Imithetho Yamasiko YaseSerbia: Lokho Okufanele Wonke Umthumeli Wezwe WaseShayina Akwazi Ngaphambi Kokuthumela
Isingeniso
Kwabathumeli bangaphandle baseShayina abafuna izimakethe zaseYurophu, iSerbia kungenzeka ukuthi ayilona izwe lokuqala elifika engqondweni, kodwa izibalo ziveza isithombe esihlukile. ISerbia ithenge izinto ezibiza ama-USD ayizigidigidi eziyi-5.55 eShayina ngo-2024, okuhlanganisa izinto zikagesi, imishini, ifenisha kanye nezingubo. Leli zwe lisezimpambanweni zeYurophu Ephakathi neMpumalanga, lizungezwe izinhlangothi eziningana ngamalungu e-EU futhi libhekwa njengesango eliya emazweni aseBalkans abanzi.
Kodwa uhlelo lwentela lwaseSerbia luseyibhokisi elimnyama kwabathumeli bezimpahla baseShayina nabathumeli bezimpahla. Imithetho iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunohlaka oluqondile lwesitayela se-EU, ikakhulukazi manje njengoba iSivumelwano Sokuhweba Okukhululekile saseShayina neSerbia (FTA) siqale ukusebenza ngoJulayi 1, 2024, isivumelwano esiphumelelayo esiguqula ezomnotho wezindleko zokungenisa izimpahla ezivela eShayina kule makethe.
Lo mhlahlandlela wenza kube lula ukuba yinkimbinkimbi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungenisa izinto zobuchwepheshe nge-FCL ocean freight, uhlanganisa impahla ye-LCL kumsabalalisi waseSerbia noma uhlinzeka ngokugcwaliseka kwe-e-commerce kwamanye amazwe aseBalkans, ukwazi ukuthi amasiko aseSerbia asebenza kanjani ngempela kuzokongela isikhathi, imali kanye nezinkinga eziningi emngceleni.
Indawo Yezintela YaseSerbia: Isithombe Esikhulu
ISerbia ayiyona ingxenye ye-European Union. Leli qiniso elilodwa liyisici esichaza indlela amasiko asebenza ngayo lapha. ISerbia inohlelo lwayo oluhlukile lwamasiko, ngokungafani namazwe angamalungu e-EU. Ukuphathwa Kwamasiko eSerbia (Uprava carina) woMnyango Wezezimali uphatha lolu hlelo. Isisekelo sezomthetho uMthetho Wezamasiko, oye wahambisana kakhulu neKhodi Yamasiko ye-EU, kodwa kunezinguquko ezinkulu ezibamba abangenisi bengalindele.
Kodwa iSerbia ingumuntu omele ukungena kwi-EU futhi izinqubo zayo zamasiko zihlelwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nomkhuba we-EU. Ukuqanjwa Kwezintela Zempahla Kuhambisana Nokuqanjwa Kwezintela Zempahla Kwe-EU (CN), okuvuselelwa minyaka yonke. Uhulumeni waseSerbia wamukele uMthethonqubo Wokuvumelanisa Izintela Zempahla Yempahla We-2025 (iGazethi Esemthethweni No. 73/25), kanti umthethonqubo wokuvumelanisa ka-2026 usuvele uqaliwe (iGazethi Esemthethweni No. 107/2025). Lokhu kusho ukuthi amakhodi e-HS asetshenziswa eShayina angasetshenziswa ngqo eSerbia - inzuzo yangempela kubathumeli bangaphandle baseShayina.
Izinga lentela ye-MFN yaseSerbia lilinganiselwa ku-12% futhi lisukela ku-0-30% ngesigaba somkhiqizo. Abangenisi baphinde babe nesibopho seNtela Yentengo Eyengeziwe (i-VAT) ejwayelekile engu-20% noma izinga elincishisiwe elingu-10% ezigabeni ezithile, njengokudla nemithi, ngaphezu kwezindleko zentela. Izintela zentela nazo zikhokhiswa ezintweni ezithile, njengotshwala, ugwayi, uphethiloli. Kusukela mhla lu-1 kuNtulikazi 2024, abathumeli bangaphandle baseShayina abaneSitifiketi Sokuqala esifanele bangajabulela amanani ashibhile kakhulu ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-FTA.
Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Okukhululekile saseShayina neSerbia: Lokho Esikushintshayo
I-FTA ye-China neSerbia, eyavunyelwana ngo-Okthoba 2023 futhi yaqala ukusebenza ngomhlaka-1 kuJulayi 2024, iyisivumelwano sokuqala sokuhweba samahhala saseShayina nezwe eliphakathi noma laseMpumalanga Yurophu futhi simelela ushintsho olukhulu kubathengisi baseShayina. Lokho kwenza iSerbia ibe ngumlingani we-29 wokuhweba kwamahhala waseShayina emhlabeni jikelele futhi lesi sivumelwano sihlanganisa ububanzi obukhulu bezimpahla.
I-FTA ihlukanisa izimpahla zibe yizindlela zokukhululeka ngokwejubane lokususwa kwentela. Ngosuku lokuqala ukusebenza kwesivumelwano, intela yasuswa ngokushesha ezimpahleni ezingaphezu kuka-60% zentela. Isifiso sokugcina sokuvikela intela ukungabi nantela cishe ku-95% yenani lokungenisa izimpahla ezinhlangothini zombili. Nansi indlela izigaba zokuqeda ukusebenza ezisebenza ngayo:
| Isigaba | Indlela Yokuqeda Isigaba | Scope | Isilinganiso Sokuphela Kwentela |
| A0 | Ukususwa ngokushesha ngoJulayi 1, 2024 | >60% wemigqa yentela | 0% |
| A5 | Kuqedwe izigaba ezingaphezu kwezingu-5 ezilinganayo zonyaka | Khetha izimpahla zabathengi | Kuncishiswa minyaka yonke |
| A10 | Kuqedwe izigaba ezingaphezu kwezingu-10 ezilinganayo zonyaka | Izimpahla zezimboni ezizwelayo | Kuncishiswa minyaka yonke |
| A15 | Kuqedwe izigaba ezingaphezu kwezingu-15 ezilinganayo zonyaka | Izinto zezolimo kanye nezamasu | Kuncishiswa minyaka yonke |
Ithebula 1: Izigaba Zokukhululeka Kwentela Ye-FTA yaseShayina-Serbia
Kwabathumeli bangaphandle baseShayina, umthelela osebenzayo mkhulu kakhulu. Imikhiqizo yesigaba se-A0, okuhlanganisa izinto eziningi ze-elekthronikhi, imishini, insimbi nensimbi, kanye nezingxenye zezimboni, manje sekungena eSerbia ngaphandle kwentela. Ngaphambilini, le mikhiqizo yayizobhekana nezindleko ezingu-5%-15%, kodwa manje ingawela umngcele ngesimemezelo samasiko esingenalo izinga, uma nje kunikezwe amadokhumenti adingekayo eFomu Lokuqala.
Kodwa akuwona wonke imikhiqizo ezuza ngokulinganayo. Imizila ehamba kancane ye-A5, A10 kanye ne-A15 ifaka phakathi izinto zezolimo, ukudla okucutshunguliwe kanye nezigaba eziningana ezibucayi. Lezi zigaba zizosuswa kancane kancane eminyakeni emi-5, 10 noma eyi-15 ngokulandelana. Abathengisi bokudla baseShayina noma abakhiqizi bezingubo abahlose amakhasimende aseSerbia kufanele bazi ukuthi umkhiqizo wakho ungowaluphi uhlobo ngaphambi kokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwentengo.
Amanani Entela Yokungenisa Ngenisa Ngesigaba Somkhiqizo
Nakuba i-FTA inciphisa intela yazo zonke izigaba zomkhiqizo, amazinga entela awalingani kuzo zonke. Amasiko aseSerbia asebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kwekhodi ye-HS. Izinga lomthwalo wakho lizoncika ohlotsheni lomkhiqizo nokuthi uyafaneleka yini ukuphathwa okukhethekile kwe-FTA. Ngezansi isifinyezo sezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwaseShayina eSerbia:
| Isigaba somkhiqizo | I-MFN Duty Rate | Izinga le-FTA (eShayina) | VAT |
| Imishini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi | I-0-5% | 0% * | 20% |
| Imishini nama-boiler | I-0-5% | 0% * | 20% |
| Izindwangu Nezingubo | I-10-20% | I-5-10% | 20% |
| Ifenisha Nokukhanyisa | I-10-15% | 5% | 20% |
| Ipulasitiki Nerabha | I-5-10% | 0–5%* | 20% |
| Amathoyizi Namageyimu | I-5-10% | 0–5%* | 20% |
| Izimoto Nezingxenye | I-10-30% | I-5-15% | 20% |
| Imikhiqizo Yokudla Nezolimo | I-10-30% | Iyahluka (A5–A15) | 10% (kwehlisiwe) |
| Imikhiqizo Yensimbi Nensimbi | I-5-15% | 0% * | 20% |
| Amakhemikhali Aphilayo | I-0-5% | 0% * | 20% |
| * Amanani e-FTA angu-0% emikhiqizweni yesigaba se-A0 ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sokuhweba Okukhululekile saseShayina neSerbia (kusukela ngoJulayi 1, 2024). Hlola njalo amashejuli asemthethweni entela ye-Serbian Customs. | |||
Ithebula 2: Amanani Entela Yentela Emele Izimpahla ZaseShayina Ezingena eSerbia (2025)
Ezinye izinto ezibalulekile: Okokuqala, izinga elinenzuzo elinikezwa ngaphansi kwe-FTA litholakala kuphela lapho unikeza iSitifiketi Somsuka (Uhlobo Lomsuka) esisemthethweni esikhishwe yinhlangano efanele yaseShayina - ngokuvamile i-China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) noma i-General Administration of Customs. Okwesibili, i-Serbian VAT ihlala ibalwa enanini le-CIF (Cost + Insurance + Freight) lemikhiqizo, ngisho noma kungekho ntela. Abathumeli abaningi bayamangala ukuthola ukuthi ngisho nokuthunyelwa okungenantela kusenenkokhelo ye-VAT engu-20% ekungenisweni.
Okwesithathu, ukungavumelani mayelana nokuhlelwa kwentengo akuvamile. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abahloli bamasiko baseSerbia bangase bahlele kabusha izinto uma ikhodi ye-HS emenyezelwe ingahambisani nokuhlolwa ngokomzimba. Ukuhlela kabi akuholeli nje ekubambezelekeni kodwa futhi nasekukhokheni intela kanye nezijeziso okungenzeka. Kunoma yimuphi umthwalo ngaphandle kwezimpahla ezivamile ezinenani eliphansi, kunconywa kakhulu ukusebenza nomthengisi wamasiko onelayisensi eSerbia.
Amadokhumenti Adingekayo Wokusulwa Kwempahla
Amasiko aseSerbia anesethi eqondile yamadokhumenti adingekayo ekungenisweni ngakunye kwezentengiselwano. Ukukuthola kahle lokhu ngaphambi kokuba ukuthunyelwa kwakho kusuke eShayina kulula kakhulu kunokushesha ngemva kokuba isitsha sibekwe emngceleni ukuze sibuyekezwe. Nasi uhlu oluphelele lwakho konke okudingayo:
| Idokhumenti | Yekuchumana | Kuyadingeka? |
| I-invoyisi yezentengiso | I-invoyisi ebhalwe phansi ekhombisa intengo yeyunithi, inani eliphelele, ikhodi ye-HS, izwe lendabuko | okugunyaziwe |
| Uhlu lokupakisha | Isisindo, ubukhulu, inani lamaphakheji, okuqukethwe ngebhokisi ngalinye | okugunyaziwe |
| I-Bill of Lading / AWB | Ulwandle i-B/L (impahla yasolwandlenoma i-Air Waybill (umthwalo wezindiza) | okugunyaziwe |
| Isitifiketi Somsuka | Kuyadingeka ukufaka isicelo samanani akhethekile e-FTA ngaphansi kwe-FTA yaseShayina-Serbia | Ngezinzuzo ze-FTA |
| Isimemezelo Sokungenisa (i-JCI) | Jedinstvena Carinska Isprava – Unique Customs Document yaseSerbia | okugunyaziwe |
| Isitifiketi sokuhlanza umzimba/sokuvalelwa. | Kuyadingeka ekudleni, ezitshalweni, emikhiqizweni yezilwane | Ngokuqondene nomkhiqizo |
| Ilayisensi Yokungenisa | Kuyadingeka ezimpahleni ezithile ezilawulwayo noma ezinqunyelwe | Ngokuqondene nomkhiqizo |
| Amadokhumenti Obuchwepheshe/Okuhambisanayo | Ukumaka kokuhambisana kweSerbia (3A) kwemikhiqizo yezimboni elawulwayo | Ngokuqondene nomkhiqizo |
Ithebula 3: Izidingo Zemibhalo Yokungenisa Izimpahla ESerbia Zisuka EShayina
I-Jedinstvena Carinska Isprava (JCI) — Idokhumenti Yezintela Eziyingqayizivele yaseSerbia — ifomu lokumemezela eliyinhloko lapho zonke izinqubo zokungenisa ziqhutshwa khona. Empeleni, lokhu kufakwa ngogesi ngohlelo lwe-IT lwezintela lwaseSerbia, kungaba ngumthengisi wezintela onelayisensi noma umthengisi ogunyaziwe onenombolo yokubhalisa elingana ne-EORI. Abahlinzeki baseShayina abafaki le dokhumenti; kungumthwalo wemfanelo womngenisi waseSerbia noma i-ejenti yakhe.
Idokhumenti eyodwa abathumeli bezimpahla baseShayina abavame ukuyikhohlwa yiSitifiketi Sokuqala. Ukuze uzuze ngesilinganiso sokukhetha se-FTA, iSitifiketi Sokuqala kumele sikhishwe ngefomethi ethile eqashelwa ngaphansi kwephrothokholi ye-FTA yaseShayina-Serbia. Isitifiketi se-CCPIT esijwayelekile singase singanele - hlola nomthumeli wakho wempahla noma umeluleki wokuthobela imithetho yokuhweba ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo oluthile lwemvelaphi oludingekayo ezimpahleni zakho nasendaweni oya kuyo.
Ngokudla, imikhiqizo yezolimo, nanoma yini etholakala ezilwaneni noma ezitshalweni, kudingeka isitifiketi sokuhlanza izitshalo noma sezilwane, futhi izimpahla zizohlolwa yizikhungo zaseSerbia zokuzihlukanisa ngaphansi koMnyango Wezolimo. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungangeza izinsuku eziningana esikhathini sokukhishwa kwezimpahla, ngakho-ke yakha lokhu ekuhleleni kwakho kwesikhathi sokukhishwa kwezimpahla.
Izidingo Zokulebula Nokumaka
Nakuba iSerbia ingakabi yilungu le-EU, imithetho yayo yokulebula ifana kakhulu nezindinganiso ze-EU. Lokhu empeleni kuwusizo kubathumeli bamazwe baseShayina asebevele bekhiqiza ukupakisha okuhambisana ne-EU - iningi lakhona lizogcwalisa nemithetho yaseSerbia - kodwa kunezinye izindlela ezithile zaseSerbia okufanele zishiwo.
Zonke izimpahla ezingenisiwe kufanele zibonise igama lomkhiqizo, ikheli lomkhiqizi noma umngenisi kanye nezwe lendabuko. Isisindo noma ivolumu ehlanzekile, izithako (zezimpahla zokudla), iziqondiso zokugcina kanye nalo lonke ulwazi lokuphepha kanye newaranti kumele kudalulwe. Inqubo ebalulekile yeSerbia ukuthi lonke ulwazi olukumalebula kumele lube ngolimi lwesiSerbia ngaphambi kokuba kufezwe ukuvunyelwa kwamasiko. Lokho kusho ukuthi abathumeli baseShayina kumele balungiselele ukupakisha okubili ngombhalo wesiSerbia, noma umngenisi waseSerbia kumele anamathisele amalebula ngesiSerbia ngaphambi kokuba izimpahla zikhishwe amasiko.
Incwadi Yemithetho Yesimemezelo, Ukubhala Amalebula Nokukhangisa Kokudla (i-RS Official Gazette No. 19/17 kanye no-16/18) idinga amathebula aphelele okunomsoco kanye nayo yonke imininingwane yokudla ngesiSerbia yemikhiqizo yokudla. Kuze kube yilapho inqubo yokungena kwe-EU isiqediwe, iSerbia izobeka uphawu lwayo lokuhambisana - uphawu lwe-3A - emikhiqizweni yezimboni embozwe yiziqondiso zobuchwepheshe ze-EU. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinto zikagesi, imishini namathoyizi. Isizathu esivamile sokulinda ukuthunyelwa ukungabi namadokhumenti okuhambisana afanele endaweni.
Amaphuzu Okungena: Lapho Izimpahla Zakho Ziwela Khona Umngcele
Njengoba iyizwe elivaliwe, yonke imithwalo yemikhumbi evela eShayina kufanele ifike echwebeni lezwe lesithathu kuqala bese idlulela eSerbia. Lo mzila wemikhumbi eminingi ubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezindleko kanye nokuhlela amasiko.
Indlela evame kakhulu yokuthutha izimpahla zasolwandle ze-FCL kanye ne-LCL ezivela eShayina idlula ePort of Koper (Slovenia), ePort of Rijeka (Croatia) noma ePort of Bar (Montenegro), lapho izimpahla zithuthwa khona ziye eSerbia ngomgwaqo noma ngesitimela. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izitsha zingathunyelwa emachwebeni amakhulu aseNyakatho Yurophu njengeHamburg noma iRotterdam bese zithuthwa empumalanga ngomgwaqo noma ngesitimela. Izindawo ezinconywayo zokungena endaweni yamasiko yaseSerbia yilezi:
| Indawo yokungena | Uhlobo | Mode | Amanothi Ayisihluthulelo |
| I-Belgrade (i-Batajnica ICD) | Indawo yokugcina izitsha ngaphakathi ezweni | Umgwaqo/Isitimela | Isikhungo esikhulu sokungenisa impahla; izimpahla eziningi zaseShayina ziyatholakala lapha |
| I-Subotica | Ukuwela umngcele (eHungary) | Umgwaqo/Isitimela | Isango elivela e-EU; livame kakhulu izimpahla ezidlula eHungary |
| I-Horgoš | Ukuwela umngcele (eHungary) | Road | Ukungena kwamaloli amaningi kusuka emzileni we-EU |
| Sid | Ukuwela umngcele (eCroatia) | Umgwaqo/Isitimela | Umzila osentshonalanga; uxhumanisa nePort of Rijeka (Croatia) |
| Ingadi | Ukuwela umngcele (eBulgaria) | Road | Umzila waseMpumalanga; uxhuma emachwebeni oLwandle Olumnyama |
| I-Batrovci | Ukuwela umngcele (eCroatia) | Road | Indawo yokungena ye-Pan-European Corridor X |
Ithebula 4: Izindawo Ezinkulu Zokungena Kwempahla Engena eSerbia
Isikhungo esikhulu sokuhlanza impahla eningi evela eChina yiBatajnica Inland Container Depot (ICD) yaseBelgrade. Lena indawo eboshwe ngezibopho lapho amakhonteyina angahlolwa khona, ahlolwe futhi asulwe ngaphambi kokuba alethwe kumuntu wokugcina othunyiwe. Iningi elikhulu labangenisi baseSerbia abaziwayo liphuma endaweni yokuwela umngcele waseBatajnica, kunokuba lifike endaweni yokuwela umngcele, okubenza bakwazi ukuqoqa kalula amadokhumenti futhi bagweme ukuminyana ezindaweni zomngcele womhlaba.
Zonke izimpahla zomoya ezingeniswayo ukuze zithwalwe ngokushesha kanye nezindiza zicutshungulwa ngeBelgrade Nikola Tesla Airport lapho ukuvunyelwa kwentela kwenziwa khona esikhumulweni sezindiza sezimpahla. Izikhathi zokuhamba ezivela ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezinkulu zaseShayina ukuya eBelgrade zivame ukuba yizinsuku zokusebenza ezi-3-5 zezimpahla zomoya ezijwayelekile kanye nezinsuku ezi-1-2 zezinsizakalo zokuthumela izincwadi ngokushesha.
Amaphutha Avamile Awenziwa Abathumeli Bempahla BaseShayina - nokuthi Ungawagwema Kanjani
Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokuphatha izimpahla zaseShayina naseSerbia, kunezindlela ezithile zokungalungi ezivela njalo. Amaphutha abizayo kakhulu awavamile ukuhlotshaniswa nempahla uqobo kodwa kunalokho ahlobene nezinkinga zokubhala kanye nokuhlukanisa ezingaguqula ukuthutha okulula kube yiphupho elibi lamasiko.
Amakhodi e-HS angalungile noma angahambisani
Ikhodi ye-HS ebikwe ku-invoyisi yebhizinisi lakho kumele ifane nekhodi ye-HS yezimpahla ezikhona kanye nesimo sentela ohlelweni lwentela yaseSerbia. Ukungafani kuhilela ukuhlukaniswa kabusha, ukubambezeleka kanye nezijeziso mhlawumbe. Ungalokothi uphinde izinombolo ze-HS kusukela ekuthunyelweni kwangaphambilini ngaphandle kokuhlola - izikhulu zaseSerbia zilungisa amagama azo entela minyaka yonke ukuze afane nentuthuko ye-EU.
Ukwehlisa Intengo Yezimpahla Ngezinhloso Zokuthekelisa
Izintela zentela kanye ne-VAT kubalwa ngokusekelwe enanini le-CIF yi-Serbian Customs. Ngaphansi komthetho waseSerbia, ukumemezela amanani aphansi ngokukhwabanisa kuma-invoyisi ezentengiselwano, okuphakanyiswa ngezinye izikhathi njengesu lokugwema ukuvezwa kwentela, kuwukukhwabanisa kwentela futhi kungabangela ukuthathwa kwezimpahla, izinhlawulo kanye nokulahlekelwa amalungelo okungenisa. Lokhu kuyingozi engafanele ukuthathwa nezimpahla eziningi manje ngentela ye-zero ngaphansi kwe-FTA.
Isitifiketi Sokuqala Esingekho Noma Esingalungile
Ukwehluleka ukunikeza isitifiketi somsuka esifanele kuzoholela ekutheni imikhiqizo yakho ihlolwe ngamanani entela ye-MFN noma ngabe ibingafanelekela ukuphathwa okukhethekile kwe-FTA. Lokhu kuyiphutha elibizayo njengoba izinga le-MFN lezigaba eziningana lingu-10-30% uma kuqhathaniswa no-0% ngaphansi kwe-FTA. Ngaphambi kokulayisha, qiniseka ukuthi isitifiketi sakho somsuka sikhishwe ngefomethi efanele futhi simboza izimpahla ezithile ekuthunyelweni.
Ukungazinaki Izidingo Zokubhala Amalebula Olimi LwesiSerbia
Abathumeli baseSerbia bangabhekana nezinkinga ngokufakwa kwamalebula esiNgisi kuphela noma ngesiShayina kuphela ezintweni ezithunyelwa ngabaphakeli baseShayina abafuna abathumeli babhekane nalokhu. Uma izinkambu ezifanele ezimpahleni zingamakiwe ngesiSerbia, izimpahla zizogcinwa emasimini alinde ukufakwa kwamalebula kabusha. Lokhu kwandisa ukuvunyelwa ngezinsuku futhi kuvame ukuhilela izindleko zokugcina impahla eboshiwe. - Ukuthobela ukufakwa kwamalebula ekheli emafektri, hhayi emngceleni.
Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kwe-Topway Okukwenza Kalula Ngayo Ukuthunyelwa Kwezinto eSerbia
Ukubhekana nesimo samasiko saseSerbia, ikakhulukazi ngobunzima obengeziwe be-FTA entsha, izinguquko zentela yonyaka kanye nemithethonqubo yomzila wezindlela eziningi kunzima kakhulu ngaphandle kokusekelwa kochwepheshe bezokuthutha ohlangothini lwaseShayina. Yilapho i-Topway Shipping ingena khona.
Yasungulwa ngo-2010 futhi iseShenzhen, iTopway Shipping iyinkampani edumile yobungcweti yezohwebo lwe-e-commerce kanye neyokuthutha impahla yamazwe ngamazwe. Ithimba elisungule linolwazi olusebenzayo lweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 kwezokuthutha kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokususwa kwezimpahla, kanye nekhono elikhulu ekuphatheni ingxenye yokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla eyinkimbinkimbi evela eShayina emazweni amaningi.
I-Topway inikeza izinsizakalo ezigcwele zochungechunge lwezokuthutha okuhlanganisa ukuthuthwa kokuqala kusuka ekukhiqizeni kuya echwebeni lokuthumela ngaphandle laseShayina, nakwamanye amazwe kugcinwa (kufaka phakathi ukuhlanganiswa kokuthunyelwa kwe-LCL), ukuhlanganiswa kokukhishwa kwezimpahla zamasiko kanye nokuphathwa kokulethwa kwempahla okuhamba ibanga elide. Izinsizakalo ze-Topway zokuthutha ulwandle eziguquguqukayo ze-full-container-load (FCL) kanye ne-less-than-container-load (LCL) ezivela eShayina kuya emachwebeni amakhulu omhlaba wonke ziyisisombululo esifanele sokwakheka kwevolumu kanye nezindleko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwesitsha se-FCL ngqo kumthengisi waseSerbia noma imithwalo ehlanganisiwe ye-LCL ngamachweba aseYurophu.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, ithimba le-Topway liyaqonda izidingo zemibhalo ezenza noma eziphula imvume yamasiko ezimakethe ezifana neSerbia. Abaxhumanisi babo bezokuthutha bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ama-invoyisi akho ezentengiselwano, uhlu lokupakisha kanye nezitifiketi zomsuka zilungiselelwe kahle ukuphathwa okukhethekile kwe-FTA - ukugwema ukuvezwa kwentengo ye-MFN ebizayo ebamba abathumeli abangenalwazi bengalindele. Kwabathumeli bangaphandle baseShayina abafuna ukuqala noma ukukhulisa indawo yabo emakethe yaseSerbia, akuyona into yokunethezeka ukusebenza nomhlinzeki wezokuthutha owazi uhlangothi lokuthumela ngaphandle lwaseShayina kanye nezidingo zamasiko ezimakethe eziseduze. Kuyisidingo sokuncintisana.
Uhlu Lokuhlola Olusebenzayo Ngaphambi Kokuthunyelwa Kwakho Kokuqala eSerbia
Dlula kulezi zigaba ezibalulekile ngaphambi kokuqedela ukuthunyelwa eSerbia. Okokuqala, qiniseka ukuthi unekhodi ye-HS efanele yezimpahla zakho enezinombolo eziyi-10, ngokusho kwe-Serbian Customs Tariff Nomenclature (ebuyekezwa minyaka yonke futhi ivumelaniswe ne-EU Combined Nomenclature). Okwesibili, qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wakho umbozwe ngaphansi kwesigaba se-A0, A5, A10 noma i-A15 FTA nokuthi isitifiketi somsuka siyadingeka yini ukuze uthole intengo oyithandayo.
Okwesithathu, hlola ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini izinyathelo ezingezona ezentela ezikhona esigabeni somkhiqizo wakho (isb. amalayisense okungenisa, izitifiketi ze-phytosanitary noma imigomo yokuhambisana nobuchwepheshe baseSerbia (uphawu lwe-3A)) bese uqala leyo nqubo ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze iqedwe ngaphambi kokuba ufune ukuthumela. Okwesine, hlola nekhasimende lakho laseSerbia ukuthi linenombolo yokubhalisa elingana ne-EORI futhi lihlele ukuthi umthengisi wezimpahla afake i-JCI. Abathumeli baseShayina abafaki izimemezelo zezimpahla zaseSerbia, ngumsebenzi wabathumeli kodwa ukuxhumanisa amadokhumenti kungokwakho.
5. Konke ukulebula kumele kufake okuqukethwe kolimi lwesiSerbia ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zesigaba somkhiqizo. Setha lokhu ezingeni lesitshalo ukuze ugweme ukubambezeleka kwemingcele. Okokugcina, khetha umzila wezimpahla ocabangela isimo saseSerbia esivaliwe - ngeKoper, Rijeka noma iBar - futhi ufake isikhathi sokuhamba usuka echwebeni uye esikhungweni sokususa impahla saseBelgrade lapho uhambisa isikhathi sokulethwa kumthengi wakho waseSerbia.
Isiphetho
ISerbia isibe ngenye yezindawo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kubathumeli bamazwe baseShayina emgwaqeni waseYurophu. Isizathu sokuhweba sisobala, nge-USD 5.55 billion yokungenisa impahla evela eShayina ngo-2024 kanye nesivumelwano sokuhweba samahhala esisanda kusungulwa esiqeda izintela eziningi zezimpahla. Kodwa isimo sentela asilula, inhlanganisela yezinqubo ezivumelaniswe ne-EU kanye nomthetho othize weSerbia, ukulebula ulimi lwesiSerbia okuphoqelelwe, ubunzima bomzila wezindlela eziningi kanye nezidingo zemibhalo ezihlukile ngesigaba somkhiqizo.
Abathumeli bangaphandle kanye nabahlinzeki bezokuthutha abaphumelelayo kule makethe yilabo abahlela kusenesikhathi, bahlukanise kahle, baqophe kahle futhi basebenzisane nochwepheshe bezimpahla abanolwazi. I-FTA yaseShayina-Serbia isivele ishintshe ezomnotho wemfanelo ukuze isekele abathumeli bangaphandle baseShayina - isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zakho zokuthutha kanye nokuthobela imithetho ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwanele ukuze zisebenzise lelo thuba ngempela.
Uma uzimisele ngokuthunyelwa eSerbia, manje sekuyisikhathi sokuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho lwezentela – ngaphambi kokuba isitsha sokuqala sisuke eShenzhen, eGuangzhou noma eShanghai.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Q: Ingabe i-FTA yaseShayina-Serbia isebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kuzo zonke izimpahla zaseShayina?
A: Cha. Ukuze ufanelekele amazinga entela anenzuzo e-FTA, kufanele unikeze isitifiketi semvelaphi esisebenzayo ngefomethi echazwe yi-FTA. Ngaphandle kwayo, izinto zingaphansi kwamazinga e-MFN, okungaba phezulu kakhulu ezigabeni ezithile.
Q: Lingakanani izinga le-VAT ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe eSerbia?
A: Izinga elijwayelekile le-VAT lingu-20%. Ezinye izigaba, okuhlanganisa nokudla nemithi, zingaphansi kwezinga eliphansi lika-10%. I-VAT ibalwa ngenani le-CIF lemikhiqizo (okuhlanganisa izinto nomshuwalense womngcele neSerbia).
Umbuzo: Ingabe iSerbia iyilungu le-EU? Ingabe umthetho wentela ye-EU uyasebenza?
A: ISerbia ayilona ilungu le-EU, kodwa ingumuntu omele ukungena kwi-EU. Inesimiso sayo sokuphathwa kwentela kanye nesimiso sentela esizimele ngokomthetho kodwa esihambisana kakhulu ne-EU Combined Nomenclature.
Q: Iyini i-Jedinstvena Carinska Isprava (JCI)?
A: I-JCI iyidokhumenti ye-Customs eyingqayizivele yaseSerbia – ifomu lesimemezelo eliyisisekelo lazo zonke izinqubo zokungenisa kwezentengiselwano. Ifakwa nge-elekthronikhi ngumthengisi wezimpahla waseSerbia noma umthengisi wezimpahla ofanelekayo, hhayi ngumthengisi waseShayina.
Q: Kuvame ukuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuvunyelwa kwentela eSerbia?
A: Ngomthwalo obhalwe kahle, okusho ukuthi amadokhumenti aqediwe, ungalindela ukuthi ukuvunyelwa kwempahla okuvamile kuzoqedwa ezinsukwini ezingu-1-3 zebhizinisi eBatajnica ICD eBelgrade. Ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba, ukuhlukaniswa kabusha noma izitifiketi ezengeziwe ezidingekayo ekuthunyelweni kungathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu.
U: Ngingayisebenzisa yini isitifiketi semvelaphi ye-CCPIT esijwayelekile ukuze ngithole inzuzo ye-FTA?
A: Akunjalo ngempela. I-FTA idinga uhlobo oluthile lokuqinisekiswa kwemvelaphi. Qiniseka ukuthi uqinisekisa nomhlinzeki wakho wezokuthutha noma uchwepheshe wokuthobela imithetho yokuhweba ukuthi iyiphi ifomethi yeSitifiketi Sokuqala edingekayo kumkhiqizo wakho kanye nechweba oya kulo eSerbia.
