambene maqondana nokubikezela izindleko kanye nokulawula. Nge-EXW ulawula kakhulu zonke izinqumo zokuthutha, kodwa ubikezela okuncane njengoba uhlanganisa ama-invoyisi ahlukahlukene avela ebhizinisini lamaloli, i-ejenti yokuthumela ngaphandle, inkampani yokuthutha olwandle kanye nomthengisi wokungenisa impahla. Nge-DDP, awunalo izwi eliningi kakhulu ngemininingwane yokusebenza kodwa ubikezela okuphezulu kakhulu ngoba uvame ukuthola izindleko zokufika ngaphambi kokuba ukuthunyelwa kusuke eShayina. I-FOB iyindawo ephakathi nendawo: usalawula ukubhukha impahla kwamanye amazwe, kodwa umhlinzeki unakekela izici zenqubo ezidinga ulwazi lwendawo kanye nelayisense ngaphakathi eShayina.

Enye indlela yokucabanga ngalokhu ukubheka ukuthi ubani ongcono kakhulu ekwenzeni umsebenzi ngamunye ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu. Ifektri yaseShayina noma inkampani ethumela impahla yayo ivame ukuba namanani angcono kanye nobudlelwano bokuthutha impahla kwamanye amazwe kanye namasiko kunokuba umthengi wangaphandle ebengenza. Umthengisi onolwazi othumela impahla kwamanye amazwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ezweni elifanayo uvame ukuba nokulawula okungcono kakhulu emananini entela yendawo, indawo yokugcina impahla enezibopho, kanye nezinkampani zokugcina impahla kunenkampani yaseShayina. Ingxenye yesizathu sokuthi i-FOB ihlale iyiyona ezenzakalelayo yokuthunyelwa kweziqukathi ze-B2B ukuthi ihambisana kahle nendawo lapho ulwazi lwangempela lukhona khona ohlangothini ngalunye.

Amaphutha Avamile Awenziwa Abathumeli Bempahla Ngale Migomo

Ingxenye enkulu ngokumangalisayo yokungavumelani phakathi kwabathengi nabahlinzeki ivela ekungaqondini kahle kwe-Incoterms kunokuba kube yinkinga ngezinto ngokwazo. Inkinga evamile umhlinzeki ushintsha ngasese kusuka ku-FOB kuya ku-EXW ngemuva kokuba idiphozithi isikhokhiwe futhi umthengi ushiywa ephithizela ukuthola i-ejenti yokuthumela ngaphandle ngomzuzu wokugcina. Qiniseka ukuthi njalo ufaka i-Incoterm okuvunyelwene ngayo, i-port eqanjwe ngegama kanye nenguqulo ye-Incoterms ku-oda lokuthenga elibhaliwe hhayi nje ezingxoxweni zomlomo.

Okunye ukungaqondi okuvamile ukucabanga ukuthi i-DDP isho ukuthi akusekho zindleko ezengeziwe. I-DDP isho intela kanye nokulethwa. Ngokuvamile ayifaki izindleko zendawo ezingamboziwe yinkontileka yomthengisi, njengelayisensi ekhethekile yezinto ezilawulwayo, noma izimali zokugcina uma umthengi engakakulungeli ukwamukela ukuthunyelwa lapho kufika. Ukufunda umbhalo omncane wesilinganiso se-DDP, ikakhulukazi ukuthi yiziphi izindleko zendawo ezifakiwe, kuzokusindisa ekumangaleni okungathandeki kamuva.

Iphutha lesithathu ukusebenzisa inkulumo ethi "olwandle kuphela" ekuthunyelweni ngendiza. I-FOB ngokwencazelo ifaneleka kuphela ekuthunyelweni ngemikhumbi olwandle nangaphakathi ezweni, ngoba kusho ukufaka izimpahla emkhunjini. I-FCA iyindlela efanele yokuthwala izimpahla ngendiza lapho umthengi efuna ukuphatha umlenze wamazwe ngamazwe, yize i-FOB ingasebenzi kahle ephepheni lokuthutha ngendiza. Ngezinye izikhathi abahlinzeki basebenzisa i-FOB ngokunganaki njengendlela yokufingqa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imodi yokuthutha injani, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhlola kabili indlela yangempela yokuthutha ngokumelene nenkulumo ephrintiwe kumadokhumenti akho.

Ukufanisa Isikhathi Nokuthunyelwa Kwakho

Uma ubeka ukuthenga kokuqala okugcwele isitsha nomhlinzeki omusha, i-FOB ngokuvamile iyindawo ephephile yokuqala. Ungaqhathanisa amanani okuthutha olwandle avela kubathumeli abaningana, ugcine izindleko zokuthutha zisobala, futhi ugweme ubunzima belayisensi yokuthumela ngaphandle ye-EXW. Uma usuvele unobudlelwano nomthengisi wezimpahla ezweni lakini, usengakwazi ukusingatha inqubo yamasiko yendawo oya kuyo wena.

Ngokuthunyelwa okuncane, okuphindaphindiwe kwe-e-commerce - ikakhulukazi ukulethwa okuqondile kumthengi lapho izindleko zentela engazelelwe zingabangela ukuthi abathengi bayeke ukulethwa emnyango - i-DDP ivame ukuba yindlela engenzeka kakhulu. Ukubikezela kuvame ukuba kufaneleka izindleko ezengeziwe ngeyunithi ngayinye futhi kususa umthwalo wokusebenza wokuthobela imithetho yokungenisa emahlombe omthengisi okungenzeka ukuthi akanabo abasebenzi abazinikele ekucutshungulweni kwamasiko.

I-EXW ilungele abathengi abahlanganisa imikhiqizo evela kubakhiqizi abaningi ngaphambi kokufika echwebeni, noma asebevele besebenzisa izinto zabo zokuthutha eShayina futhi badinga nje intengo ephansi kakhulu yesango lefektri. Ngokuvamile akuyona into efanele umuntu othumela isitsha sakhe sokuqala, noma ophethe isitolo se-inthanethi esibheke abathengi.

Lapho Umlingani Wezokuthutha Efanelana Khona

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ugcina nini ku-oda lakho lokuthenga, ulwazi olusebenzayo lwempahla luvame ukubhekisela kumthengisi wezimpahla ongaziwa, hhayi izinhlamvu ezintathu ezikwinkontileka. Umthengisi wezimpahla ophatha nje ukubhukha olwandle uzokushiya uxoxisana ngokuthengiswa kwempahla yasekhaya, ukugcinwa kwempahla, kanye nebanga lokugcina ngokwehlukana, kodwa umthengisi wezimpahla ophatha lonke uchungechunge angenza ngisho nokuthunyelwa kwe-DDP okuyinkimbinkimbi kube yinto ecishe ibe ucingo olulodwa.

Lesi yisikhala iTopway Shipping eyadalelwa ukusigcwalisa. Indlunkulu yayo eShenzhen kusukela ngo-2010, inkampani igxile ekuthuthweni kwe-e-commerce phakathi kweShayina ne-United States, okuhlanganisa ukuthathwa kwempahla yokuqala, ukugcinwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, ukususwa kwempahla yamasiko kanye nokulethwa kwempahla okuhamba ibanga elide konke ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa. Uma ungumthengisi wezimpahla ofuna ukugwema ikhanda lokusebenza nabathengisi abaningi emgaqweni ngamunye wokuthunyelwa kwe-FOB noma kwe-DDP, iTopway Shipping inikeza imithwalo yolwandle eguquguqukayo egcwele isitsha kanye nemithwalo engaphansi kwesitsha ethwala umthwalo ongaphansi kwesitsha ethwala umthwalo osuka eShayina uye emachwebeni amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, okwenza kube lula ukukala kusuka kuphalethi elilodwa kuya esitsheni esigcwele njengoba inani lama-oda likhula.

Futhi, ukuba nomthengisi oyedwa oqonda izinhlangothi zombili zomzila wezohwebo kugwema izikhala zamaphepha ezivame ukuvela eduze kwe-Incoterms. Ithimba elifanayo liphatha imvume yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe eShayina kanye nemvume yokungenisa impahla lapho iya khona ngakho-ke mancane kakhulu amathuba okuxhumana okungafanele okuholela ekutheni isitsha sihlale echwebeni kuyilapho izinkampani ezimbili ezihlukene ziphikisana ngokuthi ubani obangela ukulahleka kwefomu.

Isiphetho

I-EXW, i-FOB kanye ne-DDP akuzona imikhiqizo ezincintisanayo. Ziyizindlela ezintathu ezihlukene zokusika umthwalo ofanayo futhi isinqumo esifanele sincike ekutheni ufuna ukulawula okungakanani ngokumelene nokuthi ulungele ukuphatha ubunzima obungakanani. I-EXW ibeka isondo nomsebenzi ezandleni zakho. I-FOB inquma uhambo endaweni enengqondo, ikuvumela ukuthi uphathe imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe futhi ivumele isitshalo ukuthi siphathe lokho esikwaziyo. I-DDP inikeza isondo kumthengisi noma umlingani wabo wezokuthutha, futhi ikhokha izindleko eziphakeme ngeyunithi ngayinye ngentengo eyodwa ebikezelwayo yokufika.

Noma ngabe yiliphi igama olikhethayo, qiniseka ukuthi libhalwe kahle enkontilekeni yakho, lisho indawo noma ichweba elithile kanye nenguqulo ye-Incoterms, nokuthi umhlinzeki wezimpahla ngemuva kwesilinganiso unelayisensi kanye nenethiwekhi yokukufeza ngempela. Umehluko phakathi kokungenisa okubushelelezi kanye nokumangala okubizayo ngokuvamile i-Incoterm ecacile kanye nomlingani wezokuthutha ongenza yonke ingxenye yohambo, uhlobo lwamabhizinisi okumboza kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni njenge-Topway Shipping ahlinzeka ngokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla e-China kuya e-US.

 

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

U: Ingabe i-FOB ishibhile njalo kune-DDP?

A: Akudingeki ngempela ngesisekelo sezindleko ezifike endaweni. Intengo ye-FOB iphansi njengoba ingabandakanyi imithwalo yempahla, umshwalense kanye nentela yendawo, kodwa uma usuyibuyisele emuva lezo zindleko, inani lingaphuma ngesilinganiso se-DDP esinentengo enhle noma ngaphezulu, ikakhulukazi ekuthunyelweni okuncane lapho izindleko zesilinganiso zivumela khona umthengisi ophethe konke ndawonye.

U: Ngingashintsha i-Incoterms ngemva kokufaka i-oda?

A: Yebo, kodwa kuphela ngesivumelwano esibhaliwe somhlinzeki ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo. Izingxabano ngezinye izikhathi zivela ngenxa yezinguquko emigomeni ngemva kokuba idiphozithi isikhokhiwe futhi noma yiluphi ushintsho kufanele lubhalwe phansi ku-oda lokuthenga elibuyekeziwe hhayi engxoxweni yomlomo.

Q: Kungani abahlinzeki abaningi baseShayina bekhetha ukucaphuna i-FOB esikhundleni se-FCA?

A: I-FCA inembe kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe ngempahla efakwe emathinini, kodwa i-FOB igxile kakhulu emikhubeni yokuhweba yansuku zonke kubakhiqizi baseShayina nezinkampani zokuhweba, ngakho-ke izingcaphuno eziningi ziyazenza noma ngabe ukuthunyelwa kufakwe emathinini ngokugcwele.

Q: Ingabe i-EXW ike yafaneleka kuma-oda e-commerce?

A: Akuvamile. I-EXW idinga ukuthi umthengi ahlele ukuqoqwa kwempahla efektri kanye nesimemezelo sokuthumela ngaphandle. Lokhu akunakwenzeka kumthengi ngamunye oku-inthanethi futhi kungenye yezizathu eziyinhloko ezenza ukuthi ukuthunyelwa okuningi okuvela kumthengi ngqo kusebenzise i-DAP noma i-DDP esikhundleni salokho.

U: Ingabe ukusebenzisa i-DDP kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke kube khona izimali ezengeziwe nhlobo?

A: Cha. I-DDP ifaka phakathi imithwalo, ukusulwa kwempahla kanye nezindleko, njengoba kuchaziwe kwinkontileka, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi intengo ye-DDP iqukethe ini njengoba izindleko ezingaphezu kwaleyo ndawo, njengezimvume ezithile zemikhiqizo elawulwayo noma izimali zokugcina zokuqoqwa okubambezelekile, zisasebenza.