Impahla Eluhlaza: Indlela Izitimela Ezinqoba Ngayo Buthule Umzila WeShayina NeJalimane
Isingeniso
Uma izindaba zigxila enkingeni yoLwandle Olubomvu, izindleko zokuthutha ezithwala izimpahla zasolwandle ezikhulayo, kanye namachweba agcwele ama-container, ushintsho oluthule luye lwashintsha indlela eyinhloko yokuhweba e-Eurasia. Umzila wesitimela waseShayina-Germany, ohamba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-10,000 udlula emaqaqasini, ezintabeni, kanye nasemingceleni yezwe eyisithupha, uba inketho ethembekile, engabizi kakhulu, futhi enobungani nemvelo yokuthumela izimpahla ngomoya namanzi.
Idatha ilandisa indaba ethakazelisayo ngempela. Ngo-2024, i-China-Europe Railway Express (CR Express) yayinezitimela ezingu-19,000 futhi yathutha amakhonteyina ayizigidi ezingu-2.07, okwakungaphezu ngo-10% kunonyaka odlule. NgoNovemba walowo nyaka, inani eliphelele lohambo lase lidlule ku-100,000, okwakuyirekhodi lesitimela esinqamula amazwekazi. IJalimane iseyindawo ethandwa kakhulu eYurophu, icubungula cishe u-29% wabo bonke abafikayo bezitimela abavela eShayina. Ichweba laseDuisburg elingaphakathi nezwe liyindawo eyinhloko yokuthutha impahla phakathi nezwekazi.
Noma inkulu kangaka, umzila wesitimela I-China neJalimane ayitholi ukunakwa okuningi kochwepheshe bezokuthutha abavamile. Ayinawo umbono womkhumbi obhajwe eSuez Canal noma ukuphuthuma kwamashadi emithwalo yezindiza ngesikhathi sobhubhane. Kunalokho, ibilokhu yenza lokho ingqalasizinda engcono kakhulu ehlala ikwenza: iba yinto edingekayo ngaphandle kokwenza isiphithiphithi. Lesi sihloko sikhuluma ngokuthi kungani umzila wesitimela phakathi kweShayina neJalimane ungagcini nje ngokusinda endaweni enokuncintisana okuningi, kodwa futhi uphumelela ngempela uma kukhulunywa ngokusimama, ukuthembeka, kanye nokubaluleka kwebhizinisi.
Umzila Ngezinombolo: Imakethe Eshintshile
Imakethe yezimpahla zesitimela phakathi kweShayina neYurophu yayibiza amaRandi ayizigidigidi eziyi-16 ngo-2025. Kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ibe amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-31.44 ngo-2030, ngesilinganiso sokukhula saminyaka yonke esingamaphesenti ayi-14.46. Le ndlela akuyona into eqagelayo; ingumphumela wamandla ajulile esakhiwo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukukhula kokutshalwa kwezimali kweBelt and Road Initiative (BRI), ukunyakaza kokukhiqiza kwaseShayina ngaphakathi ezweni, imizamo yaseYurophu yokuhlukanisa izintambo zokuhlinzeka ukuze zingaxhomeki kuphela ekuthuthweni, kanye nemiphumela ehlala isikhathi eside yokuphazamiseka koLwandle Olubomvu okwaqala ngasekupheleni kuka-2023.
Ukwehla kwentengo ngo-2024 kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ngoba akulingani. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili yokwehla okukhulu, inani eliphelele lezimoto zesitimela phakathi kweShayina ne-EU lenyuke ngamaphesenti angu-80.2 laya kuma-TEU angu-380,434. Indlela eya eShayina kuya eYurophu ibone konke lokho kukhuphuka, ngokwanda ngamaphesenti angu-130.8 kwaya kuma-TEU angu-330,704. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusukela eYurophu kuya eShayina, empeleni kwehle ngamaphesenti angu-26.7 kwaya kuma-TEU angu-49,730 kuphela, okuyizinga eliphansi kakhulu kusukela ngo-2017. Lokhu kungafani kuyisibonakaliso senkinga enkulu yesakhiwo: ukuthunyelwa kweShayina e-EU kuyanda ngenkathi ukuthunyelwa kwe-EU eShayina kwehla. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba abathengi baseShayina abathengi kakhulu futhi izindlela zokuhweba zaseYurophu ziyashintsha.
Izinombolo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngeJalimane. Ngo-2024, ukuhwebelana phakathi kweShayina neJalimane kwaqala ukuthuthuka futhi, yize kusesezingeni eliphansi ngokomlando—cishe ama-TEU angu-23,790 ngomzila oqondile. Lokhu kwenza iJalimane ibe yisango lesibili ngobukhulu eYurophu ngemuva kwePoland. IDuisburg iyodwa ibe nohambo lwesitimela olungaphezu kuka-6,700 phakathi kweShayina neYurophu kusukela ngo-2023. Ngezikhathi ezimatasa, kunezixhumanisi zesitimela ezingafika ku-70 ngesonto ezixhumanisa namadolobha aseShayina angaphezu kuka-20, njengeChongqing, Xi'an, Yiwu, neWuhan.
| I-Metric | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
| Ama-TEU aseShayina-EU aphelele | ~ 430,000 | 211,000 | 380,434 |
| IShayina→ Ama-TEU aseYurophu | - | 143,000 | 330,704 |
| IYurophu→ Ama-TEU aseShayina | - | 67,800 | 49,730 |
| Uhambo Lwesitimela Oluphelele | ~ 15,000 | ~ 17,000 | 19,000 |
| Iziqukathi Ezithuthwayo | ~1.8M | ~1.9M | 2.07M |
| Inani Lezimpahla Zonyaka | ~$55B | ~$60B | $ 66.4B |
Imithombo: I-European Rail Alliance (ERA), i-China State Railway Group, i-China Customs Authority
Icala Eliluhlaza: Kungani Isitimela Siphumelela Ngokuzinza
Izinzuzo zemvelo zempahla yesitimela aziyona nje indlela yokumaketha; zingalinganiswa, ziqinisekiswe, futhi ziya ngokuya zibaluleke kakhulu kubathumeli baseYurophu okumele balandele imithetho. Kuwo wonke amakhilomitha ayi-1, impahla yesitimela inciphisa cishe i-1/15 yenani lekhabhoni elitholakalayo. umthwalo wezindiza yenza futhi i-1/7th inani elikhishwa yimpahla yomgwaqo. Izitimela zempahla zikhipha cishe i-CO₂ engaphansi ngo-80% ngeyunithi ngayinye yempahla ephathwayo kunezimoto ezinkulu zempahla. Kumabhizinisi okumele adalule ukukhishwa kwawo kochungechunge lokuphakelwa eJalimane, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Nachhaltigkeitsbericht, ukushintshela kusitimela kungasho ukwehla okukhulu kokukhishwa kwe-Scope 3.
I-EU yenza le nzuzo ibe namandla ngenqubomgomo. IJalimane kanye ne-European Union bobabili banikeza amabhonasi ezemvelo kanye nesaphulelo sentela kumabhizinisi ashintsha kusuka emgwaqweni noma emoyeni kuya esitimeleni. Ichweba laseJalimane laseHamburg liphatha izitimela ezingama-200 ngosuku, ngokwengxenye ngoba kusiza ekunciphiseni ithrafikhi yamaloli enyakatho yeYurophu. Lezi zikhuthazo azigcini nje ngokungahleliwe; ziyingxenye yesakhiwo sokulawula esihleliwe esicabangela izindleko zokuhamba ezisindayo zikaphethiloli.
Isitimela sokuqala sempahla esingena-carbon phakathi kweShayina neYurophu sisuke eWuhan siya eHamburg naseDuisburg eJalimane ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule. Mhlawumbe lesi kwakuyisenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu esingokomfanekiso. I-Wuhan Asia-Europe Logistics kanye ne-DB Cargo Eurasia basebenzisana ukudala isitimela. Sisebenza ngogesi oluhlaza ongu-100% ezingxenyeni zikagesi, futhi noma yikuphi ukukhishwa kwegesi okuvela ezingxenyeni ezingezona ugesi kuncishiswa yizinhlelo zesikweletu sekhabhoni esiqinisekiswe yi-Gold Standard. Njengoba abaqhubi ngokwabo besho, umphumela uwukungakhethi kwekhabhoni okugcwele, okuyindinganiso yempahla yesitimela yamazwe ngamazwe esimeme. Le phrojekthi isekela ngqo izifiso zeShayina zekhabhoni ephindwe kabili kanye nezithembiso zaseJalimane zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, okwenza kube yimpumelelo yangempela yezindawo eziluhlaza zombili.
I-Deutsche Bahn kanye ne-China Railway nazo zithembise ukuphinda kabili inani lethrafikhi yesitimela esiluhlaza abayithuthayo ngo-2025. Bazokufeza lokhu ngokuthenga izitimela zikagesi kanye nobuchwepheshe bedijithali okwenza izitimela zisebenze kahle kakhulu. Lezi akuzona izithembiso zokwenza kangcono; ziyizinhlelo ezixhaswe ngezithembiso zokwakha ingqalasizinda.
| Indlela Yokuhamba | Ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ okuhlobene | Isikhathi Sokuthutha (China–Germany) | Izindleko Ezilinganiselwe vs. Umoya |
| I-Air Freight | Isisekelo (×1) | Izinsuku eziyi-3-5 | - |
| Ukuhamba Komgwaqo | ×7 vs Isitimela | Akusebenzi (e-intercontinental) | - |
| Izimpahla Zesitimela | 1/15 yoMoya, 1/7 yoMgwaqo | Izinsuku eziyi-13-20 | ~1/5 yomoya |
| Ukuhamba Ulwandle | Ngaphansi kunomoya | Izinsuku eziyi-30-45 | Eshibhile |
Imithombo: idatha ye-opharetha yase-China Railway Express; VIPU Logistics; Ukuhlaziywa kukaHeinrich Böll Stiftung
Icala Lezentengiselwano: Isivinini, Izindleko, Nokuthembeka Ekulinganiseni
Impahla yesitimela iya ngokuya iba nenani elikhulu njengoba ishesha kunempahla yendiza futhi ishibhile kunempahla yolwandle, futhi ithembeke kakhulu kunezinye zalezo zinketho. Kuthatha izinsuku eziphakathi kuka-13 no-20 ukuhamba ngesitimela usuka eShayina uye eJalimane, kuye ngomzila nendawo ovela kuyo. Kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya ku-45 ngolwandle kanye nezinsuku ezingu-3 kuya ku-5 kuphela ngendiza. Izindleko zesitimela cishe ziyingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zezindleko zempahla yendiza futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziphansi ngamaphesenti angu-8 kuya ku-20 kunezinketho zesitimela solwandle ezihlanganisiwe zezinhlobo ezithile zezimpahla.
Lesi simo sokuma esimaphakathi sibe usizo kakhulu lapho kube nezinkinga olwandle. Ngesikhathi senkinga yoLwandle Olubomvu ngasekupheleni kuka-2023 nasekuqaleni kuka-2024, ithrafikhi yamakhonteyina edlula eSuez Canal yehle ngaphezu kuka-60% ngesikhathi iphezulu. Lokhu kwabangela ukuthi amazinga e-FEU angamafidi angu-40 ukusuka eShanghai kuya eRotterdam akhuphuke cishe ngo-78%. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazinga esitimela ahlala engaguquguquki. Lokhu kuzinza—okungaphezu nje kwamanani aphansi, kodwa nokubikezelwa—kubangele ukuthi inani lemikhumbi yesitimela eya entshonalanga phakathi kweChina ne-EU libe ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2024.
Iphrofayili yempahla nayo ishintshe kakhulu. Isitimela sasivame ukuhambisa imishini nezinto zikagesi (amakhodi e-HS 84 no-85, asakha cishe u-30% wevolumu iyonke), kodwa manje siphinde sithuthe ifenisha, imishini yokukhanyisa, izimoto, nezingxenye zezimoto, kanye nenani elikhulayo lezingubo, izindwangu, nezicathulo. Ngo-2024, ukuthunyelwa kwezimoto kukhuphuke ngo-192% unyaka nonyaka kwafinyelela ku-31,304 TEU. Umkhakha wezingubo nezindwangu ubone ukukhula okukhulu nakakhulu, lapho ukuthunyelwa kukhule ngo-268.4% kwafinyelela ku-31,108 TEU. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kukhombisa ukuthi umzila uyakhula futhi ungaphatha izinto eziningi zokuthengisa nezezimboni, hhayi nje izimpahla zobuchwepheshe ezibiza kakhulu.
Izinketho zesitimela esithwala umthwalo ongaphansi kwesitsha (LCL) zivule indlela yokungena emabhizinisini amancane naphakathi (ama-SME) kanye nabathengisi be-e-commerce abawela imingcele. Lezi zinkampani bezingenalo ithuba elihle phakathi kokuthutha ngendiza okubizayo kanye nokuthutha ngemikhumbi okulibazisekile. Abathumeli manje bangase bahlele ngendlela eguquguqukayo ngoba imikhumbi ishiya amadolobha aseShayina afana neChongqing, Chengdu, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Yiwu, kanye neWuhan njalo, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nsuku zonke.
Ukwakhiwa Kwemizila: Izindlela Ezixhumanisa iShayina neJalimane
IShayina inemizila emithathu emikhulu yesitimela yasekhaya: entshonalanga, ephakathi, nasempumalanga. Le mizila ixhumeka emigwaqweni emithathu eqashelwa emhlabeni wonke ewela imingcele, bese ixhumeka emadolobheni asezindaweni zokugcina aseYurophu. Abathumeli kudingeka bazi ngalolu hlobo lokwakha ukuze bakwazi ukukhetha imizila engcono kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izikhathi zokuhamba, izinqubo zokuwela imingcele, kanye namaphrofayili engozi yezepolitiki kungahluka kakhulu.
Umzila osenyakatho, odlula eRussia naseBelarus, useyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu. Uxhumanisa izindawo ezifana neChongqing neChengdu neDuisburg neHamburg udlula eKazakhstan, eRussia, eBelarus, nasePoland. Umzila we-Yu-Xin-Ou osuka eChongqing uya eDuisburg ungamakhilomitha ayi-10,987 ubude futhi uthatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-14 kuya kweziyi-18. Umzila omdala kunayo yonke osukhona futhi usaphatha iningi lama-tonnage aya entshonalanga. Kodwa-ke, ingxabano phakathi kweRussia ne-Ukraine ibangele izinguquko ezithile zokusebenza futhi yenza abanye abathumeli bangabaza kusukela ngo-2022.
Umzila Wezokuthutha Wamazwe Ngamazwe iTrans-Caspian (TITR), owaziwa nangokuthi uMzila Ophakathi, usuka eShayina uye eKazakhstan, udlule uLwandle iCaspian ngesikebhe, bese udlula eAzerbaijan, eGeorgia, naseTurkey uye eYurophu. Usakhula ngamandla, kodwa udonse imali eningi evela eTurkey, eAzerbaijan nase-Uzbekistan. Uthengiswa njengendlela ephephile yokudlula umzila osenyakatho ngokwezepolitiki. Isitimela sokuqala sempahla phakathi kweShayina neYurophu sasuka eChongqing saya e-Istanbul ngoFebhuwari 2024. Lesi kwakuyisinyathelo esikhulu sokuqhubekela phambili ekuzinzeni kwezentengiselwano kwale ndlela.
I-Duisburg iyichweba elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu elihamba ngesitimela futhi isebenza njengendawo yokugcina impahla yaseYurophu kanye nendawo yokusabalalisa impahla eya eJalimane. Lapho izimpahla zifika, zithunyelwa eFrance, emazweni aseBenelux, eScandinavia, naseYurophu Ephakathi ngolwandle, ngesikebhe somfula, bese kuba ngesitimela. I-Hamburg, iMunich, iNuremberg, neLeipzig yizindawo zesibili ezixhumanisa izimakethe eziningana zesifunda.
| road | Amadolobha Omsuka Obalulekile | Isikhathi Sokuthutha | Ichweba Lokungena E-EU | Isici Esiyinhloko Sengozi |
| ENyakatho (ngokudlula eRussia) | Chongqing, Xi'an, Chengdu, Zhengzhou | Izinsuku eziyi-14-18 | I-Brest-Małaszewicze (Belarus/Poland) | Ingozi yengxabano phakathi kweRussia ne-Ukraine |
| Umzila Ophakathi (i-TITR) | Chongqing, Urumqi | Izinsuku eziyi-18-22 | Umngcele waseTurkey/Georgia | Imikhawulo yomthamo, isikebhe saseCaspian |
| Empumalanga (ngokusebenzisa iMongolia/iRussia) | Amadolobha aseNyakatho-mpumalanga yeShayina | Izinsuku eziyi-14-16 | IPoland/Belarus | Kufana neNyakatho |
Amaqiniso Okusebenza: Izithiyo kanye Nalokho Okwenziwayo
Kuhlala kukhona amaphuzu okuphikiswana ngawo emzileni waseShayina-eJalimane lapho ukuhlolwa okuqotho kungenakukwazi ukuwakhohlwa. I-Khorgos (eShayina-Kazakhstan) kanye ne-Brest-Małaszewicze (eBelarus-Poland) yizindawo ezimbili lapho izitimela kufanele zishintshe khona kusukela emzileni obanzi waseRussia ziye emzileni ojwayelekile waseYurophu. Lena kuseyinkinga enkulu yokusebenza. Lokhu kubambezeleka kwenza izikhathi zokuhamba zingabi lula ukuzibikezela futhi kuboniswe ukuthi kunciphisa amathuba okukhula komzileni ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-2.4 e-CAGR.
IShayina yenze utshalomali olukhulu engqalasizinda ngenxa yalokho. Izikhulu zesitimela zenze amachweba amahlanu abalulekile asemngceleni—i-Alashankou, i-Horgos, i-Erenhot, i-Manzhouli, ne-Suifenhe—amakhulu futhi akha iTongjiang North Railway Port entsha. Lawa machweba ayisithupha manje angaphatha izindawo zokushintshana zezitimela ezingafika ku-184 nsuku zonke, okungaphezu ngo-45% kunalokho ezazingakwenza ngo-2016. Amapulatifomu edijithali afana nohlelo lwaseShayina i-95306, olunikeza ukulandelela ngesikhathi sangempela, amadokhumenti asekelwe ku-blockchain, kanye nezaziso zokulungisa ezibikezelayo, nawo asizile ukunciphisa isikhathi esidingekayo ukususa amasiko.
Ngo-2024, isivumelwano esisha sesitimela se-UN saqala inqubo yokwenza izinqubo zamasiko nezincwadi phakathi kweShayina neJalimane zihambisane kakhudlwana. Inhloso kwakuwukusheshisa nokwenza ukuthunyelwa okubikezelwayo ngaphesheya kwemingcele. Imali yaseJalimane ingena eDuisburg, eHamburg, naseBavaria ukuze kwakhiwe iziteshi ezintsha, kwenziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo imisebenzi, futhi kwenziwe indawo yezitimela ezengeziwe ezizayo. I-Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank ithi ngo-2030, inethiwekhi yase-Eurasia izodinga ama-USD ayizigidigidi ezingama-38 ekulungisweni kwethrekhi. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukwakha ingqalasizinda kuyisibopho sesikhathi eside, hhayi ukufakwa kwesikhashana.
Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kwe-Topway Okungena Ngayo Kule Khorido
Ukubhuka ithikithi lesitimela akwanele ukuze udlule emzileni wesitimela ophakathi kweShayina neJalimane. Ukuze uthole ulwazi lwangempela oluwela imingcele, umlingani wezokuthutha udinga okungaphezu nje kokufinyelela epulatifomu yokubhuka. Kudingeka akwazi ukusingatha ubunzima bezokuthutha zamazwe amaningi, amazinga ahlukene okulinganisa, amaphepha entela ahlanganisa izindawo eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokulethwa kwemayela lokuqala nemayela lokugcina.
I-Topway Shipping, ebilokhu isebenza kusukela ngo-2010 futhi iseShenzhen, ithuthukise ibhizinisi layo ngaleli zinga lobunzima. Ithimba labasunguli be-Topway lineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 yesipiliyoni ekuthuthweni kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kanye nokususwa kwempahla yamasiko. Le nkampani inikeza izixazululo eziphelele ze-e-commerce logistics ezihlanganisa lonke uchungechunge, kusukela ekuthuthweni kokuqala kusuka efektri noma i-warehouse eShayina kuya ekususweni kwempahla yamasiko kokubili lapho ivela khona nalapho iya khona, kuya ekugcinweni kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ezindaweni ezibalulekile zaseYurophu, kuya ekulethweni kwempahla yokugcina kumakhasimende okugcina.
I-Topway inikeza kokubili ukuthunyelwa kwe-full-container-load (FCL) kanye ne-less-than-container-load (LCL) kusuka e-China kuya emachwebeni abalulekile kanye nasezikhumulweni zesitimela emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kuyiqiniso noma ngabe ukuthunyelwa kwenziwa ngesitimela, olwandle, noma emoyeni. Imodeli yesevisi ehlanganisiwe ye-Topway iyisisombululo esisebenzayo nesiphethwe ngobungcweti sabathengisi be-e-commerce, izinhlobo eziwela imingcele, kanye nabakhiqizi abafuna ukusizakala ngesikhathi kanye nokonga izindleko zemithwalo yesitimela eya eJalimane ngaphandle kokuhlupheka kokuphatha ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okwenziwa ngezindlela eziningi ngokwabo. Le nkampani inolwazi oluhle kakhulu ngezokuthutha eYurophu, ngaphezu kolwazi lwayo olubanzi lokuhamba phakathi kwe-China ne-US. Lokhu kuyenza ibe ngumlingani oguquguqukayo wamabhizinisi anezidingo eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukubheka Phambili: Okuzokwenzeka Eminyakeni Emihlanu Elandelayo
Umbono wesikhathi eside womzila wesitimela phakathi kweShayina neJalimane muhle kakhulu, ngenxa yezinto ezingenakwenzeka ukuthi zishintshe. Ngo-2030, imboni yezimpahla zesitimela phakathi kweShayina neYurophu kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-USD 31.44 billion, ikhuphuke ngesilinganiso samaphesenti angu-14.46 ngonyaka. Umthwalo wezimpahla ezijwayelekile, okwakha u-72% wemali engenayo yemizila njengamanje, uzoqhubeka nokuba uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu lwezimpahla. Kodwa-ke, izingxenye ze-niche ze-premium ziyanda. Izinqola ezilawulwa amazinga okushisa zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kokudla nezidakamizwa kuthuthwe ngesitimela. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimali zedijithali kusheshisa isikhathi esithathayo ukuwela imingcele. Ukusunduza izitimela zikagesi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kuyo yonke inethiwekhi.
Ukukhula kweMiddle Corridor kuyenza iqine kakhudlwana. Uhlelo lwaseShayina lokufaka amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-60 ohlelweni lwesitimela lwaseTurkey, okuhlanganisa nomzila wesivinini esikhulu phakathi kwe-Istanbul ne-Ankara, lubonisa ukuthi iBeijing ibona umugqa oseningizimu njengento ebalulekile ekwengezweni komzila osenyakatho, hhayi indawo. Le mizila isebenza ndawonye ukunikeza amazwe ezokuthutha aphethe inethiwekhi yesitimela izinketho ezengeziwe, amandla engeziwe okuxoxisana, kanye nokusekela okwengeziwe.
Vele, kuneziphepho. Indlela yokubuya esuka eYurophu eya eShayina isahamba kancane, njengoba inani lezimpahla liphansi kakhulu kusukela ngo-2017. Izimpahla zesitimela eziya empumalanga azinazo izimpahla eziningi njengezimpahla eziya entshonalanga, okwenza kube nzima ukuqhuba imisebenzi elinganiselayo. Ezinye izimpahla kuye kwadingeka zithuthelwe eMiddle Corridor engathuthuki kakhulu futhi ebiza kakhulu ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezepolitiki eRussia. Futhi isidingo saseShayina ekhaya sisaphansi, okusho ukuthi izinto zaseYurophu ezivame ukugcwalisa izitimela ezibuyayo azithandwa kangako.
Kodwa indaba yokuya entshonalanga, okuyindaba yaseShayina neJalimane, iyathakazelisa. Ukunyuka buthule kwezitimela kuzoshesha kakhulu ngoba iShayina ithumela izimpahla eziningi kwamanye amazwe, iYurophu ifuna imithwalo eminingi yesivinini esiphakathi, imithetho yokuzinza iyaqina, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda kusakhuphuka. Izitimela zifika ngesikhathi. Amanethiwekhi ayakhula. Futhi inani lemithwalo ehamba kulo mzila—izigidi zama-container kanye namakhulu ezigidigidi zamaRandi—lifakazela ukuthi selisuke ekubeni yisilingo laba yingxenye yengqalasizinda.
Isiphetho
Ukuthutha ngesitimela phakathi kweShayina neJalimane kukhuphuke ileli yezokuthutha emhlabeni wonke hhayi ngokuba kusha noma kuphazamisayo, kodwa ngokunikeza inani eliqhubekayo nelikhulayo. Kunikeza abathumeli isikhathi sokuhamba esifushane ngamasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu kunolwandle, isakhiwo sezindleko esingaphansi ngo-80% kunomoya, kanye nomphumela wekhabhoni okwenza abathengi baseYurophu nabalawuli abakhathalela ukusimama baqaphele. Ukubuya kuka-2024, okwabona ukwanda ngo-80% komthamo, izitimela ezingu-19,000, amakhonteyina ayizigidi ezingu-2.07, kanye nenani eliphelele lemikhiqizo manje elidlula ama-USD ayizigidigidi ezingu-450, akuyona isenzakalo esingavamile sezibalo. Kunalokho kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi lo mzila uba yingxenye ehlala njalo yokuhweba kwase-Eurasia.
Ukwethulwa kwesitimela sokuqala sokuthutha impahla emhlabeni esingenawo ugesi ongcolile phakathi kweShayina neYurophu eHamburg naseDuisburg kubonisa ukwenyuka okuphawulekayo kulokho okunganikezwa yisitimela: hhayi nje ukukhetha ezokuthutha okuncintisanayo, kodwa okulungele ukuluhlaza, okuhambisana nezinhloso zaseJalimane zokususa ugesi ongcolile kanye nezinhloso zaseShayina zokusebenzisa ugesi ongcolile ophindwe kabili. Njengoba i-EU yenza kube nzima ukubika ukukhishwa kwegesi okuvela ezinkambeni zabahlinzeki kanye nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zokwenyuka kokusimama kwezinkampani, lokhu kuhambisana kuzoba usizo kakhulu ebhizinisini.
Kochwepheshe bezokuthutha, abathumeli, abangenisi, kanye namabhizinisi e-e-commerce awela imingcele asebenza eduze kwe-axis yaseShayina neJalimane, umyalezo ucacile: ujantshi awuseyona nje indlela yokucabanga ngayo lapho amanzi ephuza kakhulu nomoya ubiza kakhulu. Kuyindlela eyinhloko enomqondo wayo oyingqayizivele wamasu, futhi iwina buthule.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Q: Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthutha imithwalo yesitimela esuka eShayina iya eJalimane?
A: Izikhathi zokuhamba zivame ukuhlala phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-13 kuya kwezingu-20, kuye ngokuthi iphakethe livelaphi nokuthi liyaphi. Isibonelo, kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-16 kuya kwezingu-18 ukufika usuka eChongqing uye eDuisburg kanye nezinsuku ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-14 ukufika usuka eXi'an uye eMałaszewicze (ePoland). Lokhu kuhlukile ezinsukwini ezingu-30-45 olwandle kanye nezinsuku ezingu-3-5 ngendiza.
Q: Izindleko zokuthutha ngesitimela ziqhathaniswa kanjani nezomoya nolwandle?
A: Izindleko zesitimela cishe ziyingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zezindleko zokuthutha ngendiza, ngakho-ke kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yezimpahla okudingeka zifike lapho ngokushesha kodwa ezingaphuthumi. Ngokuvamile, isitimela sibiza kakhulu kunezimpahla zasolwandle, yize umehluko uba mncane kakhulu uma kunezinkinga olwandle, njengasesikhathini senkinga yasolwandle olubomvu ka-2024.
Q: Ingabe ukuthutha ngesitimela kusuka eShayina kuya eJalimane kuyindlela eluhlaza?
A: Yebo. Impahla yesitimela ikhipha cishe i-CO₂ elingana neyokuthutha emoyeni nge-1/15th kanye ne-1/7th elingana neyokuthutha emgwaqweni nge-tonne-kilometer ngayinye. I-Wuhan yaqala isitimela sokuqala sempahla esingena-carbon e-China-Europe esiya eHamburg naseDuisburg ngo-2025. Sasisebenzisa ugesi oluhlaza futhi sasebenzisa ama-carbon offset aqinisekisiwe.
Q: Ingabe amabhizinisi amancane angasebenzisa imithwalo yesitimela phakathi kweShayina neJalimane?
A: Yebo. Amadolobha amakhulu aseShayina anikeza izinsizakalo zesitimela ze-LCL (umthwalo ongaphansi kwesitsha). Lokhu kuvumela amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo kanye nezitolo eziku-inthanethi ukuthi zithumele amaphakheji amancane ngaphandle kokugcwalisa isitsha sonke. I-Topway Shipping kanye nezinye izinkampani zezokuthutha zinikeza izixazululo ze-LCL ezihlanganisiwe ezifaka phakathi ukusulwa kwempahla yamasiko kanye nokulethwa kwempahla okufika ekugcineni.
Q: Yiziphi izingozi ezinkulu zokuthutha izimpahla zesitimela phakathi kweShayina neJalimane?
A: Izingozi ezinkulu ukubambezeleka emingceleni yeKhorgos neBrest-Małaszewicze, izinkinga zezwe kanye nezepolitiki endleleni esenyakatho yeRussia neBelarus, kanye nezinguquko zeshejuli ngezikhathi ezithile ngenxa yokuvuselelwa kwengqalasizinda. UMgwaqo Ophakathi, odlula eTurkey futhi uya ukhula, uyindlela ehlukile yabathumeli abafuna ukushintsha imizila yabo.
