I-oda Elincane, Ikhanda Eliphezulu: Ukuthunyelwa Kwempahla Emincane kusuka eShayina kuya eSerbia
Isingeniso
Manje akusibo abakhiqizi abakhulu kanye nabahwebi abakhulu kuphela abangenisa izimpahla ezivela eShayina ziye eSerbia. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezentengiselwano ze-inthanethi eziwela imingcele, isizukulwane esisha sabanikazi bamabhizinisi amancane, izitolo ezizimele kanye nabathengisi be-inthanethi bafaka ama-oda ngamakhulu, hhayi izinkulungwane zamayunithi. Inkinga? Umkhakha wezokuthutha womhlaba wonke wasungulwa ngobuningi. Uma ukuthunyelwa kwakho kuncane, kubonakala sengathi cishe yonke into eketangeni lokunikezela iyasebenza ngokumelene nawe.
Izimali zokuphatha ichweba ezingaguquki, amanani aphansi okuthutha impahla, izidingo zamadokhumenti entela kanye nobunzima obukhulu bokuhambisa impahla ezweni laseBalkan elivaliwe kungaguqula ngokushesha inzuzo yomkhiqizo ibe yimali engenayo. Lo mhlahlandlela uzonciphisa umsindo futhi ukunikeze ulwazi olusebenzayo oludingayo ukuze uthole impahla encane evela ezimbonini zaseShayina iye eminyango yaseSerbia - ngaphandle kokuvumela izinhlungu zidle inzuzo yakho.
Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi kukhona ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo sangempela kulo mzila wokuhweba phakathi kuka-2024 no-2025. Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Samahhala saseShayina neSerbia, ukuxhumana okusha komoya okuqondile phakathi kweBelgrade namadolobha aseShayina kanye nomphakathi othuthukayo wabathumeli bezimpahla abangochwepheshe abakhonza lo mzila, konke kuye kwehlisa ukungezwani kwabathumeli abancane. Kodwa ukuze uthole izinzuzo eziningi kufanele uqonde ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza kanjani - nokuthi luzokudanisa kuphi.
Isimo Sokuhweba SaseShayina-Serbia ngo-2025–2026
Ubudlelwano bokuhweba phakathi kweShayina neSerbia bungene esigabeni esisha esibalulekile. Ngo-2024, iSerbia yathenga izimpahla ezibiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5.55 eShayina, ngaleyo ndlela yaba ngumlingani wesibili obaluleke kakhulu wezohwebo wamazwe ngamazwe kuleli zwe. Ingxube yemikhiqizo ibanzi: Imishini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi ($1.13 bn), imishini nemishini yezimboni ($919 m), izimoto ($185 m), ipulasitiki, ifenisha, amakhemikhali nemikhiqizo yabathengi. Lena akuyona indlela yokuhweba eyingqayizivele, iyindlela ebalulekile futhi ekhulayo yokunikeza amabhizinisi aseSerbia azo zonke izinhlobo.
Intuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu yakamuva yabangenisi abancane yiSivumelwano Sokuhweba Okukhululekile saseShayina neSerbia, esaqala ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni ngoJulayi 1, 2024. I-FTA, esasayinwa ngo-Okthoba 2023, iyisivumelwano sokuqala sokuhweba okukhululekile saseShayina nanoma yiliphi izwe eliphakathi noma laseMpumalanga Yurophu. Lesi sivumelwano ekugcineni sizokwenza cishe u-90% wazo zonke izinto ezithengiswa phakathi kwala mazwe amabili zingabi nantela. Ngaphezu kuka-60% wemigqa yentela yayingakhokhiswa intela lapho kuqala ukusebenza i-FTA. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi isabelo sezinto ezingezona intela kuzo zombili izinhlangothi sizoba cishe u-95% - kufaka phakathi iningi elikhulu lezimpahla ezithengiswayo ezivamile ngesikhathi seminyaka engu-15 yesivumelwano sokukhululeka.
Umthelela osebenzayo ngokushesha kwabangenisi abancane ubonakala kakhulu emikhakheni efana ne-electronics yabathengi, imishini yokuxhumana, amabhethri e-lithium, imikhiqizo yelanga kanye nemishini. Imikhiqizo kulezi zigaba yayikhokhiswa intela yokungenisa yaseSerbia yamaphesenti angu-5-20 ngaphambilini. Njengoba iSivumelwano Sokuhweba Samahhala sisebenza kanye neSitifiketi Sokuqala esisebenzayo sifakiwe, eziningi zalezi zimpahla manje zingangena eSerbia ngentela ephansi noma ngentela encishisiwe. Esikhathini esiphakathi, njengoba imigqa eminingi yentela iya ku-zero, inzuzo yezindleko zokuthola abathengi baseSerbia eShayina izokwanda kuphela.
Ngale kwentela, i-FTA iphinde yahlinzeka ngezithuthukisi zezikhungo ezifana nezinqubo zentela ezilula, imithetho eqondile yemvelaphi kanye nezindlela ezisemthethweni zokuxazulula izingxabano. Kumthengisi omncane ongenisa impahla, okwadingeka abhekane nokuphathwa okungalindelekile emngceleni, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo kubaluleke njengokwehliswa kwentela.
Kungani Ukuthunyelwa Kwempahla Emincane Kunzima Kakhulu
Ngaphambi kokuba singene kunoma iyiphi ingxoxo ngezixazululo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ukuthunyelwa okuncane okuvela eShayina kuya eSerbia kubiza kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi uma kuqhathaniswa nemithwalo emikhulu.
Inkinga eyisisekelo ukuthi iningi lezindleko zezokuthutha aziguquki futhi azishintshi. Uma ukuthunyelwa kwakho kungamabhokisi amabili uma kuqhathaniswa nama-pallet amabili, i-invoyisi yakho yezentengiselwano ayicutshungulwa ngentengo ephansi kakhulu ngumthwali. Echwebeni, kunenkokhelo eyisisekelo yokuphatha amakhonteyina. Uzokhokha imali eyisisekelo yokuhlanza impahla, amaloli angaphakathi nezwe kanye nezindleko zokuthutha impahla. Lezi zindleko eziyisisekelo zikhona kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungakanani umthwalo wakho. Uma usakaza lezo zindleko eziguqukile phezu kwekhonteyina yonke yezimpahla ziba zincane ngeyunithi ngayinye. Uma zisakazwa phezu kwephasela elincane, zingasibekela inani lempahla uqobo.
Indawo yaseSerbia evaliwe iyenza bube bukhulu lobu bunzima. Imithwalo yeBelgrade noma iNovi Sad ngeke ifinyelele echwebeni elijulile. Ngokuvamile idlula eKoper, eSlovenia, ePiraeus, eGrisi noma echwebeni laseBar, eMontenegro, ngaphambi kokuba ithuthwe ngamaloli iye ezweni. ISerbia inamachweba omfula iDanube, ikakhulukazi iPort of Belgrade, ethuthuke kakhulu, kanye nePort of Novi Sad, exhumanisa nezitimela ukuze kudluliselwe impahla, kodwa lokhu akuvamile ukusetshenziswa emithwalweni evela eShayina lapho ithunyelwa ngqo. Indawo ngayinye yokuphatha eyengeziwe iyinkokhelo eyengeziwe ku-invoyisi yakho yezimpahla.
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-LCL – ikhambi lemvelo lemithwalo emincane – nakho kunezomnotho. Izinga lolwandle nge-CBM lifanelekile, noma kunjalo imithwalo ye-LCL ifaka imali yokuhlanganisa imvelaphi, imali yokuhlukanisa indawo, izindleko zesiteshi sezimpahla zamakhonteyina kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, kanye nemikhawulo yenkokhelo encane. Ngobuchwepheshe, isitsha se-CBM esingu-0.5 singaba nempahla yolwandle ebiza u-$40 kuphela, kodwa empeleni sidinga u-$180 noma ngaphezulu nazo zonke izimali. Umehluko phakathi kwenani lenhloko kanye nezindleko eziphelele uvame ukungaboni abathumeli abancane abaqalayo.
Izindlela Zokuthumela: Izinketho Zakho Ngokushesha
Ayikho indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthumela imithwalo emincane isuka eShayina iye eSerbia. Ukukhetha kwakho kuncike enanini olidingayo ukuze uthuthe, isivinini osidinga ngaso ukuthi ilethwe, kanye nezindleko zezinto uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lemithwalo oyithumelayo. Ithebula elingezansi linikeza ukuqhathanisa okusebenzayo kwamathuba amakhulu ngo-2025-2026.
| Indlela | Okuhle kakhulu | Isikhathi Sokuthutha | Izindleko Eziqageliwe (2025–26) | Ukucatshangelwa Okubalulekile |
| Ukuhamba Ulwandle (LCL) | 0.5–13 CBM | Izinsuku eziyi-55-75 | $60–$280/CBM | Ishibhile kakhulu nge-CBM ngayinye; izindleko ezincane ziyasebenza |
| Ukuthutha Olwandle (FCL 20′) | 13+ CBM | Izinsuku eziyi-50-65 | $2,200–$3,800/ibhokisi | Inani elihle kakhulu ngevolumu ephezulu; ibhokisi eligcwele ngelakho |
| I-Air Freight | <200 kg, okuphuthumayo | Izinsuku eziyi-5-10 | $4–$9/kg | Kuyashesha kodwa kuyabiza; ilungele izimpahla ezinenani eliphezulu |
| I-Express Courier | <70 kg | Izinsuku eziyi-3-7 | $8–$20/kg | Umnyango nomnyango; kufakiwe amasiko; kubiza kakhulu |
| Isitimela (iShayina-iYurophu) | 5–20 CBM, ukuphuthuma okuphakathi | Izinsuku eziyi-18-28 | $80–$160/CBM | Isivinini/izindleko ezilinganisiwe; iSerbia idlula eHungary noma eGrisi |
Izwi ku- umzila wesitimela Inethiwekhi yezitimela zempahla phakathi kweShayina neYurophu, eyingxenye yeBelt and Road Initiative, ikhule kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje. Amadolobha afaka phakathi iChengdu, iXi'an, iYiwu kanye neZhengzhou manje asekwazi ukuletha izinsizakalo zawo eCentral kanye naseMpumalanga Yurophu ezinsukwini ezingu-18 kuya kwezingu-28. ISerbia ayikho emizileni emikhulu yezitimela, noma kunjalo impahla ingathuthwa ezindaweni ezikude eHungary, noma ithuthwe ngomzila wePiraeus-Athens bese ithuthwa ngamaloli imayela lokugcina iye eSerbia. Ngempahla encane ebangeni le-CBM eli-5 kuya ku-20, kukhona indawo ephakathi nendawo yokuthunyelwa kwempahla ephakathi nendawo edinga ukulethwa okusheshayo kunempahla yolwandle kodwa engadingi amanani entengo yomoya.
Izikhathi Zokuhamba kanye Nomzila Wechweba
ISerbia iyizwe elivaliwe, futhi indawo yalo isho ukuthi ukuqonda ezinye izindlela zokungena ezikhungweni zemikhumbi kuyadingeka ekwakheni uhlelo lokuhambisa impahla olusebenzayo. Ku-LCL imithwalo ingena emnyango nomnyango, isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuhamba sisuka emachwebeni amakhulu aseShayina siya eSerbia singaba yizinsuku ezingama-55-75, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-CFS lapho iqala, ukuhamba ngomkhumbi olwandle, ukukhishwa echwebeni lesango, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla noma ukuthunyelwa kwamaloli eSerbia kanye nokulethwa kwendawo.
Indlela evamile yolwandle isuka emachwebeni aseNingizimu China njengeGuangzhou, iShenzhen neYantian idlula eSuez Canal iye eMedithera. Ukusuka lapho, izinketho eziyinhloko zesango yiKoper eSlovenia (cishe izinsuku ezingama-35 kuya kwezingama-40 ukuhamba ngomkhumbi nokuxhumana okuhle kwesitimela nomgwaqo kuya eBalkans), iPiraeus eGrisi (izinsuku ezingama-28 kuya kwezingama-35 ukuhamba ngomkhumbi nokuxhumana okukhulayo kwezitimela zempahla enyakatho) kanye neConstanta eRomania (ehlinzeka ngomzila woLwandle Olumnyama kanye nokufinyelela emfuleni iDanube kwemithwalo eya ePort of Belgrade). Osekuyaziwa kakhulu futhi osetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi kwabo yiKoper, ngenxa yengqalasizinda yayo kanye nobuningi babasebenzi bokudlulisa abakhonza umzila wokuhlanganisa imikhumbi eya eSerbia.
Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi kusuka eShanghai naseNingbo kwengeza izinsuku zokuhamba ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5 uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo ezivela eNingizimu China. Isibonelo, iTianjin neQingdao enyakatho yeChina zingadinga ucingo lokuthutha eSingapore noma esangweni laseMpumalanga Ephakathi, okwengeza isikhathi kanye nobunzima bokusingatha. Uma uthembele kakhulu kubaphakeli ePearl River Delta, ukukhetha ichweba elifanele lokuqala akulula. Uma liya ezindaweni eziningana eShayina, inethiwekhi yokuhlanganisa yempahla yakho yokuthumela iba yinto ebalulekile.
Iningi lempahla yezentengiselwano yaseSerbia ithunyelwa eBelgrade, yize inani elikhulayo lempahla engenayo lifika ngqo eNovi Sad, isikhungo sezokuthutha sasenyakatho yeSerbia esixhunywe kahle ngesitimela esivela eKoper corridor. Uma ungumthengisi we-e-commerce onezindawo zokugcina impahla eSerbia, kunconywa ukuthi uxoxe nomuntu othumela impahla yakho ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwakho kokuqala ukuze uqonde indlela eqondile yokuthutha impahla esuka kwenye indawo iye kwenye ukuze ulungiselele ukucushwa kwakho.
Ukuhamba Ngezindlela Zamasiko ZaseSerbia: Okudingeka Ukwazi
Uhlaka lwentela yaseSerbia lokungeniswa kwezimpahla lusobala kakhulu kunangaphambili kodwa lusabamba abangenisi abangenamakhono bengalindele. ISerbia yamukela amazinga okuhlukanisa amazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa noHlelo Oluvumelanayo olunezikhundla ezingeni likazwelonke ezingeni lezinombolo eziyi-10. Izinga lentela elimaphakathi lazo zonke izigaba lingu-12%, noma kunjalo lingasukela ku-0% kuya ku-30% kuye ngokuhlukaniswa kwezimpahla.
Izinga le-VAT elijwayelekile (i-PDV) ekungenisweni kwezimpahla eSerbia lingu-20%, yize izinga eliphansi lika-10% lisebenza kwezinye izigaba zemikhiqizo, njengokudla nemithi. I-VAT ikhokhwa ngenani le-CIF (izindleko zezimpahla kanye nomshuwalense kanye nempahla) kanye nanoma iyiphi inkokhelo yentela efanele. Ngakho-ke umthwalo wentela osebenzayo uphakeme kancane kunezinga lesihloko elingasikisela, uma i-VAT ibalwa ngesisekelo esivele sifaka intela. I-PDV ekhokhwa ekungenisweni kwezimpahla ngokuvamile ingabuyiswa amabhizinisi abhalisiwe yi-VAT eSerbia esikhathini esifanayo sentela, noma kunjalo umthelela wokuhamba kwemali kufanele ucatshangelwe.
Kuneminye imibhalo ephoqelekile ukuze kufezwe ukuvunyelwa kwempahla yasekhaya futhi ayikwazi ukuxoxiswana ngayo. Ithebula elilandelayo lifingqa konke okuzodinga ukukulungiselela ngaphambi kokuba impahla yakho ifike.
| Idokhumenti | Injongo | amanothi |
| I-invoyisi yezentengiso | Imemezela inani nezimpahla | Kumelwe kufakwe amakhodi e-HS kanye namanani eyunithi |
| Uhlu lokupakisha | Ibala okuqukethwe, isisindo, ubukhulu | Kufanele ifane ne-invoyisi ncamashi |
| I-Bill of Lading / AWB | Ubufakazi bokuthunyelwa | Ikhishwe inkampani yenethiwekhi |
| Isitifiketi Sokuqala (Ifomu X) | Inkokhelo yokukhetha ye-FTA | Kubalulekile ekunciphiseni intela; kumele ikhishwe eShayina ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa |
| Ilayisensi Yokungenisa | Ngezimpahla ezilawulwayo | Kuyadingeka kuma-electronics, ukudla, amakhemikhali, njll. |
| Isitifiketi se-Phytosanitary | Ukuhambisana nokupakisha ngokhuni | Kuyadingeka ukuze kulandelwe imithetho ye-ISPM 15 kuma-pallet/ama-crate |
Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile iSitifiketi Sokuqala ngaphansi kwe-FTA yaseShayina-Serbia. Isitifiketi seFomu X kumele sikhishwe yigunya eligunyaziwe lezentela noma lezohwebo eShayina ngaphambi kokuhamba kwezimpahla ezivela eShayina ukuze kutholakale ukuphathwa kwentela okukhethekile. Asikwazi ukuvikelwa emuva ngemva kokuba ukuthunyelwa sekuhambile. Uma umhlinzeki wakho noma umthumeli wezimpahla engazi ngalesi simo, uzokhipha intela ngesilinganiso sentela se-MFN futhi ulahlekelwe yimali eyongiwe ye-FTA ngokuphelele. Lesi akusona isamba esincane semikhiqizo enamazinga entela yangaphambi kwe-FTA angu-10 kuya ku-20%.
Ukupakishwa kokhuni, njengama-pallet, ama-crate, kanye nezimbobo zokhuni, ezingeniswa eSerbia kumele kuqinisekiswe yi-ISPM 15, ngokuhambisana nezidingo zomhlaba wonke zokuhlanza izitshalo. Izinkuni kumele ziphathwe ngokushisa noma zifakwe uphethiloli futhi zibe nesitembu esisemthethweni se-ISPM 15. Abahloli bezempilo yezitshalo baseSerbia bahlola lokhu ngenkuthalo ezindaweni zokuwela umngcele. Ukupakishwa okubi kungaholela ekuphathweni okuphoqelekile lapho ufika okungaholela kokunye ukubambezeleka kanye nezindleko ezingalindelekile ezingacwilisa umthwalo ohleliwe kahle.
Izindleko Ezifihliwe Ezingalimaza Isabelomali Sakho
Njengoba abathumeli abanolwazi bekwazi, izinga lokuthutha olwandle elicashuniwe alivamile ukuba yinani olikhokhayo. Ikakhulukazi ekuthunyelweni kwempahla encane eya eSerbia, igebe phakathi kwenani lokuthutha eliyinhloko kanye nezindleko zokufika konke kungaba likhulu kakhulu. Ngezansi kunethebula lezimali ezengeziwe kanye nezindleko eziningi ezingabandakanyi izingcaphuno, futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuqhamuka nemodeli yentengo efanelekile ukuzazi kusengaphambili.
| Uhlobo lokushaja | Inani Elijwayelekile | Lapho Isebenza |
| Inkokhelo Ephansi ye-LCL | $80–$180 ifulethi | Uma umthwalo ungaphansi kuka-1 CBM |
| Ukuphathwa Kokuqala / Imali ye-CFS | $35–$80/CBM | Konke ukuthunyelwa kwe-LCL echwebeni lokuqala |
| Ukuphathwa Kwendawo Okufanele Uyihambe (i-DHC) | $40–$90/CBM | Endaweni CFS - Koper, Piraeus, noma Constanta |
| Ukuthutha Amaloli Angaphakathi Nezwe (iSerbia) | $ 150- $ 450 | Imbobo eya ekhelini lokugcina; kuncike ebangeni |
| I-Customs Brokerage Imali | $ 80- $ 250 | Imvume yobungcweti emasikweni aseSerbia |
| I-VAT (PDV) | 20% yenani le-CIF + umsebenzi | Ikhokhwa ngokungenisa; ingabuyiswa amabhizinisi abhaliswe nge-VAT |
| Isitifiketi Se-Fumigation | $ 30- $ 60 | Kuyadingeka ekupakisheni ngokhuni (ISPM 15) |
Inkokhelo encane kakhulu ku-LCL ifanele ukukhulunywa ngayo ngokukhethekile njengoba iyindleko evame ukungaqondwa kahle ebhizinisini elincane lokuthutha izimpahla. Iningi labathwali kanye nabahlanganisi banenani eliphansi elikhokhiswayo, ngokuvamile i-CBM eyi-1, noma ngabe ukuthunyelwa kwakho kuncane kunalokhu. Uma uthumela amasampula omkhiqizo angu-0.3 CBM noma i-oda elincane lokugcwalisa kabusha, uzokhokhiswa njengokungathi uthumele i-CBM eyi-1. Lesi sici esisodwa senza imithwalo emincane kakhulu ye-LCL ibize kakhulu ngeyunithi ngayinye kunamanani entengo ye-CBM ngayinye.
Enye inkinga okulula ukuyikhohlwa uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sentengo ukuthuthwa kwempahla ngaphakathi ezweni eSerbia. Ibanga eliphakathi kweKoper neBelgrade ngomgwaqo lingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-600. Izimali zamaloli zemithwalo ye-LCL kulo mzila zingangeza u-$200-$450 ebhilini lakho lonke kuye ngobukhulu bempahla, uhlobo lweloli, kanye nemininingwane yekheli lokulethwa. Imali eyengeziwe yokulethwa ekhelini lokuhlala nangaphandle kwezingxenye eziphakathi zeBelgrade neNovi Sad. Abanye abathumeli bazokunikeza imali eyisisekelo yokuya emnyango, abanye bakhokhisa i-port kuphela futhi kuzodingeka uthole ukuthi izindleko zangaphakathi ezweni zibiza malini wena.
Amasu Asebenzayo Okwenza Ukuthunyelwa Okuncane Kusebenze
Azikho izinkinga ezibalwe ezingenakwenzeka ukuzinqoba. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla encane eSerbia kuzinzile futhi kunenzuzo – kudinga ukuhlela okuqaphile kakhulu kunalokho iningi labangenisi bokuqala abakwenzayo ekuthuthweni kwempahla.
Hlanganisa Kuwo Wonke Ama-oda
Isu elikhulu kakhulu lokonga izindleko zempahla ngeyunithi ngayinye ukuhlanganisa ama-oda amaningi amancane abe yimpahla encane, emikhulu. Esikhundleni sokuthumela i-CBM eyodwa ngenyanga sebenzisa i-CBM engu-3 kuya ku-5 njalo ezinyangeni ezimbili noma ezintathu. Isilinganiso solwandle se-CBM ngasinye sizoba siphansi, uzodlula imikhawulo yenkokhelo encane eyenza izimpahla ezincane zibize kakhulu, futhi izindleko zokuphatha imvelaphi kanye nendawo okuyo zizohlukaniswa phakathi kwamayunithi amaningi. Lokho kusho ukuthi unemali yokusebenza eyengeziwe eboshelwe esitokweni, kodwa ukonga kwempahla kuvame ukuba ngaphezu kwalokho okufunekayo ngemva kokubala izindleko ezifike ngokuphelele.
Sebenza Nomuntu Othumela Izimpahla Owazi Umzila We-China-Serbia
Umthengisi wezimpahla onesevisi yokuhlanganisa i-LCL eqinisekisiwe emzileni waseShayina-Serbia angaletha inani elingenakufaniswa nomthengisi wezinhloso ezijwayelekile. Abaqhubi abahle kakhulu kulo mzila banezinhlelo ezijwayelekile zokuqeda i-CFS ezihambisana nokuhamba ngemikhumbi kwamasonto onke kusuka emachwebeni amakhulu aseShayina, banobudlelwano obuqondile nabathengisi bezimpahla kanye nabalingani bamaloli eSerbia, futhi bayaqonda izidingo zeSitifiketi Sokuqala eziqondene ngqo nezimangalo ze-FTA kulo mzila wokuhweba. Ukwehla kwengozi kukodwa kuqinisekisa inkokhelo yesevisi.
Beka Isikhathi Sokuthunyelwa Kwakho Ngokuhambisana Nokushintshashintsha Kwezinga Lesizini
Amanani okuthutha impahla ngamakhonteyina kanye nemali eyengeziwe ye-LCL iyashintshashintsha. Isikhathi sokuthumela esiphezulu sisuka eShayina siye eYurophu sivame ukuba ngoJuni kuya ku-Okthoba, njengoba inani lempahla ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi likhuphuka ezimakethe zaseNtshonalanga - futhi amanani e-LCL avame ukuhambisana. Uma impahla ingathinteki ngesikhathi, abathwali bangabhuka ku-Q1 noma ekuqaleni kwe-Q2 ngamanani ancishisiwe kakhulu. Inkomba yezinga lase-Asia-Mediterranean ibone ukwehluka kwesizini okungu-10-15% eminyakeni yamuva nje okuhunyushwa ngqo emananini aphezulu noma aphansi nge-CBM LCL ngayinye.
Qondanisa Indlela Yokuthumela Nezindleko Ezigcwele Zokufika, Hhayi Ukuthutha Kuphela
Iphutha elivamile ukukhetha ukuthutha ngolwandle noma ngendiza ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sokuthutha esicashuniwe kunezindleko eziqondile zokuthutha ngeyunithi ngayinye. Ngenani eliphezulu, izimpahla ezinesisindo esiphansi - izinto zikagesi ezikhethekile, izesekeli ezinophawu, izingxenye ezinembile - amazinga aphezulu ngekhilogramu yokuthutha ngendiza angasebenza njengephesenti elincane lenani lezimpahla kunezimpahla zolwandle, ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela izindleko zokuphatha impahla ezilondolozwe ngokuhamba kwezinsuku eziyi-7 uma kuqhathaniswa nokwezinsuku ezingama-65. Yakha imodeli yonke yezindleko zokuthutha ngendiza, kufaka phakathi zonke izimali kanye nenani lesikhathi semali elivalelwe emkhiqizweni ekuthuthweni, ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo sokuhambisa.
Ukuthunyelwa Kwemigwaqo Ephezulu: Umlingani Osebenzayo Wendlela Yokuhamba Phakathi KweShayina NeSerbia
Umlingani wezokuthutha ozinikele wenzelwe ukusingatha ubunzima bokusebenza obhekana nabo - imibhalo ye-FTA, ezomnotho zokuhlanganiswa kwe-LCL, imithethonqubo yamasiko aseSerbia kanye nezinketho zomzila wezindlela eziningi - ngawe.
I-Topway Shipping yasungulwa ngo-2010, umhlinzeki wezixazululo ze-e-commerce logistics ochwepheshe owela imingcele. Indlunkulu yayo iseShenzhen China. Ithimba elisungule linolwazi olusebenzayo lweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 ekuthuthweni kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kanye nokusulwa kwempahla yamasiko kanye nolwazi olujulile ekuphatheni lonke uchungechunge lwempahla yamasiko kusukela emvelaphi yaseShayina kuya endaweni yakwamanye amazwe. Ububanzi benkonzo ye-Topway buhlanganisa ukuthuthwa kokuqala kusuka efektri noma kumhlinzeki kuya echwebeni lokuqala, indawo yokugcina impahla yamazwe ngamazwe, ukusulwa kwempahla yamasiko ochwepheshe kanye nokulethwa kwemayela lokugcina. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unesitsha esigcwele noma umkhiqizo omncane nje, inhlangano ingabhekana nezidingo zakho zokuthutha olwandle kusuka eShayina kuya emachwebeni abalulekile emhlabeni jikelele.
Uhlu lwamakhono e-Topway lubhekana nezindawo ezihlukile zokucindezela ezenza lo mzila ube nzima kubathumeli abancane abathumela eSerbia. Ngasohlangothini lwe-Origin, ithimba lingahlela ukukhishwa kwamadokhumenti e-Certificate of Origin ukuze kufinyelelwe amazinga entela anenzuzo e-FTA, okuvame ukuphuthelwa ngabasebenzi abasafufusa. Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi njalo ukuya emachwebeni aseYurophu kusekelwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-LCL kusuka ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezizungeze iShayina, okuhlanganisa i-Pearl River Delta, i-Yangtze River Delta kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza zangaphakathi. Ubudlelwano nabathengisi bezimpahla bendawo kanye nabalingani bokulethwa kwangaphakathi ohlangothini lwaseSerbia buqinisekisa ukuthi isigaba sokugcina se-supply chain siphathwa ngokucophelela njengomlenze wasolwandle.
Ukuba nomthombo owodwa ohlanganisa uchungechunge oluvela komunye nomunye kunciphisa kakhulu ubunzima, ngokungafani nokuhlanganisa umthengisi wezimpahla ohlukile, umthengisi wezimpahla zamasiko kanye nomhlinzeki wamaloli angaphakathi ezweni, konke kunezindleko zokuxhumana kanye nezikhala. Kwamabhizinisi amasha aseShayina-Serbia noma abathumeli abanolwazi abafisa ukunciphisa izindleko zabo zokuhamba, i-Topway Shipping iyindawo elula yokuqala yokuxhumana yokuhlola izimpahla ngokwezifiso.
Isiphetho
Ukuthutha inani elincane lempahla esuka eShayina iye eSerbia kunzima kakhulu, futhi, ngeyunithi ngayinye, kubiza kakhulu kunokuthutha inani elikhulu, ngoba yileyo ndlela ezomnotho zempahla yomhlaba wonke ezisebenza ngayo. Izimali zokuphatha ezingaguquki, amazinga aphansi enkokhelo, izidingo zemibhalo kanye nesimo seSerbia njengezwe elivaliwe kudala ukungezwani okuthinta kakhulu imithwalo emincane. Kodwa ubunzima abufani nokungakwazi ukwenzeka.
Isimo sesakhiwo empeleni sithuthukile. Isivumelwano sokuhweba samahhala phakathi kweShayina neSerbia sinciphise intela emikhiqizweni eminingana futhi sahlela indlela yeminyaka eyi-15 eya ekuhwebeni okungenantela phakathi kwamazwe amabili. Ukukhetha imithwalo kuye kwanda njengoba izitimela ziqala ukuba yindlela enhle phakathi kolwandle nomoya. Umphakathi okhulayo wabathuthi abangochwepheshe kulo mzila wezohwebo. Ingqalasizinda yechweba kanye neyokuthutha yaseSerbia iyathuthuka.
Abathumeli abaphumelelayo kulo mzila banendlela efanayo: bahlanganisa ama-oda ukuze bahlangabezane nemingcele yezindleko ezincane; babambisana nabalingani bezimpahla abaqondayo isilinganiso ohlangothini lwemvelaphi yaseShayina kanye nohlangothi lwezindawo eziya eSerbia; futhi bakha imodeli yabo yezindleko zokufika - zonke izimali zifakiwe - ngaphambi kokufaka ama-oda esikhundleni se-post. Impahla encane akudingeki ifake izindleko zokufika ezingancintisani. Kuhilela ukwenza umsebenzi wasekhaya abathumeli abakhulu abangakwazi ukuwunaki.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Q: Ungakanani usayizi wempahla ophansi kakhulu wokuthunyelwa kwe-LCL kusuka eShayina kuya eSerbia?
A: Akukho mkhawulo oqinile yize ukuthunyelwa kwe-LCL kuvame ukukhokhiswa okungenani i-CBM eyi-1. Impahla engaphansi kwalesi sigaba isazokwamukelwa kodwa ikhokhiswe ngesilinganiso se-CBM eyi-1. Ngokwezindleko, i-LCL ifanele ukuthunyelwa okusukela ku-0.5 kuya ku-13 CBM. Ukuthunyelwa okungaphansi kwe-0.5 CBM, i-courier esheshayo noma i-air shipping ngezinye izikhathi ingaba nokuncintisana, noma ishibhile, ngesisekelo sezindleko eziphelele uma kuqhathaniswa namanani aphansi e-LCL.
U: Ingabe ngidinga isitifiketi semvelaphi ukuze ngingenise izimpahla ezivela eShayina ziye eSerbia?
A: Isitifiketi Somsuka asidingeki kuzo zonke izinto ezingeniswayo, kodwa siyadingeka uma ufisa ukuzuza emananini entela afanele ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sokuhweba Samahhala saseShayina-Serbia. Ngaphandle kwaso, izimpahla zingaphansi kwamazinga entela ajwayelekile aseSerbia e-Most Favoured Nation (MFN), aphakathi kuka-12% futhi angaba phezulu afike ku-30% kwezinye izigaba zomkhiqizo. Isitifiketi kumele sikhishwe yiziphathimandla zaseShayina ezigunyaziwe ngaphambi kokuhamba kwezinto ezivela eShayina futhi asitholakali emuva.
Q: Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthutha impahla ngomkhumbi kusuka eShayina kuya eSerbia ukuya endlini ngendlu?
A: Isikhathi sokuhamba se-LCL sivame ukuba yizinsuku ezingu-55 kuya kwezingu-75, kuye ngokuthi idolobha elivela kulo eShayina, ichweba elikhethiwe (iKoper, iPiraeus, noma iConstanta), kanye nekheli lokugcina lokulethwa eSerbia. Inethiwekhi yezimpahla zesitimela phakathi kweShayina neYurophu ishesha kakhulu, ithatha izinsuku ezingu-18 kuya kwezingu-28. Ukuthutha ngendiza kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-5-10, kanti i-comurier esheshayo ithatha izinsuku ezingu-3-7 zebhizinisi.
Q: Lingakanani izinga le-VAT lokungenisa laseSerbia futhi ingabe lisebenza ezimpahleni ezivela eShayina?
A: ISerbia isebenzisa izinga elijwayelekile le-VAT (PDV) elingu-20% ekungenisweni, ngokusekelwe enanini le-CIF kanye nanoma iyiphi inkokhelo yentela engase ifaneleke. Izinga eliphansi lingu-10% futhi lisebenza ezintweni ezithile, njengezimpahla eziyisisekelo nemithi. Lokhu kunjalo kuzo zonke izinto ezingeniswayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivelaphi, kufaka phakathi izimpahla ezenziwe eShayina. Ngokuvamile, i-VAT yokungenisa ekhokhwa amabhizinisi abhalisiwe nge-VAT eSerbia ingabuyiswa ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Q: Ngingathumela iphasela elincane elisheshayo ngqo lisuka eShayina liya eSerbia?
A: Yebo. Zonke izinkampani ezintathu i-DHL, i-FedEx kanye ne-UPS zinikeza izinsizakalo zokuthumela izincwadi eziqondile ezivela eShayina ziya eSerbia ngokulethwa endlini ngendlu zingakapheli izinsuku ezintathu kuya kweziyi-7 zokusebenza. Ngokuvamile iposi iphatha ukuvunyelwa kwempahla. Kumaphasela amancane angaphansi kuka-70kg kuyisisombululo esilula kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezibalulekile ezinenani eliphezulu noma zesikhathi lapho ijubane kanye nokulula kwale ndlela kuqinisekisa izindleko ngekhilogremu.
