Ukugcwaliseka kwezentengiselwano ze-inthanethi kusuka eShayina kuya ePortugal: Lokho Okufanele Ama-SME Akwazi
Isingeniso
Ibhizinisi le-e-commerce lasePortugal alisekho ithuba elincane; liwumnotho wedijithali okhula ngokushesha. Ngo-2025, ukuthengiswa kwe-inthanethi kufinyelele cishe ku-€11 billion, kanti cishe ama-59% abantu basePortugal abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-16 no-74 babethenga ku-inthanethi njalo. Ngo-2030, kulindeleke ukuthi imakethe ibe yi-$11.03 billion, ngesilinganiso sokukhula saminyaka yonke esingu-11.33%. Lo mkhuba uyithuba langempela lebhizinisi lezinkampani ezincane neziphakathi nendawo (ama-SME) athenga izimpahla eShayina, kodwa ukuzisebenzisa kudinga okungaphezu nje kokuba nomkhiqizo omuhle. Kudinga ukubheka ngamehlo acacile ukuthi ukwaneliseka kwemingcele kusebenza kanjani ngempela kule ndlela.
Kunamakhilomitha angaba ngu-10,000, amazwekazi amabili, kanye nohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemithetho yentela, izindlela zokuhamba, kanye nezakhiwo zentela phakathi kweShayina nePortugal. Ngo-2024, ukuhweba phakathi kwala mazwe amabili kwakubiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-elekthronikhi, imishini, izindwangu, ifenisha, kanye nemikhiqizo yabathengi eShayina kwageleza kancane kancane entshonalanga e-Iberian Peninsula. Ngisho nangale miyalo eminingi kangaka, amabhizinisi amaningi amancane naphakathi namanje awanalo uhlelo olucacile lwezokuthutha ukuze afezeke. Athembele kubahlinzeki abaningana, awaqondi imithetho, noma akhetha izindlela zokuthumela ezinciphisa inzuzo yawo.
Lesi sihloko siyisiqondiso esiwusizo kubanikazi bamabhizinisi, abaphathi be-e-commerce, kanye nabaphathi bezinsizakalo asebevele bethumela izimpahla besuka eShayina beya ePortugal noma abafuna ukwenza kanjalo. Sikhuluma ngezinketho ezahlukene zokuthumela, imithetho yentela kanye ne-VAT okufanele bayilandele abathumeli, amamodeli okugcina impahla kanye nokugcwalisa azothandwa kakhulu ngo-2025 nangale kwalokho, amaphutha avamile awenziwa amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi lapho ethumela, kanye nendlela yokuthola umlingani wezokuthutha ongakwazi ukuphatha lonke uchungechunge lokunikezela.
Umzila Wezohwebo waseShayina-Portugal ngo-2025: Ukubeka Isimo Esihlelekile
Ukuxhumana okungokoqobo okuxhumanisa izimboni zaseShayina namakhasimende asePutukezi kuphakelwa kahle ngokumangazayo. Izimpahla ezifakwe emathinini zigeleza zivela emachwebeni amakhulu aseNingizimu China njengeShenzhen, iGuangzhou, neShanghai zidlula oLwandle iSouth China, iStrait of Malacca, i-Indian Ocean, iSuez Canal, kanye nogu lwe-Atlantic ukuya ePortugal. Lolu hambo luvame ukuthatha izinsuku eziphakathi kuka-28 no-40 zemithwalo egcwele isitsha (i-FCL) evela esifundazweni saseGuangdong.
Kodwa akuwona wonke umzila olula. Ukuphazamiseka koLwandle Olubomvu okwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-2023 kwabangela ukuthi izindiza ezinkulu zithumele imikhumbi nxazonke kweCape of Good Hope esikhundleni sokudlula oLwandle Olubomvu. Lokhu kwenezele izinsuku eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-14 ezikhathini ezijwayelekile zokuhamba futhi kwakhuphula isikhashana amazinga okuthutha. Amanani asezinzile kakhulu ekuqaleni kuka-2026. Amanani e-FCL avela emachwebeni aseNingizimu China aya eLisbon manje aqala cishe ku-USD 1,700 ngesitsha esingamamitha angu-20 kanye cishe ku-USD 2,900 ngesitsha esingamamitha angu-40. Lawa amanani amahle kubangenisi abaletha izimpahla eziningi.
Indawo yasePortugal iyimpahla ebalulekile kodwa ngezinye izikhathi enganakwa. I-Port of Sines, etholakala ogwini lwase-Atlantic eningizimu yeLisbon, ingenye yezindawo zokugcina izitsha ezikhula ngokushesha eYurophu futhi iyindawo ebalulekile yokudlulisela impahla kunethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke ye-MSC. Ngenxa yokuthi ingaphatha amanzi ajulile futhi isogwini lwase-Atlantic, ingacubungula futhi ithuthe ngokushesha imithwalo esuka eMpumalanga Asia iye emakethe enkulu ye-EU ngaphandle kokuminyana kwezimoto okuvame emachwebeni aseNorth Sea njengeRotterdam noma iHamburg. Uma ibhizinisi lakho elincane noma eliphakathi linabathengi eSpain noma kwamanye amazwe e-EU ngaphandle kwePortugal, iSines yindawo enhle yokuqala.
Izindlela Zokuthumela: Ukufanisa Indlela Nemodeli Yebhizinisi Lakho
Isinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu ongasenza lapho ugcwalisa i-oda ngaphesheya kwemingcele ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokulethwa okufanele uyikhethe. Inquma ukuthi kuzobiza malini, kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani ukufika lapho, kungakanani ukuhamba kwemali ongayilindela, kanye nokuthi hlobo luni lwenkonzo yamakhasimende ongayithembisa ngempela. Ayikho impendulo eyodwa efanele. Inketho engcono kakhulu incike ohlotsheni lomkhiqizo owuthengisayo, ukuthi uthola ama-oda amangaki, uhlelo lwakho lwempahla, kanye nokuthi izimpahla zakho zidinga ukulethwa ngokushesha kangakanani.
I-Ocean Freight (i-FCL ne-LCL)
Ukuthutha ngomkhumbi kuseyindlela eyinhloko yokuhweba ngemikhiqizo ebonakalayo phakathi kweShayina nePortugal. Inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomnotho ngeyunithi ngayinye ngokwesilinganiso eside sama-SME ahambisa izimpahla eziningi. Lapho izimpahla zigcwalisa iningi noma lonke isitsha esingamamitha angu-20 noma angu-40, ukuthunyelwa komthwalo ogcwele isitsha kuyindlela engcono kakhulu. Ukuthunyelwa komthwalo ongaphansi kwesitsha (LCL), ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvumela abathumeli abancane ukuthi babelane ngesikhala sesitsha futhi bakhokhele kuphela ama-cubic metres abawasebenzisayo. I-LCL ivame ukunezela izinsuku ezi-5 kuya kwezingu-7 esikhathini sokuhamba ngoba kufanele ihlanganiswe lapho iqala khona futhi ihlanganiswe lapho iya khona.
Ububi bokuthutha impahla olwandle ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi eside. Ama-SME kudingeka ahlele izikhathi zokulethwa kwempahla zamasonto amane kuya kwayisithupha, ngisho noma kunendlela engcono kakhulu yokuthutha impahla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele kube nempahla eningi futhi kubikezelwe isidingo isikhathi eside kusenesikhathi. Ukuthutha impahla olwandle kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yezinkampani ezithengisa izimpahla ezingonakali ngesidingo esiqhubekayo, njengezesekeli zobuchwepheshe, imihlobiso yasekhaya, izisekelo zemfashini, namathuluzi.
I-Air Freight kanye ne-Express Courier
Ukuthunyelwa ngendiza kusuka eShayina kuya ePortugal kuvame ukuthatha izinsuku ezi-4 kuya kweziyi-8 ukuya endlini ngendlu. Lokhu kwenza kube inketho engcono kakhulu yezimpahla ezinenani eliphezulu, ukwethulwa kwesizini, ukubuyiselwa kwezimpahla ngokushesha, noma izinto ezingapheli isikhathi eside. I-DHL, i-FedEx, kanye ne-UPS zonke zinikeza izinsizakalo zokuthumela ngendiza ezinciphisa lokhu kube yizinsuku zokusebenza ezi-2 kuya kwezi-5. Izinketho ze-premium zithembisa ukulethwa zingakapheli amahora angama-72. Izindleko ezengeziwe zinkulu—cishe ama-USD 8.50 ngekhilogramu noma ama-USD 150 nge-cubic meter ye-express—ngakho-ke ukuthunyelwa ngendiza kungcono uma isilinganiso senani-nesisindo siphezulu noma lapho izindleko zokuphela kwempahla ziphakeme kunezindleko zokulethwa.
Izimpahla Zesitimela
Imithwalo yesitimela enqamula umzila we-Yiwu-Madrid iwukulinganisela okuhle phakathi kolwandle nomoya. Kuthatha izinsuku eziphakathi kuka-21 kuya ku-24 ukufika ePortugal, kufaka phakathi umlenze wokugcina ovela eMadrid. Ngezikhathi zokuminyana kwechweba, kuvame ukubikezelwa kakhulu kunemizila yolwandle. Amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo adinga izinketho ezisheshayo nezishibhile zezinto ezinesisindo esiphakathi aseqala ukuyisebenzisa kakhulu.
Ithebula elingezansi libala izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zendlela ngayinye yokuthumela yomzila waseChina-Portugal:
| Imodi Yokuhambisa | Isikhathi Sokuthutha | Cishe. Izindleko | Okuhle kakhulu |
| I-FCL Ocean Freight | Izinsuku eziyi-28-40 | $1,700–$2,900/isitsha | Izimpahla ezinevolumu ephezulu, ezingaphuthumi |
| I-LCL Ocean Freight | Izinsuku eziyi-33-48 | Khokha nge-CBM ngayinye | Ukuthunyelwa kwevolumu encane kuya kwamaphakathi |
| I-Air Freight | Izinsuku eziyi-4-8 | ~$8.50/kg | Impahla enenani eliphezulu, ezwela isikhathi |
| I-Express Courier | Izinsuku eziyi-2-5 | I-Premium nge-kg | Amaphasela aphuthumayo, amasampula |
| Izimpahla Zesitimela | Izinsuku eziyi-21-24 | Ububanzi obuphakathi | Imithwalo emaphakathi, ishejuli ebikezelwayo |
Amasiko asePortugal kanye ne-VAT: Okumele Kuqondwe Yilowo Nalowo Ongenisa Impahla
IPortugal iyilungu le-EU futhi ilandela yonke imithetho yokungenisa ye-EU, okuhlanganisa ne-Common Customs Tariff. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi angenisa impahla evela eShayina kufanele abhekane nesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuthobela imithetho esingamangaza abangenisi abasha, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa nge-VAT, ukubhaliswa kwe-EORI, kanye nemithetho ye-EU yokushintsha kwesaziso sangaphambi kwesaziso.
Imisebenzi kanye nohlelo lwe-TARIC
Inani le-CIF (Izindleko, Umshwalense, Ukuthutha) lisetshenziselwa ukubala intela yokungenisa impahla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isisekelo sentela asihlanganisi nje kuphela inani lezinto kodwa futhi nezindleko zokuzithumela emngceleni wePortugal. Isheduli yentela ye-TARIC ye-EU isebenzisa ikhodi ye-HS yezimpahla ukusetha amazinga entela. Ama-elekthronikhi abathengi ngokuvamile anentela ephansi kunezingubo noma izicathulo, kodwa kulula ukwenza iphutha nokukhokha kakhulu. Abangenisi kufanele bahlole kabili amakhodi abo e-HS ngaphambi kokufaka njengoba amasiko asePortugal ehlola amanani amenyezelwe ngokumelene nezizindalwazi zamanani emakethe.
I-VAT ku-23%
Izinto eziningi ezingenisiwe ePortugal zinenkokhelo evamile ye-VAT engu-23%. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngenani le-CIF kanye nanoma yiziphi izintela zentela, hhayi nje inani lezimpahla. Amabhizinisi asanda kungenisa ePortugal avame ukumangala lapho izindleko zokugcina zokufika zingaphezu kokulindelekile. Izinga lokuthengisa ibanga le-EU eliqala imithwalo ye-VAT lingu-€10,000 ngonyaka. Amabhizinisi adlula lo mkhawulo ngaphandle kokubhalisa ahlawuliswa inhlawulo. IPortugal yengeze intela yezinsizakalo zedijithali engu-3% ngoJanuwari 2025. Le ntela isebenza kumabhizinisi e-e-commerce anikeza izimpahla ezibonakalayo nezedijithali futhi angase adinge izindlela ezahlukene zokukhokha.
Ukubhaliswa kwe-EORI kanye ne-ICS2
Noma yiliphi ibhizinisi eliletha izimpahla e-EU kumele libe nenombolo ye-EORI (Ukubhaliswa Nokuhlonza Kwabasebenza Kwezomnotho) evumelekile. Lesi yisidingo esingaxoxiswana ngaso futhi kumele sivikelwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuthunyelwa. Ngo-2025, i-Import Control System 2 (ICS2) ye-EU yangena esigabeni sayo sesithathu nesokugcina sokukhishwa. Lokhu kwenezele izidingo zesaziso ngaphambi kokufika kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuhamba, okuhlanganisa imithwalo yolwandle neyesitimela. Ngaphambi kokulayisha imithwalo, abathumeli kanye nabathumeli babo kumele manje bafake iSimemezelo Sokufingqa (ENS) ku-inthanethi. Lesi simemezelo kumele sifake izinombolo ze-HS ezigcwele ezinamadijithi ayi-6 kuyo yonke into yomugqa. Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokulibaziseka nokuhlolwa ngokomzimba emngceleni ukufakwa kwe-ENS okungaphelele noma okungalungile.
I-DDP vs. DAP: Ukukhetha Imigomo Yakho Yokuhweba
Isinqumo phakathi kwezimo zokuhweba ze-Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) kanye ne-Delivered at Place (DAP) senza umehluko omkhulu ekutheni umngenisi kufanele abhekane nomzamo ongakanani kanye nengozi engakanani. Nge-DDP, inkampani yezokuthutha inakekela konke kusukela ekuthatheni imikhiqizo lapho iqala khona kuya ekuyikhipheni ngenkambiso yasePortugal bese iyiletha kumthengi. Umthengi ukhokha intengo eyodwa ephelele futhi uthola izinto ezilungele ukuthengiswa. Ngaphansi kwe-DAP, umngenisi uphethe ukuhlanza inkambiso kanye nokukhokha intela lapho izimpahla zifika. Lokhu kusho ukuthi badinga abasebenzi benkambiso yangaphakathi noma umthengisi wendawo othembekile.
Amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi (ama-SME) amaningi amasha ePortugal corridor noma angenabo abasebenzi bokuphatha ukuthobela imithetho yentela asebenzisa i-DDP. Kwabangenisi abanolwazi abanokuxhumana okuhle nabathengisi futhi abaziyo ukuthi bazoletha malini, i-DAP ingabanika ukulawula okwengeziwe futhi ibasize babone ukuthi kuzobiza malini. Inketho engcono kakhulu yethimba lakho izoncika ekutheni bangasingatha malini, ukuthi bazimisele ukuthatha ingozi engakanani, nokuthi udinga ukuqaphela kangakanani inqubo yentela.
Amaphepha abalulekile adingekayo ukuze kudlule emasimini ePortugal:
| Idokhumenti | Injongo | amanothi |
| I-invoyisi yezentengiso | Imemezela inani nencazelo yezimpahla | Kumelwe kubonise inani le-CIF langempela |
| Uhlu lokupakisha | Imininingwane okuqukethwe kanye nenani | Kufanele ifane ne-invoyisi ncamashi |
| I-Bill of Lading / AWB | Ubufakazi bokuthunyelwa | Kuyadingeka ekuthuthweni kolwandle/emoyeni |
| Isitifiketi Somsuka | Iqinisekisa umsuka wokukhiqiza | Kungathinta amazinga entela |
| Idokhumenti Yokuphatha Eyodwa (SAD) | Isimemezelo sokungenisa se-EU | Kufakwe nge-elekthronikhi nge-eAduana |
| Inombolo ye-EORI | Ukuhlonza ongenisa ngaphandle | Kuyisibopho kubo bonke abangenisi be-EU |
| I-ENS (Entry Summary Declaration) | Isaziso sangaphambi kokufika se-ICS2 | Kudingeka ngaphambi kokulayisha |
Amamodeli Okugcwalisa Ama-SME: Kusukela Ekuthunyelweni Okuqondile Kuya Ekugcinweni Kwamanye Amazwe
Isu lokufeza olikhethile lithinta konke okuzayo ngemuva kwalo, njengokuthi ungaletha ngokushesha kangakanani, amakhasimende ajabule kangakanani, ukuthi uphatha kanjani imbuyiselo, nokuthi uthatha ingozi engakanani ngempahla yakho. Ayikho indlela eyodwa engcono yokwenza izinto; imodeli ngayinye inezinzuzo nezimbi okudingeka uzicabangele maqondana nosayizi wamanje webhizinisi lakho kanye nendlela yokukhula.
Ukugcwaliseka Okuqondile Kwemingcele
Umqondo olula ukuthi ama-oda aya-odwa, akhethwe, apakishwe, futhi athunyelwe ngqo esuka eShayina aye kumthengi ePortugal. Lokhu kugcina imali encane iboshelwe ezinqolobaneni futhi kususa izindleko zokugcina izimpahla phesheya kwezilwandle. Kusebenza kahle ezinkampanini ezithengisa inani elincane lezinto noma ezizama uhlobo olusha lomkhiqizo. Okubi ukuthi ukulethwa kuthatha isikhathi eside; ngisho nangempahla yendiza, amakhasimende ngokuvamile kufanele alinde isonto noma ngaphezulu, futhi ukubuyiselwa kwemali kunzima ukubhekana nakho. Ngezigaba lapho abathengi basePortugal bejwayele ukuthola ama-oda abo ngokushesha kubathengisi ePortugal noma kwamanye amazwe e-EU, ukuthunyelwa ngqo kwemingcele kungaba yiphutha.
Indawo Yokugcina Izinto Zaphesheya Kwezwe ePortugal noma eSifundeni sase-Iberia
Umqondo olula ukuthi ama-oda aya-odwa, akhethwe, apakishwe, futhi athunyelwe ngqo esuka eShayina aye kumthengi ePortugal. Lokhu kugcina imali encane iboshelwe ezinqolobaneni futhi kususa izindleko zokugcina izimpahla phesheya kwezilwandle. Kusebenza kahle ezinkampanini ezithengisa inani elincane lezinto noma ezizama uhlobo olusha lomkhiqizo. Okubi ukuthi ukulethwa kuthatha isikhathi eside; ngisho nangempahla yendiza, amakhasimende ngokuvamile kufanele alinde isonto noma ngaphezulu, futhi ukubuyiselwa kwemali kunzima ukubhekana nakho. Ngezigaba lapho abathengi basePortugal bejwayele ukuthola ama-oda abo ngokushesha kubathengisi ePortugal noma kwamanye amazwe e-EU, ukuthunyelwa ngqo kwemingcele kungaba yiphutha.
I-Amazon FBA yasePortugal
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-Amazon Portugal yakhe izikhungo ezengeziwe zokugcwalisa, futhi manje sekunezindawo ze-FBA eLisbon, ePorto, naseBraga. Kumabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo (ama-SME) asevele ethengisa emakethe ye-EU ye-Amazon, ukuhambisa ezinye zezinto zawo nge-FBA kungawenza afanelekele i-Prime futhi kuwanikeze ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi yokugcina ye-Amazon ngaphandle kokusungula i-warehouse yawo. Ukushintshana yizindleko, njengoba kufanele ucabangele ngokucophelela izindleko ze-FBA, imithetho yokulungiselela nokulebula, kanye nemali yokugcina. Kufanele futhi ulahle ukulawula okuthile, njengoba i-FBA ikhawulela ukuthi ungaba nokuguquguquka kangakanani ngokupakisha, ukuhlanganisa, nokukhuluma namakhasimende.
Izingibe Ezivamile Ama-SME Ahlangana Nawo Emhubheni WaseShayina-ePortugal
Ngisho noma le ndlela yokuhweba isizinzile, ama-SME abhekene nezinselele ezifanayo. Enye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu inkampani engazenza ngaphambi kokukhetha uhlelo lokugcwalisa ukufunda ngalezi zinto kusenesikhathi.
Iphutha elivame kakhulu lezezimali ukungabali izindleko zonke zokufika. Abangenisi abahlela isabelomali sabo ngokusekelwe entengo ye-FOB kanye nezindleko zokuthutha ezicashuniwe bavame ukuthola ukuthi intela yentela enanini le-CIF, i-23% VAT, izimali zomthengisi, izindleko zokuphatha izimpahla, kanye nokulethwa kwemayela lokugcina kwengeza u-30% kuya ku-50% noma ngaphezulu ezindlekweni zokuhambisa izimpahla lapho ziya khona. Kubalulekile ukwenza imodeli ye-cost stack ephelele ngaphambi kokwenza izinqumo zokuthola impahla, hhayi ngemuva.
Amaphutha emaphepheni ayimbangela enkulu yokubambezeleka. Ngaphansi kwe-ICS2 Release 3, ukuqoqwa kwentela kungenzeka uma ikhodi ye-HS ingalungile noma uma i-invoyisi yezentengiselwano kanye nokufakwa kwe-ENS kungafani. Lokhu kungangeza izinsuku esikhathini sokuthutha futhi kuholele emalini yokuhlolwa. Umnyango wentela wasePortugal nawo uthuthukisa umzamo wawo wokwenza idijithali. Ingosi ye-eAduana izobe isisebenza ngogesi ngokuphelele ngo-2025. Abathumeli abasasebenzisa imisebenzi eyenziwe ngesandla noma ephepheni baba umthwalo omkhulu kunokuba yinzuzo.
Enye inkinga evamile ukwehluleka ukuhlela izinkathi zonyaka. Ngesikhathi soNyaka Omusha WaseShayina, ukukhiqiza kuvame ukuyeka noma kwehle ijubane amasonto amabili kuya kwamane ngoJanuwari noma kuFebhuwari. Ngaphambi kweSonto Legolide, ukushesha kokwenza izinto ngaphambi kweholide kubangela ukuminyana kwechweba kanye nokuntuleka kwamandla. I-Black Friday kanye nesizini kaKhisimusi yizikhathi ezimbili lapho ama-oda e-commerce ekhuphuka kakhulu ePortugal. Ama-SME angakhi isitokwe esengeziwe ngaphambi kwezikhathi ezithile noma angabhuki indawo yezimpahla kusenesikhathi ngezinye izikhathi aphelelwa yizimpahla lapho isidingo siphezulu kakhulu.
Okokugcina, ukukhetha abahlinzeki ngokusekelwe emananini kuphela ngaphandle kokuhlola ikhwalithi yesevisi yabo kuyiphutha elivame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu. Umthumeli wezimpahla ongakwazi ukukunikeza ukubonakala kokuthunyelwa ngesikhathi sangempela, ongenalo inethiwekhi yomthengisi wezimpahla ethembekile ePortugal, noma ongenalo uhlelo lokusekela izinkinga zomthwali angabiza i-SME kakhulu ekulahlekelweni kokuthengisa namakhasimende angajabule kunemali eyengeziwe ayikhokhisayo.
Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kwe-Topway Okuwasekela Ngayo Ama-SME Emzileni Ophakathi Kwase-China Ne-Portugal
I-Topway Shipping, eseShenzhen, eShayina, ibilokhu yaziwa njengomhlinzeki ochwepheshe wezixazululo ze-e-commerce logistics ezivela emingceleni kusukela ngo-2010. Ithimba elisungule linolwazi olungaphezu kweminyaka eyi-15 kwezokuthutha kwamanye amazwe kanye nokususwa kwezimpahla zangaphandle, linolwazi oluningi mayelana nomzila waseShayina-US kanye, ngokuphindaphindiwe, imizila yaseShayina-Europe, okuhlanganisa nePortugal.
Ukwakhiwa kwezinsizakalo ze-Topway kuhilela lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka, hhayi ingxenye yalo nje kuphela. Siphatha ukuthuthwa kokuqala okuvela ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza zaseShayina, izindawo zokugcina impahla zakwamanye amazwe, ukususwa kwezimpahla zamasiko, kanye nokulethwa kwezimpahla okuhamba ibanga elide njengesevisi eyodwa esikhundleni sokuyidlulisela kubathengisi abaningana abangasebenzi ndawonye. Kumabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo (ama-SME), ukubonakala okugcwele kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngoba kususa izindawo ezingacacile phakathi kwabahlinzeki lapho umthwalo wemfanelo uvame ukulahleka khona futhi ukubambezeleka kwakheka.
I-Topway inikeza izinsizakalo zokuthutha izimpahla olwandle ze-FCL kanye ne-LCL ezivela eShayina ziye emachwebeni abalulekile emhlabeni wonke, njengeLisbon kanye neSines. Lezi zinsizakalo zinhle kakhulu kubathumeli abadinga isikhala esiningi. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuvumela amabhizinisi ezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula ukuthola amanani okuncintisana empahla yasolwandle ngaphandle kokukhokhela isitsha sonke. Kubathengisi abaku-inthanethi abahlola imakethe yasePortugal noma ababhekana nokwanda kwesidingo sesizini, ukukwazi ukuhlanganisa ukuthunyelwa kwe-LCL nezinqubo ezifanele zamasiko kuyinzuzo ewusizo.
Insizakalo ye-DDP enikezwa yi-Topway iwusizo kakhulu kumabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo asanda kufika emakethe yasePortugal. Esikhundleni sokubhekana ne-VAT engu-23%, ukuthobela imithetho ye-EORI, amafayela e-ICS2 ENS, kanye nezinqubo zentela zasePortugal ngokwabo, abangenisi bangasebenza ne-Topway njengendawo eyodwa yokuxhumana. Bakhokha izindleko eziqondile futhi bathole izimpahla zabo zisusiwe futhi zilethwe. Ezinhlanganweni ezingenawo amaqembu azo okuthutha, leli su liguqula umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wokuthobela imithetho ube umugqa wezindleko olawulekayo, obikezelwayo.
Ukwakha Isu Lokugcwalisa Eliqhubekayo Phakathi KweShayina NePortugal
Isu lokufeza eliguquguqukayo alincikile endleleni eyodwa noma kumhlinzeki. Kunalokho, lisekelwe ekubeni nezinketho, ama-backup, kanye nokulawula izindleko okuqinile. Izici ezimbalwa zihlala zihlukanisa izinkampani ezincane neziphakathi nendawo (ama-SME) emhubheni waseShayina-Portugal ezikhula kahle kulezo okumele zibhekane nezinkinga zokusebenza ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Yenza ishadi lezindleko zakho zonke zokufika, hhayi nje isilinganiso sakho sempahla. Faka amanani entela, i-VAT, ukuphathwa kwetheku, ezokuthutha ngaphakathi ezweni, indawo yokugcina impahla uma kudingeka, kanye nokulethwa kuze kube yimayela lokugcina. Ngaphambi kokuthi usethe amanani akho okuthengisa, yenza lo modeli. Ungakwenzi ngemva kwalokho. Kuyacasula futhi akudingekile ukuthola ukuthi imingcele yakho ayimibi ngemva kokuba ukuthunyelwa kokuqala sekuphothuliwe.
Kusukela ekuqaleni, qiniseka ukuthi amaphepha akho alungile. Thola umuntu othumela impahla yakhe onethimba elaziyo ukuthi angawafaka kanjani amafomu e-ICS2 ENS, angahlela izimpahla zakho ngendlela enembile ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-TARIC, futhi anobudlelwano obuhle bokusebenza nabathengisi bezimpahla basePortugal. Uma uxhumana nomhlinzeki onekhono, izindleko zesikhashana cishe zihlala ziphansi kunezindleko zonke zokubamba impahla, ukuhlolwa kabusha, kanye nezinkokhelo zenhlawulo ezihambisana nokusebenza nomuntu ongenalwazi.
Njengoba ibhizinisi lakho likhula, cabanga ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuthumela ehlanganisiwe. Amabhizinisi amaningi amancane naphakathi aphumelelayo (ama-SME) aqala ukuthumela izimpahla ngqo ngaphesheya kwemingcele ngendiza noma nge-courier esheshayo ngenkathi ekhulisa isisekelo samakhasimende awo. Uma esenomthamo owanele wokwenza ukutshalwa kwezimali kwempahla kube yinto ewusizo, ashintshela ekugcwaliseni kabusha impahla yolwandle endaweni yokugcina impahla yasePortugal. Le ndlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo igcina ingozi yemali iphansi ekuqaleni ngenkathi isebenza ngezinzuzo zempahla yendawo, njengezindleko eziphansi zokufika kanye nezikhathi zokulethwa okusheshayo.
Okokugcina, qaphela indlela imakethe esebenza ngayo ePortugal. Into eyodwa eyenza imakethe ye-e-commerce yezwe ibe eyingqayizivele ukuthi abathengisi bamazwe ngamazwe, njengamapulatifomu aseShayina afana noShein, sebevele bephethe phezulu emakethe. Abathengi basePortugal sebeya ngokuya bekhululeka ukuthenga ku-inthanethi, kodwa basakhetha kakhulu ulwazi. Bazoba namathuba amaningi okuthenga emabhizinisini amancane naphakathi nendawo (ama-SME) ancintisana ngokulethwa ngesikhathi, isevisi yamakhasimende, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kunokuba kube yintengo nje.
Isiphetho
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, umzila wokugcwalisa ukuhweba nge-inthanethi phakathi kweShayina nePortugal ukhule kakhulu. Ngemuva kwezinkinga zango-2021-2024, amanani entengo yempahla azinzile. Uhlelo lokuthutha lwasePortugal luya luba ngcono ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi abathengi basePortugal bazizwa bekhululekile ukuthenga kubathengisi kwamanye amazwe. Leli thuba liyiqiniso futhi liyanda kumabhizinisi amancane naphakathi anemikhiqizo etholakala kahle kanye nokuzibophezela okuqinile ekuthuthweni kwempahla.
Kodwa impumelelo kulo mgwaqo omkhulu ayiqinisekisiwe. Kudinga ukwazi imithetho, njengokuthi ungabhalisela kanjani i-EORI, ulandele i-ICS2, uhlukanise izimpahla usebenzisa i-TARIC, futhi uphathe i-VAT. Kudinga futhi ukukhetha abalingani bokugcwalisa abangenza imisebenzi yabo kahle kuyo yonke indlela yokuhlinzeka. Izinkampani ezizozuza kakhulu emkhakheni wezohwebo lwe-e-commerce okhulayo ePortugal yizo ezibona ezokuthutha njengendima yamasu, hhayi into eziyenzayo eceleni.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthumela isitsha sakho sokuqala noma uthuthela emodeli yokugcina impahla yaphesheya kwezilwandle, izisekelo ziyafana: yazi izindleko zakho zokufika, gcina amarekhodi anembile, ulungiselele izinguquko zesizini, futhi usebenzisane nezinkampani zezokuthutha eziye zafakazela ukuthi zingakwazi ukubhekana nale ndlela. Imakethe ePortugal ivulekile futhi iyachuma. Umbuzo uwukuthi umsebenzi wakho wokugcwalisa usukulungele kangakanani ukuwusingatha.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa (FAQs)
Q: Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani impahla yasolwandle kusuka eShayina kuya ePortugal?
A: Isikhathi esivamile esithathwayo ukuze izimpahla ze-FCL zidlule eSuez Canal izinsuku ezingama-28 kuya kwezingama-40. I-LCL ithatha izinsuku ezi-5 kuya kwezingu-7 ezengeziwe ukuze ihlanganiswe futhi ihlukane. Uma kufanele uzungeze iCape of Good Hope ngenxa yezinkinga, engeza izinsuku ezingaba yi-10 kuya kwezingu-14.
Q: Ingakanani izinga le-VAT ekungenisweni kwempahla ePortugal?
A: IPortugal inezinga le-VAT eliyisisekelo elingu-23% ezintweni eziningi ezingenisiwe. Lokhu kusekelwe enanini le-CIF kanye nanoma yiziphi izindleko zentela ezingasebenza. Amabhizinisi athengisa izimpahla ezingaphezu kuka-€10,000 ngaphezu kwe-EU kumele abhalisele i-VAT.
U: Ingabe ngidinga inombolo ye-EORI ukuze ngingenise ePortugal?
A: Yebo. Noma yiliphi ibhizinisi eliletha izimpahla e-EU, okuhlanganisa nePortugal, lidinga ukuthola inombolo ye-EORI esebenzayo. Udinga ukuyithola ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuthunyelwa, futhi iyadingeka kuzo zonke izimemezelo zentela.
U: Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuthunyelwa kwe-DDP kanye ne-DAP?
A: Uma usebenzisa i-DDP (Delivered Duty Paid), inkampani yezokuthutha ikhokhela konke, okuhlanganisa ukusulwa kwempahla kanye nentela. Uma izimpahla zilethwa endaweni (DAP), umngenisi wezimpahla unesibopho sokuzihlanza nokukhokha intela. I-DDP ilula kodwa ibiza kakhulu; i-DAP inikeza ukulawula okwengeziwe kubangenisi abanekhono.
Q: Yimaphi amadokhumenti adingekayo ukuze kukhishwe imvume yentela yasePortugal?
A: I-invoyisi yezentengiselwano, uhlu lokupakisha, i-bill of lading noma i-air waybill, isitifiketi semvelaphi, i-Single Administrative Document (SAD), inombolo ye-EORI, kanye ne-Entry Summary Declaration (ENS) ngaphansi kwe-ICS2 konke kuyimibhalo ebalulekile. Konke kumele kube okulungile futhi kuhambisane.
Q: Ingabe imithwalo yokuthutha olwandle noma imithwalo yendiza ingcono kuma-SME athunyelwa ePortugal?
A: Kuncike ohlotsheni lomkhiqizo, ukuthi udinga malini, nokuthi uwudinga ngokushesha kangakanani. Ukuthutha ngomkhumbi kuyindlela ekahle yokuthutha izinto eziningi ezingadingi ukuba lapho ngokushesha. Ukuthutha ngomkhumbi kuyindlela enhle yezinto ezinenani eliphezulu, ukuthunyelwa kabusha ngokushesha, noma ukuqaliswa kwesizini lapho izindleko ezengeziwe zikufanele ukulethwa ngokushesha.
