Amaphutha Ekhodi Ye-HS Abiza Abathumeli BaseJalimane Izinkulungwane
Isingeniso
Njalo ngonyaka, abathumeli baseJalimane balahlekelwa yimali eningi, hhayi ngoba imakethe imbi noma abaphakeli babo behluleka, kodwa ngenxa yochungechunge lwezinombolo ezimemezelweni zentela. Ikhodi ye-Harmonized System (HS) iyinombolo ejwayelekile enikezwa zonke izinhlobo zempahla ethengiswayo. Iyisisekelo sendlela intela yentela yentela, ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nezinyathelo zokulwa nokulahla izimpahla ezithengiswayo ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Uma ukwenza kahle, izinto zakho zizodlula ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Uma ungakwenzi kahle, ungabhekana nezijeziso ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ekumemezelweni okuncane kuya ekuhlolweni kwentela yentela yezinombolo ezinhlanu, ukubambezeleka kokuthunyelwa, ngisho namacala obugebengu okukhwabanisa intela ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
IJalimane icubungula ukungeniswa okuningi kunanoma yiliphi elinye izwe le-EU. Inani lezimpahla ezingena kuleli lizwe lingaphezu kwama-€1.3 trillion minyaka yonke. I-Bundeszollverwaltung iyigunya lezwe lamasiko, futhi inenye yezindawo eziqinile zokuthobela imithetho eYurophu. Iqinisekisa imithetho nge-Union Customs Code (UCC) ye-EU, isizindalwazi se-TARIC, kanye nohlelo lokukhipha izimpahla oluya ngokuya luba yidijithali olubizwa nge-ATLAS. Kusukela ngo-2024, imithetho isibe lukhuni nakakhulu. Imisebenzi yeKhomishini yaseYurophu yokuphikisana nezimoto zikagesi zaseShayina, i-Combined Nomenclature entsha eqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 2025, kanye nokuqaliswa okugcwele kwe-ICS2 Phase 3 konke kwenze inqubo yokuhlukanisa yaba nzima kakhulu.
Lesi sihloko sikhuluma ngamaphutha ekhodi ye-HS avame kakhulu futhi abizayo awenziwa ngabathumeli baseJalimane. Sichaza nokuthi uhlelo lwezijeziso lusebenza kanjani ngaphansi komthetho waseJalimane nowe-EU futhi sinikeze amathiphu asebenzayo okuthi ungakugwema kanjani ukuhlukaniswa kabi. Isibonelo, sithi ukusebenza nomlingani wezokuthutha kanye namasiko onolwazi kungenza umehluko omkhulu.
Ukuqonda Ikhodi: Amakhodi Angaphansi e-HS, CN, TARIC, kanye ne-German
Abangenisi bavame ukudideka ngoba igama elithi “HS code” alisho inombolo eyodwa yomhlaba wonke, kodwa kunalokho uchungechunge lwezendlalelo. I-World Customs Organisation (WCO) igcina i-Harmonized System, okuyikhodi enezinombolo eziyisithupha esetshenziswa amazwe angaphezu kuka-200 futhi emboza izinhlobo zezimpahla ezingaphezu kuka-5,000. Uma uhweba, izinombolo zokuqala eziyisithupha zizofana noma ngabe uthumela izimpahla ezivela eShanghai noma uziletha eHamburg.
I-Combined Nomenclature (CN), esetshenziselwa amanani entela kanye nezibalo kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU, inezela izinombolo ezine ezengeziwe kulokhu. I-Integrated Tariff ye-EU, noma i-TARIC, inezela izinombolo ezimbili ezengeziwe, eziyishumi sezizonke, ukuze imboze izinyathelo ezithile zenqubomgomo yokuhweba ezifana nezindleko zokulwa nokulahla izimpahla, izinyathelo zokuphikisana, kanye nokumiswa kokungenisa. IJalimane ingabe ingeza inombolo yeshumi nanye yezinto ezifana nokubhala ikhodi ye-VAT kanye nemikhawulo ethile yokungenisa etholakala kulelo zwe kuphela. Kwenza umehluko omkhulu: awukwazi ukukopisha ikhodi ye-HS yomthengisi waseShayina enezinombolo eziyisithupha esimemezelweni sokungenisa saseJalimane. Isimemezelo sidinga ikhodi ye-TARIC evumelekile enezinombolo eziyishumi. Uma usebenzisa ikhodi emfushane noma ehlukile, ifayela alivumelekile.
Izendlalelo Ezine Zokuhlukaniswa Ezisetshenziswa EJalimane
| Isendlalelo Sekhodi | Ama-Digit | INdikimba Ebusayo | Scope |
| Ikhodi ye-HS | 6 | I-World Customs Organisation (WCO) | I-Universal – isetshenziswa amazwe angaphezu kuka-200 |
| I-Combined Nomenclature (CN) | 8 | iyuniyani yase-Europe | Intela kanye nezibalo ze-EU yonke |
| I-TARIC | 10 | I-European Commission | Izinyathelo zomthetho ze-EU (ukulwa nokulahla izimpahla, njll.) |
| Ikhodi encane kazwelonke yaseJalimane | 11 | I-Bundeszollverwaltung | Ukubhalwa kwekhodi ye-VAT, imikhawulo kazwelonke |
I-EU Combined Nomenclature yabuyekezwa ngoJanuwari 2025 futhi yanyatheliswa njenge-Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2522. Yanezela izihlokwana ezintsha ezahlukweni eziningana, njengotamatisi abasha (abahlungwe ngobukhulu nohlobo lokwethulwa), okusanhlamvu okukhuliswe ngendlela yemvelo, ama-biofuel, ama-shark fin, kanye namagesi angavamile angasebenzi. Abangenisi ababengabuyekezanga izizindalwazi zabo zokuhlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo ngoJanuwari 1, 2025, usuku imithetho emisha eyaqala ngalo ukusebenza, bathole ukuthi izimemezelo zabo ezimiyo zazingasasebenzi kusukela ngosuku lokuqala lonyaka omusha. Lokhu akuyona nje into ekhathazayo ngokwemfundiso; lapho uhlelo lwe-ATLAS lwe-elektroniki lwaseJalimane luthola amakhodi anganembile noma amadala, luyawalahla ngokushesha, okubangela ukubambezeleka futhi okungaholela ekuhlolweni.
Amaphutha Ajwayelekile Kakhulu Ekhodi Ye-HS - kanye Nalokho Okubiza Ngempela
Amaphutha okuhlela avame ukwenzeka ezimweni ezithile. Amanye avela eqinisweni lokuthi amagama ayinkimbinkimbi ngempela. Isibonelo, umkhiqizo ungangena ngaphansi kwezihloko ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, futhi inketho efanele incike ekwazini Amanothi Okuchaza e-WCO kanye neMithetho Ejwayelekile Yokuhumusha. Amanye ayenzeka ngenxa yengcindezi yesikhathi, ukuthembela kakhulu kumakhodi anikezwe abaphakeli, noma ukusebenzisa izizindalwazi zakudala zokuhlela zangaphakathi. Isigaba esincane kodwa esingathi sína sihlanganisa ukungazihlanganisi izimpahla ngamabomu ukuze kugwenywe ukukhokha intela, okuyinto amasiko aseJalimane ayibona njengecala.
| Uhlobo Lwephutha | Isimo Esijwayelekile | Umthelela Wezezimali | Ingozi Eyengeziwe |
| Ukukhetha isahluko okungalungile | Ukuhlukanisa okuhlakaniphile ikhaya idivayisi 'njengedivayisi kagesi' esikhundleni 'sedivayisi yokudlulisa umsakazo' | Umehluko wemisebenzi: 0%–14% | Ukuchayeka okungenzeka kokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma |
| Ukusebenzisa i-HS enezinombolo ezingu-6 esikhundleni se-TARIC enezinombolo ezingu-10 | Ukuthumela i-HS yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe yaseShayina mayelana nesimemezelo sokungenisa se-EU | Isimemezelo asisebenzi; izindleko zokuphinda kuvunyelwe €500–€2,000+ | Ukuthunyelwa kuvinjelwe echwebeni |
| Ukunganaki imisebenzi yokulwa nokulahla/yokuphikisana | Izingxenye ze-EV zaseShayina ezihlukaniswe ngaphansi kwesihloko esijwayelekile | Imisebenzi yangemuva + kuze kufike ku-35.3% yemisebenzi yokuphikisana | Ukudluliselwa kobugebengu uma kwenziwa ngamabomu |
| Isibuyekezo sekhodi yangemuva kokuqamba amagama esiphelelwe yisikhathi | Ukusebenzisa ikhodi ye-CN ka-2022 ngemuva kokubuyekezwa kukaJanuwari 2025 | Isimemezelo esingavumelekile; izinhlawulo kusukela ku-€1,000 | Ifulegi lokuhlola kurekhodi labangenisi |
| Ukugxeka ngamabomu isigaba sentela ephansi | Ukubiza izingubo zendwangu ngokuthi 'amasampula endwangu' | Inhlawulo efinyelela ku-100% yemisebenzi egwenyiwe (izinga le-EU) | Ukushushiswa kokukhwabanisa kwentela |
Elinye lamaphutha avame kakhulu futhi abizayo lihlobene nobuchwepheshe. Izikhulumi eziningi ezingenantambo zesimanje zine-receiver yomsakazo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ngakho-ke isikhulumi se-Bluetooth esinenye yalezi zingaphansi kwesigaba 8527 (idivayisi yokusakaza umsakazo) esikhundleni se-8518 (imayikrofoni, izikhulumi, ama-amplifier). Umehluko emananini entela uncane ngokwephesenti, kodwa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ifulegi lokwephulwa kwemithetho yamasiko, elibonisa umlando womthumeli wokulandela imithetho futhi kusho ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwesikhathi esizayo kuzobhekwana kakhulu. Icala lika-2025 elihilela ukungenisa izingubo e-EU libonisa ukuthi inkinga inkulu kangakanani: ukuhlukanisa kabi izingubo eziqediwe njengendwangu kwaholela enhlawulo ye-€28,000 ngemuva kokuthi ukuhlolwa kuthole iphethini efanayo kuzo zonke izimpahla eziningana ezithunyelwe.
Ngemva kokuphela kophenyo lweKhomishini yaseYurophu oluphikisana noxhaso ezimotweni ezisebenzisa amabhethri zaseShayina ngo-Okthoba 2024, isikhala sezimoto zikagesi saba yindawo yokuhlukaniswa ebaluleke kakhulu. Izindleko zokuphikisana, ezisukela ku-7.8% kuya ku-35.3% kuye ngomkhiqizi, zisebenza kuphela ezihlokweni ezithile ezincane. Uma umngenisi ebeka ngokungalungile izingxenye ze-EV zaseShayina ngaphansi kwesihloko sezingxenye ezijwayelekile zemoto esikhundleni sesihloko esifanelekile se-BEV, angase akwazi ukubalekela inhlawulo yokuphikisana isikhashana esifushane, kodwa kuzodingeka ayikhokhe uma iphutha selitholakele. Ingozi yezezimali ephaketheni elilodwa lezingxenye ze-EV ingadlula kalula ku-€50,000.
Uhlaka Lwezijeziso LwaseJalimane: Lungaba Lubi Kangakanani?
IJalimane ijezisa abantu abaphula imithetho yentela besebenzisa inhlanganisela yomthetho we-EU, ikakhulukazi i-Union Customs Code, kanye ne-German Customs Act (Zollgesetz) kanye ne-Fiscal Penal Code (Abgabenordnung). Izijeziso zihlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuthi umuntu unecala kangakanani, okuyisimo esivela ohlakeni olukhulu lwe-EU kodwa esiphathwa ngokuqinile okujwayelekile komthetho wokuphatha waseJalimane.
Indinganiso ye-EU yezijeziso zezimali ezimweni zokungahlukaniswa kahle kwezimpahla ifinyelela ku-100% wenani lentela elagwenywa. Eqinisweni, ukuphoqelelwa kweJalimane kuvame ukusebenzisa ukulingana: iphutha lokuqala lokuphatha elingakhokhisi inkampani imali lingaholela ekufuneni ukulungiswa kanye nesijeziso esincane, kodwa iphethini yokunganakwa kokuthunyelwa okuningi kuholela ekuhlolweni komsebenzi okwenziwa emuva kanye nemali eyengeziwe. Ukukhwabanisa kwentela yilapho abantu behlukanisa izimpahla ngamabomu ukuze bagweme intela yokulahla udoti. Lokhu kungaholela emacaleni obugebengu, izinhlawulo ezifika ku-€500,000 noma ngaphezulu, kanye nokulahlekelwa amalungelo athile okungenisa impahla.
| Izinga Lokuba Necala | Incazelo | Isijeziso Esijwayelekile (EU / Germany) | Inketho Yokutakula |
| Iphutha lokubhala/lokuphatha | Iphutha lenombolo eyodwa ehlukanisiwe, ukufaka ngokwethembeka | Isexwayiso; ukulungiswa kuyadingeka; inhlawulo engaba ngu-€1,000–€5,000 | Isichibiyelo sangemva kwemvume (Ubuciko 173 UCC) |
| Ukunganaki | Ukuhlukaniswa okuphindaphindwayo okungahleliwe, akukho zilawuli zangaphakathi | Imisebenzi yangemuva + inkokhelo eyengeziwe engu-50–100% | Ukudalula ngokuzithandela ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kunciphisa ukuvezwa |
| Ubudedengu obukhulu | Ukungazinaki izibopho zokuhlukanisa ezaziwayo | Izindleko zokubuyisela + kufika ku-100% wenani eligwenyiwe; ukumiswa kokungenisa | Kunqunyelwe; ukudalulwa kwangaphambilini kubalulekile |
| Ukukhwabanisa / ukugwema ngamabomu | Ukuhlolwa okungahleliwe noma ikhodi engalungile ukuze kugwenywe ukulahla i-oda | Ukushushiswa kobugebengu; izinhlawulo ezifika ku-€500,000+; ukuvinjelwa kokungenisa ezweni | Akukho sixazululo sokuphatha; kudingeka umeluleki wezomthetho |
Ukuqaliswa kwe-ICS2 Phase 3, okwaqedwa ngo-Ephreli 2025, kwenza kwaba lula ngabantu abase-EU supply chain ukubona izimemezelo zempahla. Abathwali kumele bathumele i-Entry Summary Declaration (ENS) ephelele ngaphambi kokuba izimpahla zifike, okumele zifake ikhodi ye-HS enezinombolo eziyisithupha kuma-master air waybills kanye nenombolo ye-CN enezinombolo eziyisishiyagalombili kuma-house waybills. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amasiko manje angathola amaphutha okuhlukaniswa ngaphambi kokuba umkhiqizo ufike kubangenisi baseJalimane. Lokhu kususa isikhathi se-buffer esasivumela ukulungiswa kwenzeke buthule ngemva kokufika kokuthunyelwa. Uma ikhodi engafanele ifika esigabeni se-ENS, ukuthunyelwa kungase kuhlatshwe umkhosi ukuze kuhlolwe ngokomzimba, okungase kungeze izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu ekukhishweni futhi kudale into yokuphathwa kwengozi kuphrofayela yomngenisi.
Izigaba Zemikhiqizo Eyingozi Kakhulu Zabangenisi BaseJalimane Abavela EShayina
Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ezinezinga elifanayo lobungozi bokuhlukaniswa. Uma ukuqanjwa kwamagama kuphelele futhi amazinga entela ehluka kakhulu ezihlokweni ezingezansi eziseduze, noma lapho i-EU ingeze izinyathelo zokuhweba ezengeziwe kumakhodi athile, ingozi yokungahlukaniswa kahle iphakeme kakhulu. Iningi lezinkinga ezinkulu zekhodi ye-HS phakathi kwabangenisi baseJalimane nabahlinzeki baseShayina liwela ngaphansi kwamaqembu alandelayo:
| Isigaba somkhiqizo | Ugibe Oluvamile Lokuhlukaniswa Okungalungile | Kungani Kubiza Kakhulu eJalimane / EU |
| Ama-electronics abathengi | Izipikha ze-Bluetooth (8518) uma kuqhathaniswa nedivayisi yokusakaza ngomsakazo (8527) | Ukushintsha kwezinga lentela kusuka ku-0% kuya ku-3.7%; ukungalandeli imithetho yezobuchwepheshe kungenzeka |
| Izimoto zikagesi nezingxenye | Isihloko esijwayelekile samabhethri e-EV vs. isihlokwana esithile se-BEV | Izindleko zokukhokha 7.8–35.3% (isinqumo se-EU, sika-2024) |
| Izindwangu nezingubo | Izahluko zezingubo eziqediwe zendwangu vs. | Izinga lentela engu-12% uma kuqhathaniswa no-12% kanye nokulwa nokulahla izimpahla kwamanye amazwe aseShayina |
| Imikhiqizo yensimbi ne-aluminium | Isihloko sensimbi esijwayelekile vs. isihlokwana esithile se-alloy | Izindleko zokuvikela ze-EU kanye nezilinganiso ziyasebenza kumakhodi athile |
| Ukudla nezimpahla zezolimo | Isigaba esisha uma siqhathaniswa nesigaba esicutshunguliwe; izihlokwana zosayizi katamatisi (amakhodi amasha ka-2025) | Ukwelashwa okuhlukile kwe-phytosanitary, i-VAT, kanye ne-duty |
| Izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali | Isihloko 'sokulungiselela' okujwayelekile vs. ikhodi ethile yezinto | Ukuthobela imithetho ye-REACH, ilayisensi yokungenisa impahla, izilawuli zokusebenzisa okubili |
Insimbi ne-aluminium kunzima kakhulu ukuziqonda. Izivikelo zokungenisa insimbi ze-EU zisebenza kuphela ezihlokweni ezithile zomkhiqizo, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwesilinganiso kuyashintsha minyaka yonke. Uma umngenisi esebenzisa isihloko esibanzi "semikhiqizo yensimbi nensimbi" esikhundleni sesihloko esiqondile se-alloy kanye nefomu, angase aqalise izinqubo zokuvikela ezazingahlelwanga, noma angase aphuthelwe ukwabiwa kwesilinganiso okungenzeka ukuthi kunentela ephansi. Amasiko aseJalimane anomlando omude wokuhlola abathumeli bensimbi ne-aluminium, futhi ngenxa yengcindezi eqhubekayo yezepolitiki yokugcina iso ezimpahleni zaseShayina kulezi zigaba, ukuphoqelelwa kube nzima kakhulu.
Indlela Yokuvimbela Amaphutha Okuhlukaniswa Okubizayo
Faka isicelo solwazi lwentela ebophezelayo (i-BTI)
Ukunqunywa kwe-Bundeszollverwaltung's Binding Tariff Information (BTI) kuyindlela esemthethweni nebophayo ngokomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlelwa ngendlela efanele eJalimane. I-BTI yisinqumo esisemthethweni samasiko esibeka ikhodi ye-TARIC efanele yezimpahla ezithile futhi ihlala iminyaka emithathu. Uma umkhiqizo uhlala unjalo, umngenisi osebenzisa ikhodi ye-BTI unesivikelo esiphelele sezomthetho kunoma iyiphi inselelo yokuhlelwa kabusha esikhathini esizayo. Kuthatha izinyanga eziningana ukufaka isicelo, futhi ngokuvamile udinga ukuthumela izincazelo zomkhiqizo eziphelele, imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, ngisho namasampula omkhiqizo. Kunengqondo kakhulu ngezimpahla ezinenani eliphezulu, ezinomthamo ophezulu lapho kukhona ukudideka mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwazo. Kodwa-ke, kuyindleko evame ukuzikhokhela ngokuthunyelwa okumbalwa.
Yenza Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlukaniswa Kwaminyaka Yonke
Njalo ngonyaka ngoJanuwari 1, i-Combined Nomenclature ye-EU ithola inguqulo entsha. Uhlelo lwe-Harmonized lwe-WCO luvuselelwa njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, kanti ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu okulandelayo kuza ngo-2027. Kodwa-ke, kwenziwa izinguquko minyaka yonke emazingeni kazwelonke kanye ne-EU. Ngo-2025, ikhathalogi yomkhiqizo eyahlukaniswa ngokunembile ngo-2023 ingase ibe namakhodi angalungile, yize imikhiqizo ngokwayo ingakashintshi. Ngaphambi kokuba ishejuli yentela yonyaka omusha iqale ukusebenza, okuwukuphela kwendlela eqinisekile yokuzivikela ukuhlola wonke amakhodi omkhiqizo asebenzayo ngokumelene nesizindalwazi samanje se-TARIC minyaka yonke. Lona umsebenzi omkhulu kubangenisi abanamakhulu ama-SKU, kodwa kufanele bakwenze.
Ungakopishi Ikhodi ye-HS yokuthumela yomhlinzeki
Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani izimemezelo zokungenisa zaseJalimane zivame ukuba yiphutha ukuthi abantu bafaka ikhodi ye-HS yokuthumela yomhlinzeki waseShayina esimemezelweni sokungenisa sase-EU ngaphandle kokucabanga ngakho. Uhlelo lokuhlukanisa ukuthekelisa lwaseShayina lusekelwe ohlelweni olufanayo lwe-WCO olunezinombolo eziyisithupha, kodwa lusebenzisa izandiso ezihlukile zezinombolo eziyisishiyagalombili neziyishumi kune-CN ne-TARIC ye-EU. Ngaphezu komehluko enanini lezinombolo, abahlinzeki baseShayina banezizathu zabo zokulandela imithetho engase ingahambisani nokuhlukaniswa okungcono kakhulu komngenisi waseJalimane. Isibonelo, isakhiwo sesaphulelo sokuthumela kwamanye amazwe eShayina singenza isihlokwana esisodwa sezinombolo eziyisithupha sikhange kakhulu kumhlinzeki, noma ngabe akuyona indlela efanele yokuhlela ukungenisa e-EU. Abathengisi baseJalimane banomthwalo wemfanelo ophelele ngezimemezelo zabo zokungenisa; abakwazi ukusebenzisa amaphepha omhlinzeki ukuhlukanisa izimpahla njengokuzivikela.
Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kwe-Topway Okukusiza Ngayo Ukuthola Ukuhlukaniswa Okufanele
Abathumeli bezimpahla abavela eShayina, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabathengi bezimboni abasunguliwe noma amabhizinisi e-e-commerce akhula ngokushesha, badinga umlingani wezokuthutha owazi okuningi ngamasiko, hhayi nje ukuthi izinto zithunyelwa kanjani.
I-Topway Shipping ibilokhu iseShenzhen futhi yenza izinto zokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe kusukela ngo-2010. Ithimba labasunguli bale nkampani lineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 yesipiliyoni sangempela kwezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokususwa kwezimpahla zamasiko, linolwazi oluningi mayelana nezokuthutha zaseShayina nase-US kanye nokuba khona okukhulayo okusiza ukuhweba phakathi kweShayina neYurophu. Ukuze uhambisane namakhodi e-HS, udinga ukwazi ukuthi izigaba zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe zaseShayina zihlobana kanjani nezidingo zokungenisa zase-EU naseJalimane nokuthi lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zihluke kuphi. Leli yikhono elikhethekile elivela ekwenzeni lo msebenzi kakhulu, ngezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zemikhiqizo, isikhathi eside.
Izinsizakalo zeTopway zimboza lonke uchungechunge lwezokuthutha, kusukela efektri noma i-warehouse eShayina kuya echwebeni lokuthumela ngaphandle, kusukela phesheya kwezilwandle kugcinwa ezindaweni zokusabalalisa zaseYurophu njengeJalimane kuya ekukhishweni kwentela lapho kuvela khona nalapho uya khona, futhi ekugcineni kuya ekulethweni okuhamba ibanga elide kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Leli cebo lokuphela liqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwekhodi ye-HS kwenziwa njengengxenye yomsebenzi owodwa, hhayi njengokucabanga kamuva ku-invoyisi yokuthumela. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kumabhizinisi e-e-commerce aphesheya kwemingcele.
Le nkampani iphinde inikeze izinsizakalo zokuthutha olwandle eziguquguqukayo ze-full-container-load (FCL) kanye ne-less-than-container-load (LCL) ezivela eShayina ziye emachwebeni amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuvumela amakhasimende ukuthi ashintshe inani lezimpahla azithuthayo ngaphandle kokushintsha abalingani bezokuthutha noma uhlaka lokuhlukanisa. Lapho ithimba elifanayo lezokuthutha liphatha kokubili amaphepha ohlangothini lokuqala kanye nokukhishwa kwamasiko ohlangothini lokuya, amathuba okuthi i-HS yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe yaseShayina ikopishwe ngokunganaki esimemezelweni sokungenisa se-EU ancishiswa ukwakheka kwenqubo kunokuba kube ngamathuba. Kumabhizinisi asevele enokuhlolwa kwangemva kokukhishwa kwemvume noma ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi, ukusebenza neTopway kubanika ulwazi lwezikhungo kanye nomzila wephepha abawudingayo ukuze babonise ukuthi balandela imigomo yabo ngokwethembeka. Lokhu kuyinto ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe endleleni amasiko aseJalimane anquma ngayo ukuthi kufanele abahlawulise malini.
Okufanele Ukwenze Uma Usuvele Wenze Iphutha Lokuhlukaniswa
Kuvamile kakhulu kunalokho okufanele kube yikho ukuthola ukuthi okuthile kuhlukaniswe kabi ngemuva kokuthi sekuvele kweqe amasiko. Impendulo ibaluleke njengephutha ngokwalo. Ngokusho kwe-Athikili 173 ye-EU Union Customs Code, umngenisi angacela ukushintsha isimemezelo samasiko ngemuva kokuthi sikhishwe uma kuhlangatshezwana nezidingo ezithile. Uma iphutha litholakala ngaphambi kokuba igunya lamasiko liqale ukuhlolwa noma isenzo sokuphoqelela, umngenisi uvame ukukhokha intela efanele kanye nanoma iyiphi inzalo engase isebenze, ngaphandle kwezindleko ezengeziwe. Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ukulandela le ndlela yokuguqulwa ngemva kokukhishwa kwemvume.
Uma iphutha litholakala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamasiko, okwenziwa yi-Bundeszollverwaltung ngokungahleliwe noma ngokusekelwe engcupheni, umphumela uthintwa kakhulu amandla okubonisa ukuzimisela ukubika iphutha kanye nomzamo omuhle wokulilungisa. Umthetho wamasiko waseJalimane, olandela imithetho yokuphoqelela i-EU, wenza umehluko ocacile phakathi kwabangenisi abasebenza ngokulungiswa kanye nalabo abangavumelani noma abakufihlayo. Ochwepheshe bokuthobela imithetho yezohwebo bonke bayavumelana ngesinyathelo esingcono kakhulu: ngokushesha nje lapho uthola isaziso sokuhlolwa kwamasiko, qasha ummeli wezomthetho ofanelekayo noma umeluleki wokuthobela imithetho yezohwebo, ungathumeli amanye amadokhumenti aze abuyekezwe uchwepheshe, futhi ugcine wonke amarekhodi akho okuhlukaniswa kwangaphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abonisani.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlukaniswa ngekhodi ye-HS akuyona nje inqubo yehhovisi elisemthethweni amaqembu ezokuthutha angalidlulisela ephepheni lokupakisha lomhlinzeki. Ohlelweni lwezentela lwaseJalimane, olunemithetho eqinile, uhlelo lwezijeziso olusebenza kuwo wonke amazwe e-EU, kanye nentela eshintsha ngokushesha, ukuhlukaniswa okungafanele kungaba nemiphumela emibi yezezimali edlula ukuthunyelwa okukodwa okulungisiwe. Isibuyekezo samagama ahlanganisiwe sikaJanuwari 2025, izidingo zesimemezelo sedijithali se-ICS2 Phase 3, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwentela yokuphikisana nezimoto zikagesi zaseShayina konke kwenze kwaba kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ukuhlukanisa izinto ngendlela efanele nokuqashelwa eduze kunaseminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Abangenisi abangcono kakhulu ababhekana nale ngozi bonke benza into efanayo: babona ukuhlukaniswa njengomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuthobela imithetho esikhundleni somsebenzi owenziwa kanye kuphela. Bacela izinqumo ze-BTI emikhiqizweni eyinkimbinkimbi, bahlola izizindalwazi zabo zamakhodi kanye ngonyaka, abaphindi amakhodi okuthumela ngaphandle kwabaphakeli ezimemezelweni zokungenisa ze-EU, futhi basebenzisana kuphela nabalingani bezokuthutha abanamakhono okuhlanza amasiko amahle njengamanethiwekhi abo okuthumela izimpahla. Umehluko phakathi kwebhizinisi elidlula emasikweni aseJalimane kanye nelithola ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi yangemuva kanye namafulegi okuhlola ngokuvamile yilezi zinqubo zokuqeqesha kanye nokukhetha umlingani ofanele ukuze azenze.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Q: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwekhodi ye-HS, ikhodi ye-CN, kanye nekhodi ye-TARIC?
A: I-WCO ilandela ikhodi ye-HS, okuwukuhlukaniswa kwezinombolo eziyisithupha emhlabeni wonke. I-Combined Nomenclature (CN) ye-EU inezela izinombolo ezimbili ekuhlukanisweni kwezinombolo eziyisishiyagalombili okusetshenziswa yiwo wonke amazwe angamalungu. I-TARIC inezela izinombolo ezimbili ezengeziwe kulokhu, okwenza inani libe yishumi. Ihlanganisa nezinqubomgomo zokuhweba eziqondene ne-EU kuphela, njengemisebenzi yokulwa nokulahla izimpahla. Ikhodi ye-TARIC enezinombolo eziyishumi iyadingeka ukuze kumenyezelwe ukungeniswa kwezimpahla eJalimane.
Q: Kwenzekani uma amasiko aseJalimane ethola ukuthunyelwa okungahlelwanga kahle?
A: Uma kwenzeka iphutha lokuqala lokubhala, imiphumela ingaba mincane njengomyalelo wokulungisa kanye nenhlawulo encane. Uma unganaki, imiphumela ingafaka phakathi ukuhlolwa komsebenzi ongemuva kanye nezindleko ezengeziwe ezifika ku-100% wemisebenzi eyagwenywa. Uma kwenziwa ukukhwabanisa ngamabomu, imiphumela ingaba ukushushiswa kobugebengu kanye nokuvinjelwa kokungenisa impahla. Impendulo yomthengisi, ikakhulukazi uma ebambisana futhi abelana ngolwazi kusengaphambili, inomthelela omkhulu emphumeleni.
Q: Ngingayisebenzisa yini ikhodi ye-HS yomhlinzeki wami waseShayina esimemezelweni sokungenisa saseJalimane?
A: Cha. I-China inezandiso zayo zezinombolo eziyisishiyagalombili neziyishumi zokuhlukanisa kwayo okuthekelisa ngaphandle ezingahambisani namakhodi e-EU CN kanye ne-TARIC. Abathumeli baseJalimane banomthwalo wemfanelo ngokomthetho ngezimemezelo zabo futhi abakwazi ukucaphuna ikhodi yokuthumela yomhlinzeki njengesivikelo. Hlala uhlela ngokwakho usebenzisa isizindalwazi samanje se-TARIC.
Q: I-EU ivuselela kangaki amagama ayo angokwesiko?
A: I-EU Combined Nomenclature ithola ulwazi olusha njalo ngoJanuwari 1. Ushintsho lwakamuva, oluqale ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2025, lwengeze izihlokwana ezintsha zezinto ezifana ne-biofuels, izimpahla zokudla, kanye namagesi angavamile. Uhlelo lwe-Harmonized lwe-WCO lubuyekezwa njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, kanti ukuguqulwa okukhulu okulandelayo kuzokwenzeka ngo-2027.
Q: I-Topway Shipping ingasiza kanjani ekuhambisaneni nekhodi ye-HS yokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla e-China-Germany?
A: Isixazululo esiphelele se-logistics se-Topway Shipping sihlanganisa ukuphatha zonke izici zokususwa kwezimpahla, njengokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zihlelwe kahle lapho zivela khona (eShayina) nalapho ziya khona (eJalimane/e-EU). I-Topway iqinisekisa ukuthi ikhodi efanele ye-TARIC ifinyelela esimemezelweni sezimpahla saseJalimane esikhundleni sekhodi yokuthumela yaseShayina. Lena enye yamaphutha avame kakhulu futhi abizayo ekuhlukanisweni. I-Topway ineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 yobuchwepheshe kwezokuthutha kwamanye amazwe kanye nolwazi oluningi mayelana namasiko eShayina nase-EU.
