Izindinganiso Zokupakisha Zokuthwala Imithwalo Engaphezu Kosayizi Ukusuka eShayina Kuya eFrance: Ibhokisi Lokhuni Noma Iphalethi — Okufunwa Yikhasimende
Isingeniso
Ukuthumela imithwalo emikhulu kusuka eShayina kuya eFrance akuyona indaba yokugoqa imikhiqizo ngepulasitiki bese ulayisha isitsha. Uma umthwalo wakho mkhulu kunephakethe elivamile, njenge-treadmill, isihlalo sokuhlikihla, isiqandisi sezentengiselwano noma isethi yesofa enezicucu eziningi, khona-ke usemkhakheni ohlukile wezomthetho nokusebenza lapho izinqumo zokupakisha zibalulekile emngceleni. Amasiko aseFrance athatha izinto zokupakisha zokhuni, imininingwane yephalethi kanye nokumaka imithwalo ngokungathi sína. Kukhona izinhlaka ze-EU. Uma ikesi lingalandeli imithetho, ukuhlukaniswa, ukwelashwa kabusha, izinhlawulo ezinkulu noma ngisho nokubhujiswa kokuthunyelwa kungenzeka.
Kodwa iningi labathumeli bangaphandle baseShayina kanye nabathengisi bamazwe ngamazwe basathola imiyalelo ingacacile futhi ihlukene. Abaningi bathembele ekupakishweni okuzenzakalelayo kwefektri okungase kwanele ngokuphelele ukuthuthwa kwasekhaya kodwa kuncane kakhulu kulokho okufunwa yiziphathimandla zaseFrance kanye nabahloli bezilwane baseYurophu. Kuhlanganisa ndawonye amazinga aqondile, imikhawulo yokulinganisa, izidingo zokwelashwa kanye nokulindelwe kwamaphepha okulawula ukuthi impahla yakho enkulu iyadlula eLe Havre noma eMarseille ngaphandle kwenkinga.
Uma ungumthengisi we-e-commerce othumela ifenisha kubathengi baseFrance, umkhiqizi othumela imishini yezimboni kumsabalalisi waseYurophu, noma uchwepheshe wezokuthutha oweluleka amakhasimende akho, ulwazi olungezansi lubonisa izindinganiso zamanje kusukela maphakathi no-2025 futhi lusebenzisa i-EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) eyaqala ukusebenza ngoFebhuwari 2024, izibopho ze-EPR ezibuyekeziwe zaseFrance, kanye nendinganiso ye-ISPM 15 ye-phytosanitary yezinto zokupakisha izinkuni.
Okubalwa Njengomthwalo Ongaphezu Komthwalo — nokuthi Kungani Incazelo Ibalulekile
Ngaphambi kokuba sifinyelele ezinkethweni zokupakisha, okokuqala, sidinga ukunquma ukuthi yini ebhekwa njengempahla enkulu kakhulu lapho kuthunyelwa kusuka eShayina kuya eFrance. Ukuhlukaniswa kuzonquma hhayi nje kuphela izidingo zokupakisha zezinto, kodwa nezindlela zokuthumela, noma yiziphi izimali kanye nesakhiwo semibhalo yentela.
Ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuvame ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine ngobukhulu nesisindo. “Ngokuvamile amaphasela amancane angaphansi kwama-2 kg. Ukuthunyelwa okujwayelekile kungaphansi kwama-30 kg futhi kunomjikelezo ongaphansi kwamamitha ama-3. Izinto ezinkulu zisukela kuma-30 kg kuya ku-150 kg kanti uhlangothi olude kakhulu lungaphansi kwamamitha ama-4. Umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu, noma 'omkhulu kakhulu' njengoba imboni iwuchaza, ucezu olulodwa olunesisindo esingaphansi kwamathani ayi-8 metric, olunomphetho owodwa ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-8 nokuphakama ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-2.57.
Yileli qembu lokugcina, amasofa, imishini yokuzivocavoca, izihlalo zokubhucunga, izikuta zikagesi, izinto zasekhishini zezentengiselwano, amaphaneli okubonisa e-LED, imishini yezimboni, okuletha inkinga enkulu yokupakisha. Ubukhulu bale mikhiqizo bucishe bube yingakho amabhokisi ebhokisi avamile enganele. Izinketho ezenziwe ngokhuni, kungaba ama-pallet noma amabhokisi okhuni, yizo ezizenzakalelayo.” Khona-ke izidingo zamasiko aseFrance ziqala ukusebenza ngqo.
Iphalethi ayifani nebhokisi lokhuni, futhi ayifani nokubukeka kuphela. Izimpahla zidinga ukuqina ngebhande, ukugoqa okuncishisiwe noma ukusekelwa okwengeziwe futhi kusekelwe kusukela phansi kuphalethi. Umthwalo uvalwe ngokuphelele ebhokisini lokhuni elihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kwesakhiwo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi eziyisithupha. Kodwa uma izinto ezinkulu ziyigugu kakhulu noma zibuthakathaka, amabhokisi ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okungcono. Amaphalethi anganela izinto eziqinile ezingabekwa ndawonye. Kodwa kuzo zombili izimo iFrance, njengezwe eliyilungu le-EU, isebenzisa amazinga afanayo okuhlanzeka kwezitshalo kanye nokulebula.
Ireferensi Yokuhlukaniswa Kwemithwalo Engaphezu Kobukhulu
| Isigaba | Isisindo Limit | Umkhawulo Wobukhulu | Ukupakisha Okujwayelekile |
| Iphasela elincane | Ngaphansi kuka-2 kg | Ububanzi < 1 m | Ibhokisi le-Carton |
| Iphasela Elijwayelekile | Ngaphansi kuka-30 kg | Ububanzi < 3 m | Ibhokisi lebhokisi / ukugoqa kwebhamuza |
| Into Enkulu | Ngaphansi kuka-150 kg | Unqenqema olude kakhulu < 4 m | Ibhokisi/iphalethi eliqinisiwe |
| Okukhulu kakhulu / Okukhulu kakhulu | Ngaphansi kwamathani ayi-8 | Umphetho < 8 m, Ukuphakama < 2.57 m | Ibhokisi lokhuni / iphalethi elilungisiwe |
I-ISPM 15 Standard: Isisekelo Esingenakuxoxiswana
Uma kukhulunywa ngokupakishwa kwezinkuni zezimpahla zamazwe ngamazwe, ingxoxo iqala njalo nge-ISPM 15 - Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke Zezinyathelo Zokuhlanzeka Kwezitshalo No. 15. Le zindinganiso zomhlaba wonke yasungulwa ngo-2002 ngaphansi kwe-International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) ngesizathu esisodwa kuphela: ukhuni olungalashwanga lungagcina izinambuzane, izibungu, isikhunta kanye namagciwane ezitshalo okuthi uma kungeniswa endaweni entsha yemvelo kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo kanye nemvelo. IFrance kanye nawo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU asebenzisa i-ISPM 15 ngokuqinile futhi iziphathimandla zaseFrance eLe Havre naseMarseille zivame ukuhlola amaphakheji ezinkuni afikayo.
I-ISPM 15 idinga ukuthi noma yiziphi izinto zokupakisha zokhuni oluqinile ezingaphezu kuka-6mm ubukhulu ziphathwe ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe - lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-pallet, amabhokisi okhuni, i-dunnage (izinkuni eziqinile ezingaphakathi kwezitsha) kanye nama-spool okhuni. Evame kakhulu yi-Heat Treatment (HT): ingaphakathi lokhuni kumele lifinyelele ama-degree Celsius angu-56 okungenani imizuzu engama-30 ilandelana. Libhubhisa izinambuzane ngaphandle kokushiya izinsalela zamakhemikhali futhi lisetshenziswa emazweni angaphezu kwe-100. Ngokomlando, enye indlela kwakuyi-Methyl Bromide fumigation (MB), kodwa amazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi iFrance, avimbele kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngemvelo, futhi ngokuvamile kufanele igwenywe ezithwalweni eziya e-EU.
Zonke izinto ezipakishwe ngokhuni ezihambisanayo kumele zibe nophawu olusemthethweni lwe-IPPC – okubizwa ngokuthi ‘isitembu sikakolweni’ – ezinhlangothini ezimbili eziphambene, ezibonakalayo ngemva kokwelashwa. Lolu phawu luzoba oluhlala njalo futhi olufundekayo futhi luzofaka ikhodi yezwe (CN for China) ikhodi yomkhiqizi noma yesikhungo sokwelapha kanye nesifinyezo sendlela yokwelapha (HT noma MB). Uma enye yezinto ingekho, ingafundeki noma ibekwe ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, amasiko aseFrance anelungelo lokubamba umthwalo.
Isici esisodwa esibalulekile abathumeli abaningi abasiphuthelwayo ukuthi imikhiqizo yokhuni ecutshunguliwe njenge-plywood, ibhodi le-strand eliqondiswe ngqo (i-OSB), ibhodi lezinhlayiya kanye nebhodi le-fibre ngokuvamile ayifakiwe ku-ISPM 15 ngoba inqubo yokukhiqiza isusa ingozi yezinambuzane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ibhokisi elenziwe ngamaphaneli e-plywood aqinisiwe esikhundleni sezinkuni eziqinile kungenzeka lingadingi ukwelashwa kwe-ISPM 15. Kodwa-ke, kuzo zonke izinto zokhuni oluqinile (i-dunnage, amabhlogo ekhoneni, ozimele bokhuni, njll.) ngaphakathi kwesitsha, ingxenye kumele ihlangabezane nezindinganiso ngazinye. Ukhuni olukhululekile olungaqinisekisiwe olusetshenziselwa ukubopha ngaphakathi kwebhokisi eliqinisekisiwe lulahla isimo sokuthobela umthetho wempahla.
Inkinga eyodwa ekhethekile ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamabhokisi nama-pallet. Noma yiliphi i-crate elilungisiwe, elishintshiwe noma elingezwe nganoma iyiphi indlela ngezinto ezengeziwe zokhuni kumele liphinde liphathwe futhi lifakwe isitembu salo sonke. Uma izimpawu zokuqala zisabonakala, ukulungiswa okuyingxenye ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezintsha zokwelashwa kungaholela ekwenqatshweni kwamasiko aseFrance. Kwabathumeli abathwala kakhulu lokhu kunemiphumela yangempela kwezomnotho futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokubambisana nabahlinzeki bokupakisha abaqinisekisiwe eShayina.
Ibhokisi Lezinkuni vs. Iphalethi: Ukukhetha Isixazululo Esifanele Samasiko AseFrance
Uma ukuhambisana ne-ISPM 15 sekumisiwe njengesisekelo, udaba lwe-crate versus pallet luba ngenye yokushintsha indlela yokupakisha ihambisane nohlobo lwempahla, izimo kanye nezidingo zokuhamba nokulethwa. Futhi amasiko aseFrance awathandi enye kunenye, kodwa ukukhetha okungalungile kungabiza kakhulu, okuholela ekulimaleni kwempahla, ezinkingeni zokuphatha noma ukwehluleka kokulethwa kwemayela lokugcina, konke okudala izindleko kanye nokubambezeleka okunciphisa umnotho wokuthengisa kwamanye amazwe.
Isikhathi Sokusebenzisa Ibhokisi Lezinkuni
Kwabathambile, abanomumo ongajwayelekile, abanenani eliphezulu noma abathunyelwa kaningi ngaphambi kokufika kumthengi wokugcina, izimpahla ezinkulu, amabhokisi ezinkuni yisisombululo esifanele. Kufaka phakathi isihlalo sokuhlikihla esinezingalo zomshini, isibonisi esikhulu sokukhangisa se-LED, imishini yezimboni enembile kanye nemishini yezokwelapha. Ibhokisi livikela umkhiqizo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, lenza kube lula ukufakwa kwephedi ekhethekile yangaphakathi eduze kwephakheji futhi linikeza abahloli bamasiko iyunithi ecacile, eyodwa yokuhlola nokufaka isitembu.
Ngokuthunyelwa kwe-French DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) kanye ne-B2C okudlula ezindaweni zokugcina impahla zaphesheya kwezilwandle ukuze kuthunyelwe imayela lokugcina, izitsha zokhuni nazo zilula uchungechunge lokuphatha. Ibhokisi elihle lingasusa ukugoba ekuthuthweni, kulayishwe emalolini ezindaweni zokusabalalisa zaseYurophu, futhi ligcinwe ezindaweni zokugcina impahla zaphesheya kwezilwandle ngaphandle kokushintsha okuqukethwe noma ukuvezwa emanzini. Ibhokisi ngokuvamile libiza kakhulu ngaphambili kunephakheji efakwe amapheshana kodwa izindleko ngokuvamile zihlanganiswa nezimangalo zomonakalo ophansi kanye nokususwa okulula kwempahla yamasiko.
Uma I-Pallet Yanele
Uma izimpahla ziqinile futhi zifana ngesimo futhi zingaboshwa futhi ziboshwe ngokuphephile, ukufaka ama-pallet kuyindlela engabizi kakhulu. Imishini yokuwasha, amafriji, ifenisha ehlanganisiwe, ama-flatpacks kanye nemishini yokuzivocavoca efana nama-treadmill kuvame ukuthwalwa ngama-pallets ukusuka eShayina kuya eFrance ngaphandle kwenkinga. Into ebalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-pallet ngokwayo iyahambisana ne-ISPM 15, ukuthi impahla iboshwe ngokucindezeleka okwanele ukuyivimbela ukuthi ingahambi ngesikhathi sokuhamba olwandle (okungathatha izinsuku ezingu-45 kuya kwezingu-50). impahla yasolwandle imizila) nokuthi ukuphakama konke okuhlanganisiwe kungaphakathi kokubekezelelana kokuphuma kwesitsha.
Iphalethi elijwayelekile le-EUR elisetshenziswa kwezokuthutha zaseYurophu lingu-1200 mm × 800 mm. Iphalethi lezimboni lingu-1200 mm × 1000 mm. Abathumeli bangaphandle baseShayina abathumela eFrance kufanele baqaphele ukuthi amaphalethi abo asekhaya - ngokuvamile akhiwe ngobukhulu obuhlukene - angase angalingani nemishini yokuphatha ezenzakalelayo esetshenziswa ezikhungweni zokusabalalisa zaseFrance nasezindaweni zokulethwa. Amaphalethi anobukhulu obuhlukene angenqatshwa ekuphathweni, futhi engeze izindleko ezingalindelekile ekulethweni kokugcina.
I-Crate vs. Pallet: Ireferensi Yesinqumo Esisheshayo
| Ukucabangela | Isikhwama sezinkuni | Iphalethi |
| Okuhle kakhulu | Izimpahla ezibuthakathaka, ezingajwayelekile, ezinenani eliphezulu | Izimpahla eziqinile, ezimise okwebhokisi, ezingabekwa ndawonye |
| Izinga lokuvikela | Ukuvalwa okuphelele kwamadigri angu-360 | Ukusekelwa okungezansi + ukubhanqa |
| Kudingeka i-ISPM 15 | Yebo (zonke izingxenye zokhuni oluqinile) | Yebo |
| Ukuhlolwa okulula kwentela | Iyunithi Ephakeme (ehlanganisiwe) | Okumaphakathi (izimpahla eziveziwe) |
| Izindleko ezihlobene | Phezulu | Okuphansi |
| Ukulingana okujwayelekile kwephalethi ye-EU | Ubukhulu bempahla ngokwezifiso | Kumelwe kuhambisane ne-EUR/izincazelo zezimboni |
| Ukuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kabusha/ukulungiswa | Ukwelashwa kabusha okuphelele lapho kulungiswa | Ukwelashwa kabusha okuphelele lapho kulungiswa |
Izidingo Zokupakisha Eziqondene NaseFrance Ngale Kwe-ISPM 15
I-ISPM 15 iyinqubo yamazwe ngamazwe, nokho iFrance inemikhawulo eyengeziwe eqala ukusebenza uma izimpahla zakho zingena emakethe ye-EU. Isekelwe emthethweni we-EU kanye nohlelo lomthwalo wemfanelo olunwetshiwe lwaseFrance. Ngenkathi zikhathalela kakhulu ukupakisha okubhekene nomthengi, kunokuba zipakishe ezokuthutha, umehluko ungaba muhle ngokuthunyelwa kwe-B2C, lapho ikesi lokuthumela langaphandle liyiphakheji yokulethwa kwabathengi.
Umthetho Wokupakishwa Nokupakishwa Kwemfucuza we-EU (PPWR) waqala ukusebenza ngoFebhuwari 2024 futhi uqala ukusebenza kuze kube ngu-2030, futhi ubeka umgomo wokuphinda usebenziseke ngo-100% kukho konke ukupakisha. Uphinde uvimbele ezinye izinhlobo zokupakisha kwepulasitiki okusetshenziswa kanye. Kwabathumeli bempahla emikhulu umphumela osheshayo ukuthi ukugoqa okunwetshiwe, ukubopha ngepulasitiki kanye nezinto zokugcwalisa i-foam ezisetshenziselwa ukubopha imikhiqizo kuma-pallet kufanele ziphinde zisetshenziswe noma zibole lapho kungenzeka khona. Izikhulu zamasiko eLe Havre okwamanje azibambezeli ukuthunyelwa ngoba zisebenzisa ifilimu yokunwetshwa engaphinde isetshenziswe, kodwa abathumeli be-EU babhekene nezibopho ezikhulayo ngaphansi kwemithetho Yomthwalo Wemfanelo Womkhiqizi Onwetshiwe (EPR) yokubika inani lokupakisha elifakwa emakethe yaseFrance - kufaka phakathi ukupakisha okusetshenziselwa ukungenisa.
IFrance iyala ukuthi ilogo yokuvuselela i-Triman kanye nemiyalelo elula yokuhlunga i-Info-Tri ngesiFulentshi kuboniswe kuwo wonke amalebula ephakheji abonakala kumthengi wokugcina. Endabeni yezimpahla ze-B2B, lapho ukupakisha kususwa esikhungweni sokusabalalisa ngaphambi kokuba zilethwe kumthengi, ngokuvamile ngumthengisi waseFrance noma umsabalalisi okufanele enze lokhu, hhayi umthengisi waseShayina. Kodwa-ke, ezintweni ze-B2C ezithunyelwa ngomkhumbi lapho ikesi noma iphalethi lithuthwa ngqo ekhelini lokuhlala laseFrance, abathumeli kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi ukupakisha kwabo kwangaphandle kuhambisana nalezi zindinganiso zophawu noma bangabhekana nokuphikiswa okuvela kubalingani babo bebhizinisi baseFrance.
Izimpahla eziyingozi noma labo abanezidingo ezikhethekile zokuphatha – amabhethri kuma-scooter kagesi, ama-refrigerant kumayunithi omoya opholile, izinto zamakhemikhali emishinini yezimboni – kumele zibhalwe ngokuhambisana ne-ADR (Isivumelwano SaseYurophu mayelana Nokuthuthwa Kwezimpahla Eziyingozi Ngomgwaqo) kuma-packaging kanye nemibhalo yokuthumela. Amasiko aseFrance aqaphile kakhulu ngezinto ezinkulu eziqukethe amabhethri noma izingxenye ezicindezelwe. Ukubhala amalebula ngendlela engafanele kungenye yezizathu ezivame kakhulu zokubambezeleka kokuthunyelwa ezindaweni zokungena zaseFrance.
Izidingo Zesakhiwo Sama-Creets Nama-Pallet Amakhulu Kakhulu
I-ISPM 15 iyinqubo yamazwe ngamazwe, nokho iFrance inemikhawulo eyengeziwe eqala ukusebenza uma izimpahla zakho zingena emakethe ye-EU. Isekelwe emthethweni we-EU kanye nohlelo lomthwalo wemfanelo olunwetshiwe lwaseFrance. Ngenkathi zikhathalela kakhulu ukupakisha okubhekene nomthengi, kunokuba zipakishe ezokuthutha, umehluko ungaba muhle ngokuthunyelwa kwe-B2C, lapho ikesi lokuthumela langaphandle liyiphakheji yokulethwa kwabathengi.
Umthetho Wokupakishwa Nokupakishwa Kwemfucuza we-EU (PPWR) waqala ukusebenza ngoFebhuwari 2024 futhi uqala ukusebenza kuze kube ngu-2030, futhi ubeka umgomo wokuphinda usebenziseke ngo-100% kukho konke ukupakisha. Uphinde uvimbele ezinye izinhlobo zokupakisha kwepulasitiki okusetshenziswa kanye. Kwabathumeli bempahla emikhulu umphumela osheshayo ukuthi ukugoqa okunwetshiwe, ukubopha ngepulasitiki kanye nezinto zokugcwalisa i-foam ezisetshenziselwa ukubopha imikhiqizo kuma-pallet kufanele ziphinde zisetshenziswe noma zibole lapho kungenzeka khona. Izikhulu zamasiko eLe Havre okwamanje azibambezeli ukuthunyelwa ngoba zisebenzisa ifilimu yokunwetshwa engaphinde isetshenziswe, kodwa abathumeli be-EU babhekene nezibopho ezikhulayo ngaphansi kwemithetho Yomthwalo Wemfanelo Womkhiqizi Onwetshiwe (EPR) yokubika inani lokupakisha elifakwa emakethe yaseFrance - kufaka phakathi ukupakisha okusetshenziselwa ukungenisa.
IFrance iyala ukuthi ilogo yokuvuselela i-Triman kanye nemiyalelo elula yokuhlunga i-Info-Tri ngesiFulentshi kuboniswe kuwo wonke amalebula ephakheji abonakala kumthengi wokugcina. Endabeni yezimpahla ze-B2B, lapho ukupakisha kususwa esikhungweni sokusabalalisa ngaphambi kokuba zilethwe kumthengi, ngokuvamile ngumthengisi waseFrance noma umsabalalisi okufanele enze lokhu, hhayi umthengisi waseShayina. Kodwa-ke, ezintweni ze-B2C ezithunyelwa ngomkhumbi lapho ikesi noma iphalethi lithuthwa ngqo ekhelini lokuhlala laseFrance, abathumeli kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi ukupakisha kwabo kwangaphandle kuhambisana nalezi zindinganiso zophawu noma bangabhekana nokuphikiswa okuvela kubalingani babo bebhizinisi baseFrance.
Izimpahla eziyingozi noma lezo ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zokuphatha – amabhethri ezikuta zikagesi, ama-refrigerant kumayunithi omoya opholile, izinto zamakhemikhali emishinini yezimboni – kumele zibhalwe ngokuhambisana nezimpawu zokuhlukaniswa kwe-ADR (Isivumelwano SaseYurophu mayelana Nokuthuthwa Kwezimpahla Eziyingozi Ngomgwaqo) kumadokhumenti okupakisha nokuthumela. Amasiko aseFrance aqaphile kakhulu ngezinto ezinkulu eziqukethe amabhethri noma izingxenye ezicindezelwe. Ukufaka amalebula angafanele kungenye yezizathu ezivame kakhulu zokubambezeleka kokuthunyelwa ezindaweni zokungena zaseFrance.
Imininingwane Ephakanyisiwe Yesakhiwo Sokupakishwa Kwezinkuni Ezinkulu Kakhulu
| I-Cargo Weight Range | Okuncane. Ukuqina Kwebhodi | I-Internal Cushioning | Ukuphakama Okuphezulu Kwe-Stack |
| 50-200 kg | I-15-18 mm | I-foam ejwayelekile / uboya bokhuni | 1.5 m |
| 200-1,000 kg | I-18-25 mm | Igwebu elinobukhulu obuphezulu + amabhlogo ekhoneni | 1.5 m (iphalethi); indawo ebiyelwe ngokuphelele iyanconywa |
| 1,000 kg – 8 metric tons | 30 mm+ ngamabhuleki ensimbi | I-foam eklanywe ngobunjiniyela + i-bracing yangaphakathi | Ibhokisi eliyimpoqo; ukwakheka ngokwezifiso |
Izidingo Zemibhalo Kwamasiko AseFrance
Kuyicala elilodwa kuphela lemali yokuhambisana nokupakisha. Amasiko aseFrance, nge-DGDDI (Direction Generale des Douanes et Droits Indirects) nangokuhambisana nemithethonqubo yesifinyezo sokungena ye-EU ICS2, iyalela ukuthi iphakheji yamadokhumenti ephelele nenembile ifakwe kukho konke ukuthunyelwa okukhulu. Ngokwezibalo, isizathu esivame kakhulu sokuboshwa kwamasiko ezimpahleni ezifika eLe Havre naseMarseille amaphepha angaphelele noma angahambisani.
Imibhalo eyinhloko ebekwe yezimpahla ezinkulu kakhulu ezivela eShayina ziya eFrance kufanele ifake i-Invoice Yezentengiselwano ekhombisa inani elimenyezelwe ngama-Euro noma ama-USD (okufanele kube yinani langempela lokuthengiselana njengoba kokubili ukulinganisa okungaphezulu nangaphansi kudala ingozi yokuhlola), ikhodi ye-HS esebenzayo yomkhiqizo ngamunye, ama-Incoterms asetshenzisiwe kanye namagama namakheli omthumeli nomthumeli. Uhlu Lokupakisha luzobonisa ubukhulu, isisindo esiphelele nesese, isitayela sokupakisha (ikesi lokhuni noma iphalethi), kanye, lapho kufanele khona, inombolo yesitifiketi sokwelashwa se-ISPM 15 sokuthunyelwa ngakunye.
Ngokuthunyelwa kwe-DDP – ifomethi evame ukusetshenziswa ngabathengisi baseShayina abawela imingcele kubathengi baseFrance – umthengisi wezimpahla noma umthengisi wezimpahla eFrance kumele futhi afake iSimemezelo Sokufingqa (ENS) ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-ICS2 lwe-EU ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi usuke echwebeni laseShayina. Lesi sidingo sesaziso sangaphambi kokufika senziwa sadingeka ekuthuthweni kolwandle ngo-2024. Lokhu kusho ukuthi idatha yomthumeli – okuhlanganisa amakhodi e-HS, izincazelo ezifanele kanye nolwazi oluphelele lweqembu – kumele kubhaliswe namasiko e-EU ngaphambi kokulayisha, kunokuba kubhaliswe lapho kufika.
Into eyodwa yombhalo emangaza abathumeli abaningi baseShayina yisidingo sesitifiketi sokuhlanzeka kwezitshalo noma isitatimende sokwelashwa se-ISPM 15 esivela esikhungweni esiqinisekisiwe eShayina. Nakuba amasiko aseFrance engadingi lokhu ngaphandle kwesitembu se-IPPC esikukhuni ngokwaso, kunconywa ukuthola isiqinisekiso esibhaliwe kumkhiqizi wephakheji esisho inqubo yokwelapha, ikhodi yesikhungo, usuku lokwelashwa kanye nezinhlobo zokhuni ezisetshenzisiwe. Leli phepha liyadingeka uma impahla ikhethiwe ukuze ihlolwe futhi amamaki e-ISPM 15 engacacile noma ephikiswa.
Iziteshi Zokuthutha kanye Nomthelela Wazo Ezindinganisweni Zokupakisha
Izindinganiso zokupakisha ezingenhla ziyasebenza kungakhathalekile ukuthi isiteshi sokuthumela sisetshenziswa kanjani kodwa izimo zokuhamba zihlukile kakhulu phakathi kwamathuba futhi izidingo ezisebenzayo zokupakisha ziyahlukahluka ngokufanele.
Ukuthutha olwandle kuyindlela evame kakhulu yokuthutha izinto ezinkulu ezivela eShayina ziya eFrance, kungaba ngomthwalo ogcwele wesikhonteyina (i-FCL) noma umthwalo ongaphansi kwesitsha (i-LCL). Ukuthutha kwamanje kwe-FCL phakathi kweShayina neFrance kuyahlukahluka kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-25-50, kuye ngokuthi i-port pair injani, kanye nokuthutha okude komzila iShenzhen noma iGuangzhou eya eLe Havre ngeCape of Good Hope (okuye kwaba njalo kakhulu kusukela kwaphazamiseka uLwandle Olubomvu ngo-2024-25). Esitsheni se-FCL umthumeli unokulawula ukwakheka kwangaphakathi futhi angaqinisekisa ukuthi amabhokisi nama-pallet abekwe ukuze anciphise ukunyakaza. Kodwa-ke, ukuthunyelwa kwe-LCL kudinga ukuhlanganiswa nezimpahla zabanye abathumeli, okusho ukuthi izinto ezinkulu zingathuthwa lapho zilayishwa futhi zithululwa ezindaweni zokuhlanganisa, okubeka umthwalo osindayo ekupakisheni ukuze kubekezelelwe imicimbi yokuphathwa ephindaphindwayo.
Bese umzila wesitimela ngokusebenzisa isevisi esheshayo ye-China-Europe (i-China-EU) iyindawo ephakathi nendawo ngokwesikhathi kanye nezindleko. Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuhamba sisuka emadolobheni aseShayina angaphakathi nezwe siya ezindaweni zaseYurophu ngesitimela siyizinsuku ezingama-30-45 futhi isevisi ngokuvamile izinzile ngokwendlela yokuphatha imithwalo kune-LCL yasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, ukuhamba ngesitimela emithanjeni ye-Central Asia kanye ne-Eastern Europe kudinga ukuwela imingcele eminingi; ngayinye iyindawo yokuhlola lapho kuzohlolwa khona izimpawu zephakeji yokhuni. Ekuthunyelweni kwemikhiqizo emikhulu ngesitimela, ukuthobela i-ISPM 15 kubaluleke ngokulinganayo.
Nakuba ukuthutha ngendiza kungavamile ukusetshenziswa emithwalweni emikhulu ngempela, uma kubhekwa ukulinganiselwa komthamo wobukhulu kanye nesisindo semithwalo yezindiza, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ama-pallet emithwalo yezindiza kanye namadivayisi omthwalo weyunithi (ama-ULD) ngokuvamile enziwe nge-aluminium, hhayi ngokhuni, ngakho-ke i-ISPM 15 ayisebenzi emishinini yomthwali. Kodwa-ke, noma yikuphi ukugoqa ngokhuni noma i-dunnage engezwe ngumthumeli ngenhloso yokuzinzisa izinto eziku-ULD kumele kusafanele.
Amaphutha Avamile Awenziwa Abathumeli Bempahla BaseShayina - nokuthi Ungawagwema Kanjani
Imigomo icacile, kodwa ukuthunyelwa okuvela eShayina kuya eFrance okukhulu kakhulu kuvame ukuvinjelwa noma ukwenqatshwa yizinkambiso zaseFrance ngenxa yezinkinga zokupakisha. Amaphutha ajwayelekile kakhulu awela kusethi yamaphethini angabikezelwa.
Ukukhathazeka kokuqala nokuvame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezinkuni ezingaphathwanga noma ezingaphawulwanga kahle. Ukupakishwa kwefektri eShayina kuvame ukwenziwa ngokhuni olungalungiswanga noma ukhuni oluphathwe ngesitembu se-IPPC esifakwe ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, esifihlwe kancane ilebula lomkhiqizo noma ngekhodi yesikhungo esiphelelwe yisikhathi engasafani namarekhodi esitifiketi samanje. Impendulo ilula: thenga kuphela kubahlinzeki abaqinisekisiwe yi-ISPM 15 njengamanje, bese uhlola amamaki kuwo wonke amayunithi ngaphambi kokulayisha.
Ukwehluleka kwesibili okuvame kakhulu ukungalingani kobukhulu nesisindo phakathi kohlu lokupakisha kanye nempahla yangempela. Izimpahla ezinkulu ngezinye izikhathi ziyizisindo okunzima ukuzilinganisa ngokunembile ezingeni lefektri futhi kuyalinga ukucabanga. Amasiko aseFrance abona lo mehluko njengesizathu sokuhlola ukuthunyelwa ngokomzimba futhi angangeza izinsuku enkambisweni yokuhlanza futhi kungabangela izimali ezengeziwe zokuphatha. Le ngozi isuswa ngokutshala imali ekulinganisweni nasekulinganisweni okunembile endaweni yokupakisha - nangokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlu lokupakisha luhambisana namanani angempela.
Omunye umthombo wokungalungi ukusetshenziswa kosayizi bephalethi abangahlangabezani nezindinganiso ze-EU. Amapharamitha ajwayelekile amaphalethi asekhaya aseShayina angama-1100 mm x 1100 mm noma ama-1200 mm x 1000 mm, angahambisani nezinga le-EUR 1200 mm x 800 mm. Izindawo zokusabalalisa zaseFrance kungenzeka zingakulungeli ukusingatha lokhu lapho zifika futhi umsabalalisi kuzodingeka aphinde afake iphalethi ngezindleko ezengeziwe. Kwabathumeli bangaphandle abasungula ukuxhumana kwesikhathi eside nabalingani bebhizinisi baseFrance, kuyintuthuko elula yokusebenza enezinzuzo ezinkulu ezingezansi ukusebenzisa amaphalethi ajwayelekile e-EUR kusukela ekuqaleni.
Okokugcina, inkinga evamile amadokhumenti angaphelele noma afakwe kusengaphambili e-ICS2. Uhlelo lokumemezela isifinyezo sokufaka i-ICS2 lwe-EU ludinga idatha enembile ngaphambi kokufika, futhi uhlelo luthola ngokuzenzakalelayo amaphutha kumakhodi e-HS, imininingwane yeqembu noma incazelo yempahla, okudala ukubuyekezwa ngesandla. Ukusebenza nomuntu onolwazi lokuthumela izimpahla owazi inqubo yokuthumela impahla yaseShayina kanye nezidingo zokungenisa zaseFrance kunganciphisa kakhulu le ngozi.
Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kwe-Topway Okusingatha Ngayo Imithwalo Emikhulu Eya EFrance
I-Topway Shipping ingumhlinzeki wezixazululo ze-e-commerce logistics ochwepheshe ohlanganisa imingcele enendlunkulu eShenzhen, eShayina, futhi yasungulwa ngo-2010. Igxile ezimpahleni ezinkulu kakhulu nezinkulu kakhulu. Ithimba elisungule linolwazi olungaphezu kweminyaka eyi-15 ekuthuthweni kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kanye nokususwa kwempahla yamasiko, kanye nokuqonda okubalulekile emizileni esuka eShayina iye eYurophu okuhlanganisa neFrance.
Imodeli yesevisi ye-Topway Shipping yakhiwe ukuze ihlangabezane nezinkinga ezishiwo kule ncwadi. Le nkampani inezindawo zayo zokugcina impahla eShenzhen futhi yenza ukupakisha ngaphakathi endlini, ukufaka amabhokisi ezinkuni kanye nokufaka amaphalethi ezimpahla ezinkulu. Konke ukupakisha kwezinkuni okusetshenziswe futhi okutholwe yi-Topway kuvunyiwe yi-ISPM 15 kanye nemibhalo yokuqinisekisa ukwelashwa kokushisa enikeziwe kukho konke ukuthunyelwa. Lokhu kususa ukuqagela kulabo abathumela ngaphandle abangenalo ikhono langaphakathi lokuhlola ngokuzimela ukuhambisana nokupakisha kwefektri yabo.
Inethiwekhi yayo yezokuthutha ihlanganisa wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU angu-25 okulethwa endlini ngendlu (i-DDP) okuhlanganisa neFrance, ngokubambisana okuzinikele kokulethwa kwempahla enkulu kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, iTopway yenza ukuvunyelwa kwempahla yaseFrance ngama-ejenti aboshwe eLe Havre naseMarseille, ifaka izitatimende zesifinyezo sokufaka i-ICS2 kusengaphambili, futhi iphatha ukubalwa kwenani lempahla yasekhaya (kufaka phakathi intela kanye ne-French TVA (VAT ku-20%) ngokwemigomo ye-DDP). Insizakalo ye-Topway's B2C yokugcina isetshenziswa njalo ngamakhasimende athumela osofa, ama-treadmill, izihlalo zokuhlikihla, ama-scooter kagesi, izinto zasekhishini kanye nemishini yezimboni ezindaweni zaseFrance, ngokulethwa okusekelwe ekuqokweni kwezinto ezisindayo ezidinga ukufakwa phansi noma ukufinyelela ku-lift.
I-Topway Shipping inikeza imithwalo yolwandle ye-FCL kanye ne-LCL evela emachwebeni aseShayina njengeShenzhen, iGuangzhou, iShanghai, iNingbo, njll. eya emachwebeni aseFrance. Le nkampani iphinde isebenzise isevisi yesitimela phakathi kweShayina neYurophu yemithwalo lapho isikhathi sokuhamba ngesitimela sezinsuku ezingu-30 kuya kwezingu-45 sifinyelela ibhalansi engabizi phakathi kolwandle nomoya. Ekuthunyelweni okukhulu lapho isivinini sibaluleke kakhulu, isiteshi semithwalo yomoya seTopway sizophatha izimpahla kuze kufike emikhawulweni yobukhulu bezindiza ngosizo oluphelele lwamaphepha e-ISPM 15 nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinkuni olusetshenzisiwe.
Uhlelo lokuphatha izinto lwenkampani lulandelela ukuthunyelwa kusukela ekutholeni izimpahla endaweni yayo yokugcina impahla eShenzhen kuya ekusayinweni kokulethwa kokugcina eFrance. Lokhu kubonakala kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni kubaluleke kakhulu kubathengisi be-B2C, njengoba amakhasimende aseFrance elindele ukuxhumana okusheshayo emafasiteleni okulethwa. Ngokusho kwedatha yokusebenza ye-Topway, ama-91% okuthunyelwa kwempahla yasolwandle e-DDP eYurophu alethwe ngaphakathi kwefasitela lezinsuku ezingama-45 kuya kwezingama-55 kusukela ngesikhathi sokwamukelwa kwempahla eShayina - uphawu lokusebenza olukhuluma ngokuthembeka kweziteshi zokuthumela kanye nokusebenza kahle kokulungiselela amadokhumenti okukhishwa kusengaphambili.
Kulezo zinkampani ezifisa ukukhulisa imisebenzi yazo yokuthutha impahla enkulu eYurophu, i-Topway Shipping iyatholakala ukuze uxhumane nathi ngewebhusayithi yabo ku-www.topwayshipping.com.
Uhlu Lokuhlola: Ngaphambi Kokuthi Ukuthunyelwa Kwakho Okukhulu Kuhambe EShayina
Ngaphambi kokuthi uqinisekise noma yimuphi umthwalo omkhulu ozothuthwa uye eFrance, kuwusizo ukubhekisela kulolu hlu lokuhlola olulandelayo ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
| Into yohlu lokuhlola | Isimo |
| Zonke izingqwembe zokhuni (i-crate/i-pallet/i-dunnage) ziphathwa ngokushisa yi-ISPM 15 | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Isitembu se-IPPC sibonakala ezinhlangothini ezimbili eziphambene zeyunithi ngayinye yokhuni | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Isitembu sihlanganisa: ikhodi yezwe i-CN, ikhodi yesikhungo, kanye nencazelo ye-HT | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Noma yiluphi ukhuni olulungisiwe noma olungeziwe luphinde lwalungiswa futhi lwanyatheliswa kabusha | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Ubukhulu bephalethi buhambisana ne-EUR ejwayelekile (1200mm x 800mm) noma imininingwane yomthengi evunyelwene ngayo | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Ukuphakama kwemithwalo ebekwe ndawonye akudluli amamitha ayi-1.5 kunoma iyiphi iphalethi | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| I-invoyisi yezentengiselwano ifaka ikhodi ye-HS enembile, inani elimenyezelwe, kanye ne-Incoterms | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Uhlu lokupakisha lucacisa ubukhulu, isisindo sangempela, kanye nohlobo lokupakisha | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Isimemezelo Sokufingqa Kokungena se-ICS2 sifakwe kusengaphambili kumasiko e-EU | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Izingxenye eziyingozi noma eziqukethe ibhethri zihlukaniswa kahle futhi zilebula | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Isitifiketi sokwelashwa se-ISPM 15 esivela kumhlinzeki wokupakisha sisefayilini | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Isikhala esingu-5–10 cm sigcinwa phakathi kwama-pallet esitsheni ukuze kufinyelelwe emithethweni | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
| Amalebula okusebenzisa kabusha e-Triman asetshenziswa uma ukupakisha kubonakala kumthengi waseFrance | [ ] Kuqinisekisiwe |
Isiphetho
Ukuthumela izimpahla ezinkulu kusuka eShayina kuya eFrance kuyithuba lebhizinisi elitholakalayo - kodwa kudinga izinga lolwazi lokupakisha elingafunwa yi-logistics ejwayelekile ye-e-commerce. Izinto zokupakisha zokhuni, izimpawu zempahla, ukunemba kwamaphepha kanye nokwakhiwa kokupakisha konke kuncike ezindinganisweni eziqondile neziphoqelelwayo ezibekwa yizinkambiso zaseFrance, ezisekelwa yizindinganiso ze-phytosanitary kanye nemfucuza yokupakisha ye-EU. Izindleko zokufaka ukupakisha kahle kwasekuqaleni zingase zibe ngaphezulu kokulingana nezindleko zokungalandeli imithetho, okungafaka phakathi ukuthunyelwa okulibazisekile, imithwalo evalelwe yodwa, izimali zokwelashwa kabusha noma ukupakisha okubhujisiwe.
Imfuneko eyisisekelo ukuthi ukupakisha ngokhuni oluqinile kumele kuhambisane ne-ISPM 15, okungukuthi kuphathwe ngokushisa, kugxivizwe ngesitembu se-IPPC ezinhlangothini ezimbili eziphambene futhi kumele kuhambisane nesitifiketi esivela esitshalweni sokwelapha esiqashelwayo eShayina. Abathumeli kumele futhi baqinisekise ukuthi ukupakisha kuhambisana nobuthakathaka kanye nesisindo sempahla, ukuthi ubukhulu bephalethi buhambisana nemininingwane yokuphatha yaseYurophu, ukuthi imibhalo yentela ilungile futhi ifakiwe kusengaphambili, nokuthi bahambisana nezidingo ze-EPR zaseFrance ezihlala zishintsha kanye nezimfuneko zokulahla udoti wokupakisha.
Umthombo omkhulu wokungaqiniseki ususwa ngokubambisana nomhlinzeki wezokuthutha oqondayo indawo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe yaseShayina kanye nemithethonqubo yokungenisa yaseFrance - okuhlanganisa isaziso sangaphambi kwe-ICS2, ukuphathwa kwentela ye-DDP kanye nokuhambisana nokulethwa kwempahla enkulu kakhulu. Njengoba imakethe yezimpahla ezinkulu yaseShayina eFrance ikhula, abathumeli ababandakanyeka ekuhambisaneni nephakheji njengekhono eliyinhloko yibo abathuthukisa amabhizinisi aseYurophu aqinile futhi anenzuzo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
U: Ingabe i-ISPM 15 isebenza kuzo zonke izinkuni ezithunyelwayo, noma i-pallet kuphela?
A: I-ISPM 15 isebenza kuzo zonke izinto zokhuni oluqinile ezingaphezu kuka-6mm ubukhulu ezisetshenziswa njengokupakisha. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-pallet, ama-crate, ama-dunnage, amabhlogo ekhoneni kanye nokubopha izingodo ngaphakathi kwesitsha. Ngokuvamile, imikhiqizo yokhuni ecutshunguliwe njenge-plywood kanye nebhodi lezinhlayiya ayikhululekile. Kodwa-ke, noma yisiphi isici sokhuni oluqinile - ngisho nengxenye encane yokubopha ebhokisini le-plywood - kumele iphathwe futhi ifakwe amathegi.
U: Ngingawasebenzisa yini amabhokisi enziwe ngokhuni asefektri yami, noma ngidinga ukuthenga amasha anesitifiketi?
A: I-ISPM 15 isebenza kuzo zonke izinto zokhuni oluqinile ezingaphezu kuka-6mm ubukhulu ezisetshenziswa njengokupakisha. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-pallet, ama-crate, ama-dunnage, amabhlogo ekhoneni kanye nokubopha izingodo ngaphakathi kwesitsha. Ngokuvamile, imikhiqizo yokhuni ecutshunguliwe njenge-plywood kanye nebhodi lezinhlayiya ayikhululekile. Kodwa-ke, noma yisiphi isici sokhuni oluqinile - ngisho nengxenye encane yokubopha ebhokisini le-plywood - kumele iphathwe futhi ifakwe amathegi.
U: Kwenzekani uma ukupakishwa kwami kokhuni kwehluleka ukuhlolwa kwentela yaseFrance?
A: I-ISPM 15 isebenza kuzo zonke izinto zokhuni oluqinile ezingaphezu kuka-6mm ubukhulu ezisetshenziswa njengokupakisha. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-pallet, ama-crate, ama-dunnage, amabhlogo ekhoneni kanye nokubopha izingodo ngaphakathi kwesitsha. Ngokuvamile, imikhiqizo yokhuni ecutshunguliwe njenge-plywood kanye nebhodi lezinhlayiya ayikhululekile. Kodwa-ke, noma yisiphi isici sokhuni oluqinile - ngisho nengxenye encane yokubopha ebhokisini le-plywood - kumele iphathwe futhi ifakwe amathegi.
U: Ingabe kudingeka ngazise amasiko aseFrance kusengaphambili ngaphambi kokuba kufike ukuthunyelwa kwami?
A: Impela. Ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-EU ICS2, iSimemezelo Sokufingqa Sokungena sidinga ukufakwa kusengaphambili ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi usuke echwebeni laseShayina. Umthumeli wezimpahla zakho uzobhekana nalokhu, kodwa badinga idatha efanele—amakhodi e-HS afanele, ulwazi oluphelele lweqembu, izincazelo ezinembile—kusasele isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokulayisha. Noma yimaphi amaphutha esimemezelweni sangaphambi kokukhishwa aholela ngokuzenzakalelayo emaflegini okubuyekezwa.
U: Ingabe usayizi wephalethi ubaluleke ngempela ekulethweni kwempahla ngesiFulentshi?
A: Yebo, ikakhulukazi ekuthunyelweni kwe-B2B ezindaweni zokusabalalisa zaseFrance noma ezindaweni zokugcina impahla. Iningi lezinhlelo zokugcina impahla ezenzakalelayo eFrance naseYurophu lonke zisebenzisa ama-pallet ajwayelekile e-EUR, alinganisa u-1200 mm x 800 mm. Ubukhulu be-pallet obungejwayelekile budinga ukuphathwa ngabantu, bubangela izindleko zokuphinda kufakwe i-pallet futhi bubangela ukwenqatshwa kokulethwa kwezinye izindawo. Ekulethweni kwe-B2C okuhamba ibanga elide, usayizi we-pallet awuyona inkinga enkulu, njengoba izimpahla zivame ukususwa epalletni ukuze zilethwe emnyango.
