Ukuthumela Izimpahla Eziyingozi Zisuka EShayina Ziya EPortugal: Imithetho Nezidingo
Isingeniso
Ukuthumela izinto eziyingozi zisuka eShayina ziye ePortugal kungenye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu ongayenza kwezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe. Kusemngceleni wemithetho yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe yaseShayina, imithetho yasolwandle yomhlaba wonke, kanye nemigomo yokungenisa eqine kakhulu ye-European Union. Zonke lezi zigaba ezintathu zibone izinguquko ezinkulu ngo-2024 nango-2025. Uma wenza iphutha kunoma iyiphi yazo, impahla yakho ingabhajwa ePort of Sines, ungathola izaziso zesijeziso ezivela emasikweni asePortugal, noma okubi nakakhulu, impahla yakho ingathunyelwa kuwe ngezindleko zakho.
Ngomhlaka-1 Mashi 2025, uMnyango Wezokuthutha waseShayina (i-MOT) wasebenzisa uMthethonqubo wawo obuyekeziwe woKuqapha Nokuphatha Ukuphepha Kokuthwala Imikhumbi Izimpahla Eziyingozi. Le nguqulo entsha ithatha indawo yenguqulo ka-2018 futhi yengeza ezinye izidingo okufanele zimenyezelwe ngabathumeli. Isichibiyelo Sekhodi ye-IMDG ye-International Maritime Organisation 42–24, esihlanganisa amabhethri, izinombolo ezintsha ze-UN, imiyalelo yokupakisha entsha, kanye nezinye izinguquko ezingaphezu kuka-300, siba ngokuzithandela ngoJanuwari 1, 2025, futhi sizodingeka ngoJanuwari 1, 2026. IPortugal ilandela imithetho yamakhemikhali ye-EU REACH, i-General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR) eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2024, kanye nemithetho ejwayelekile yamasiko e-EU emachwebeni ayo amakhulu eziqukathi.
Le ndatshana ixoxa ngakho konke: ukuthi imikhiqizo iyingozi kangakanani, lokho iziphathimandla zaseShayina ezikudingayo ngaphambi kokuba impahla isuke echwebeni, lokho uhlaka lwe-IMDG olukudingayo olwandle, kanye nalokho okushiwo yizindinganiso zasePortugal kanye ne-EU ngokufika. Iphinde ikhulume ngezinkinga ezivame kakhulu zokuthobela imithetho kanye nendlela ukubambisana nomlingani wempahla njengeTopway Shipping okungagcina ngayo uchungechunge lwakho lokuhlinzeka luhamba ngaphandle kokubambezeleka okwengeziwe.
Yini Ebhekwa Njengento Eyingozi?
Indlela yeZizwe Ezihlangene yokuhlukanisa izimpahla eziyingozi izibeka emaqenjini ayisishiyagalolunye ngokusekelwe ekutheni ziyingozi kangakanani. Wonke umuntu ohilelekile emzileni osuka eShayina uye ePortugal, kusukela ezikhulwini zechweba laseShayina kuya emasikweni asePutukezi kuya esikhulwini sezimpahla eziyingozi somthwali emkhunjini ngokwawo, usebenzisa lolu hlobo lolimi njengolimi lwabo oluvamile.
| Class | Uhlobo Lwengozi | Izibonelo Ezijwayelekile |
| 1 | Izindiza | Iziqhumane, izinhlamvu, ubuchwepheshe be-pyrotechnics |
| 2 | Ugesi | Ama-aerosols, i-LPG, i-helium, izicishi-mlilo |
| 3 | Iziphuzo ezivuthayo | Upende, izinamathiseli, amakha, i-ethanol, i-acetone |
| 4 | Okuqinile Okuvuthayo | Umentshisi, impuphu yensimbi, izinto ezizivuselelayo |
| 5 | Ama-Oxidizer / Ama-Peroxide Emvelo | I-hydrogen peroxide, i-bleach, umanyolo othile |
| 6 | Ubuthi Nokutheleleka | Izibulala-zinambuzane, amakhemikhali aselabhorethri, imfucuza yezokwelapha |
| 7 | I-radioactive Materials | Ama-isotope ezokwelapha, ama-gauge ezimboni |
| 8 | Izinto ezibolayo | Amabhethri e-lead-acid, i-sulfuric acid, izinto zokuhlanza |
| 9 | Okuxubile | Amabhethri e-lithium, iqhwa elomile, izinto ezisebenzisa ugesi, ama-EV |
Isigaba 9 uhlobo lokuthunyelwa oluvame kakhulu kubakhiqizi be-elekthronikhi kanye nabathumeli be-e-commerce. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion kanye ne-lithium-metal anika amandla cishe wonke amadivayisi abathengi avela ezimbonini zaseShayina. I-IMDG Amendment 42-24 ingeze izinombolo ezintsha ze-UN zamabhethri e-sodium-ion kanye nezimoto ezisebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium- noma e-sodium. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi le ngxenye yemakethe ishintsha ngokushesha kangakanani. Uma umkhiqizo wakho uneseli elishajekayo lanoma yiluphi uhlobo, liphathe njengento eyingozi kusukela ngesikhathi usibhuka, hhayi njengento ecatshangelwe kamuva.
Uhlu lwe-GB 12268 lwezimpahla eziyingozi luwuhlu olusemthethweni lwaseShayina lwezimpahla eziyingozi. Lwabuyekezwa ngoMashi 2025 futhi luzothatha indawo yenguqulo ka-2012 ngo-Okthoba 1, 2025. Lezi zinguquko zenza uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kweShayina lufane kakhulu ne-UN Model Regulations Revision 23. Abathumeli kufanele bahlole izinto zabo beqhathanisa ne-GB 12268 entsha kanye nohlu lwe-IMDG Dangerous Goods ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umehluko omncane endleleni izinto ezihlukaniswa ngayo eShayina kanye nendlela ezihlukaniswa ngayo kwamanye amazwe ungase ubangele izinkinga lapho kususwa ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla eShayina ngenkambiso noma kuhlolwa ukungeniswa kwezimpahla ePortugal.
Uhlaka Lokulawula Ukuthunyelwa Kwempahla Ezweni LwaseShayina
Ngaphambi kokuba izimpahla zisuke echwebeni eShayina, kumele zihlangabezane nezidingo zeziphathimandla eziningi ezahlukene zaseShayina ezisebenzisanayo. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokwenza inqubo yokuthumela ngaphandle elandela imithetho ukwazi ukuthi ubani ophethe ini.
Umthetho Wokuphepha Kwasolwandle ka-2024 (Kusukela mhla lu-1 kuNdasa 2025)
Umthethonqubo 2024, okuwukuguqulwa kwamuva okubaluleke kakhulu ohlangothini lwaseShayina, umthetho omusha mayelana nendlela yokuqapha nokuphatha imikhumbi ethwala izimpahla eziyingozi. NgoMashi 1, 2025, wathatha indawo yohlelo lwango-2018. Isigaba 23 siwushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu kubathumeli. Ngaphezu kolwazi lohlobo, ubuningi, kanye nemvelo eyingozi olwaluvele ludingeka, abathumeli manje kumele banikeze nabathwali babo igama elisemthethweni lezinto eziyingozi kanye nezinyathelo zokuqapha eziqondile okudingeka zithathwe uma kwenzeka isigameko. Uhlu lwezinto okufanele uzimemezele selukhule kakhulu.
Umthethonqubo 2024 uphinde wenza izinsuku zokugcina zezinqubo zibe nzima kakhulu. I-Maritime Safety Administration (MSA) manje inezinsuku zebhizinisi ezinhlanu, esikhundleni seziyisikhombisa, zokunquma ngezimemezelo zezimpahla eziyingozi zemikhumbi ngezikhathi ezithile. Futhi ngokwephulwa kwemithetho okubandakanya amakhemikhali ayingozi, izinhlawulo manje zisekelwe kuMithethonqubo Yokuphathwa Kokuphepha Kwamakhemikhali Ayingozi esikhundleni somthethonqubo wezokuthutha uqobo. Lokhu kuvame ukuhilela izinhlawulo ezinkulu.
Iziphathimandla zaseShayina Nezindima Zazo
| Isiphathimandla | Indima |
| Ukuphathwa Kokuphepha Kwasolwandle (i-MSA) | Igunyaza izimemezelo ze-DG yemikhumbi; ihlola ukuthobela imithetho yechweba laseShayina |
| Ukuphathwa Okujwayelekile Kwezentela (i-GAC) | Imvume yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe; ilayisensi yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ngamakhemikhali |
| UMnyango Wezokuthutha (i-MOT) | Ikhipha futhi ilungisa imithetho yezokuthutha, okuhlanganisa noMthethonqubo ka-2024 |
| Ukuphathwa Kwezindiza ZaseChina (CAAC) | Iyabusa umthwalo wezindiza I-DG ngaphansi kwe-CCAR-276-R2, iqala ukusebenza ngoJulayi 2024 |
| I-SAMR / AQSIQ | Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nesitifiketi |
Umbiko Wokuhlola Isimo Sokuthutha Izimpahla Eziyingozi
Lona umbhalo ongowaseShayina kuphela, futhi abaningi abathumela kwamanye amazwe okokuqala abawutholi kuze kube yilapho inkampani noma i-terminal ingayithathi imithwalo yabo. Umbiko Wokuhlola, ovela ezinhlanganweni zokuhlola eziqinisekisiwe njenge-CCIC noma i-SGS China, uqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi izimpahla zakho ziyahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha kwezokuthutha futhi uqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-UN kanye ne-Proper Shipping Name (PSN). Ngaphandle kwawo, izinkampani zezindiza zaseShayina kanye nezindawo eziningi ezinkulu ze-port ngeke zithumele izimpahla eziyingozi. Ukucubungula kuvame ukuthatha izinsuku ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi zebhizinisi ngemuva kokuthunyelwa kwesampula, ngakho-ke udinga ukuyi-oda kusenesikhathi ngaphambi kokuqasha umkhumbi.
Uhlaka Lomhlaba Wonke Lwezolwandle: Ikhodi ye-IMDG
Ikhodi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezimpahla Eziyingozi Zasolwandle (i-IMDG) ingumthetho womkhumbi olwandle uma impahla isuka echwebeni laseShayina. Iyadingeka ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Sokuphepha Kokuphila Olwandle (i-SOLAS) futhi isebenza kuyo yonke imikhumbi yezohwebo, eyakha ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-99 emikhumbi yezohwebo emhlabeni ngenani elikhulu lamathani.
Inguqulo ebalulekile njengamanje yi-Amendment 42-24. Yayitholakala ukuze yamukelwe ngokuzithandela ngoJanuwari 1, 2025, futhi izoba yiyo kuphela indinganiso ephoqelekile ngoJanuwari 1, 2026. Ngaleso sikhathi, uhlelo luka-2022 ngeke lusafanelekela ukuhambisana nemithetho. Lesi sichibiyelo senza izinguquko ezingaphezu kuka-300, njengezichibiyelo ezingaphezu kuka-60 ku-Dangerous Goods List, izinombolo ezintsha ezingu-11 ze-UN (isibonelo, zamabhethri e-sodium-ion nezimoto ezisebenzisa amabhethri), izibuyekezo ezingaphezu kuka-50 emiyalweni yokupakisha, kanye nemithetho emisha yokulebula amakhemikhali enza intuthu. Uma umthumeli efuna ukuthumela imithwalo ngoJanuwari 2026 noma kamuva, kufanele alandele imithetho eku-Amendment 42-24 njengamanje ukuze agweme ukushesha ngomzuzu wokugcina.
Ikhodi ye-IMDG ikutshela nokuthi ungazigcina kanjani izinto futhi uzigcine zahlukene. Izinto eziqinile ezivuthayo akufanele zithintane nezincibilikisi. Akufanele ugcine izinto ezibolayo eduze kwezinto eziyingozi. Isichibiyelo 42-24 sifaka ikhodi entsha yokubeka, i-SW31, ethi amanye amakhemikhali akhipha igesi eyingozi uma emanzi kumele ahlale kude nemithombo yomlilo emkhunjini. Abahloli bokulawula izifundazwe zasePort emachwebeni asePortugal banelungelo lokugibela imikhumbi futhi bahlole ukuthi le mithetho iyalandelwa. Uma isitsha singahambisani, singahlukaniswa, sisuswe emkhunjini, noma sibuyiselwe endaweni yaso yokuqala.
Imibhalo: Uhlu Lokuhlola Oluphelele
Esikhathini esiningi, ukuthunyelwa kwezinto eziyingozi kuyahluleka ngenxa yamaphepha. Akwanele ukuba namafomu afanele; kudingeka futhi agcwaliswe ngendlela efanele, njalo, nangendlela ehambisanayo. Amasiko asePortugal kanye nokulawulwa kombuso wechweba kuhlola amadokhumenti ngendlela ehlelekile. Uma kukhona ngisho nomehluko owodwa phakathi kwencazelo ye-invoyisi yezentengiselwano kanye nesimemezelo sezimpahla eziyingozi, impahla ingase imiswe ngokushesha.
| Idokhumenti | Okuhlanganisayo | Ubani Oyilungiselelayo |
| I-Dangerous Goods Declaration (DGD) | Inombolo ye-UN, i-PSN, ikilasi lezingozi, iqembu lokupakisha, inani | Umthumeli / Umdluliseli |
| Ishidi Ledatha Lokuphepha Kwezinto Ezibalulekile (SDS/MSDS) | Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, izingozi, impendulo ephuthumayo; kumele ihambisane ne-GHS; inguqulo yesiNgisi iyimpoqo | Umkhiqizi |
| Umbiko Wokuhlolwa Kwesimo Sokuhamba se-DG | Okuqondene neShayina: kuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha kwezokuthutha ze-DG | I-CCIC, i-SGS China, noma ilabhorethri egunyaziwe |
| I-invoyisi yezentengiso | Kumelwe kufane nezincazelo zomkhiqizo wesimemezelo se-DG ngqo | Ngaphandle |
| Uhlu lokupakisha | Ikhomba ukuthi yimaphi amaphakheji aqukethe i-DG; ibhekisela kuzinombolo ze-DGD | Ngaphandle |
| UMthethosivivinywa Wokulayisha (B / L) | Kumelwe kufake phakathi umbhalo we-DG, amakhodi okuphatha, kanye nereferensi ye-DGD | Isithwali / Umdluliseli |
| Isitifiketi Sokupakisha Izitsha | Iqinisekisa ukuthi i-DG ilayishwe kahle futhi ivikelwe esitsheni | Umpakishi/Umdluliseli |
| Isimemezelo se-Port DG (MSA) | Kuthunyelwe kwi-MSA yendawo ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi ulayishwe echwebeni laseShayina | Umenzeli Wokuthumela |
| Izimvume Zokungenisa/Ukuthumela Ngaphandle | Kuyadingeka kumakhemikhali athile alawulwayo noma izinto ezilawulwayo | Amasiko aseShayina / isiPutukezi AT |
Isahluko 5.4 seKhodi ye-IMDG sithi iSimemezelo Sezimpahla Eziyingozi kanye neSitifiketi Sokupakisha Izitsha kungafakwa kwiFomu elilodwa Lezimpahla Eziyingozi Ezinezimo Eziningi. Lena enye indlela ewusizo enciphisa inani lamadokhumenti kanye nethuba lamaphutha phakathi kwalokhu okubili. IFomu le-DG Lezimo Eziningi yifomethi elindelwe kakhulu yizinkampani eziningi ezithwala impahla zasolwandle.
I-SDS idinga ukubhekisiswa kahle. Abakhiqizi baseShayina kumele benze izinguqulo ezihlangabezana nezidingo ze-Globally Harmonised System (GHS) kanye ne-GB/T yomdabu. Ukuze kuthunyelwe kwamanye amazwe, kudingeka inguqulo yesiNgisi. Amasiko asePutukezi ngeke ayamukele i-SDS ebhekisela nje ezindinganisweni zezwe laseShayina futhi engenaso isakhiwo sesigaba se-GHS esifanele, amagama esignali, ingozi kanye nezitatimende zokuqapha. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi izinto kuzodingeka ziphinde zibhalwe phansi echwebeni, okungabiza imali eningi.
Izidingo zokupakishwa nokulebula
Zonke izimpahla eziyingozi ezithunyelwa ngolwandle kumele zibe semaphaketheni aqinisekiswe yi-UN. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-container ahlolwe ngumuntu wesithathu futhi aphawulwe ngekhodi ye-UN ekhombisa ukuthi ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokusebenza zeqembu lokupakisha kanye nesigaba sengozi abakuso. Abahloli bangabona ngokushesha ukuthi i-package ivunyelwe yini umuthi ngaphakathi ngokubheka ikhodi ekuyo. Esinye sezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokuthi imithwalo ibuyiselwe emuva ezindaweni zokulayisha zaseShayina ukuthi i-package ayinazo izimpawu ezifanele ze-UN noma ayizitholi nhlobo.
Amaqembu okupakisha abeka izinga lengozi: Iqembu I lingengozi ephezulu, Iqembu II lingengozi ephakathi, kanti Iqembu III lingengozi ephakathi. Ukupakisha kumele kulinganiswe eqenjini elifanele. Isibonelo, i-Grostive Group I idinga ukugcinwa okunamandla kakhulu kunento ehlukahlukene yeQembu III. Lo mehluko ubaluleke kakhulu ekuthunyelweni kwamakhemikhali, lapho isabelo seqembu lokupakisha singacaci ngaso sonke isikhathi encazelweni yomkhiqizo kuphela.
Amalebula angaphandle kwephakheji kumele ahlangabezane nezindinganiso ze-IMDG futhi kube lula ukuwabona kusukela okungenani ohlangothini olulodwa phakathi nohambo lonke. Amalebula ekilasi lezingozi elibunjwe njengedayimane atshela abaphathi, abasebenzi bemikhumbi, kanye nabaphenduli bezimo eziphuthumayo ukuthi babhekene nohlobo luni lwengozi. Uma kukhona okubi emvelweni, kudinga ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Marine Pollutant. Isichibiyelo 42-24 senze kwaba nesidingo sokuthi izinto ezenza umusi ube namalebula ezingozi zokuphefumula ezibolayo noma ezinobuthi lapho zidingeka. Amabhodi aphuzi anenombolo ye-UN kumele anamathiselwe ngaphandle kwezitsha ezinesisindo esingaphezu kuka-4,000 kg.
Izidingo Zokungenisa EPortugal kanye Ne-EU
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezintela kanye Nokubalwa Kwentela
Njengelungu eligcwele le-EU, iPortugal kufanele ilandele amazinga entela angaphandle avamile e-EU ezimpahla ezivela eShayina, asekelwe ekuhlukanisweni kwekhodi ye-HS. Ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, abathumeli ngaphandle kufanele bahlole amakhodi abo e-HS kusizindalwazi se-EU TARIC. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi intela yokulwa nokulahla impahla isebenza ezinhlotsheni eziningi zemikhiqizo yaseShayina futhi ingathinta kakhulu izindleko zokufika. IPortugal isebenzisa uhlelo lwe-CIF (Izindleko, Umshwalense, Ukuthutha) ukuthola ukuthi kufanele ikhokhiswe malini intela yempahla. Isisekelo sentela sihlanganisa inani lemikhiqizo, izindleko zokuthunyelwa, kanye nezindleko zomshuwalense kuze kufike emngceleni wasePortugal. Abathumeli bavame ukusebenzisa intela eyengeziwe ye-DG ekuthunyelweni kwezimpahla eziyingozi. Lokhu kuphakamisa inani le-CIF, eliphinde liphakamise intela yempahla kanye ne-VAT okumele ikhokhwe lapho imikhiqizo ifika. Abathumeli abasebenzisa amanani e-FOB ukuthola izindleko zokufika bazohlala bethatha kancane ukuthi bakweleta malini intela.
I-REACH kanye noMthethonqubo Ojwayelekile Wokuphepha Komkhiqizo
Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamakhemikhali okufika ePortugal kumele kulandele imithetho ye-REACH ye-EU. Uma uletha into engaphezu kwethani elilodwa e-EU minyaka yonke, kungadingeka ukuthi ubhalise kusengaphambili noma ubhalise ngokugcwele ne-European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Uma ungabhalisi, ungase ungakwazi ukuthengisa ikhemikhali e-EU nhlobo. Umthetho Ojwayelekile Wokuphepha Komkhiqizo (i-GPSR), owaqala ukusebenza ngokugcwele ngo-2024, uthi futhi abakhiqizi abangewona ama-EU, njengalabo abaseShayina, kumele baqambe igama lomuntu ophethe noma osebenza kwezomnotho osekelwe e-EU ngezigaba eziningi zomkhiqizo olawulwayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iningi labathumeli bamazwe baseShayina kudingeka baqashe ngokusemthethweni i-ejenti yokuthobela imithetho noma umsabalalisi ohlala ePortugal noma e-EU futhi onesibopho ngokomthetho samaphepha okuthobela imithetho yomkhiqizo kanye nemisebenzi yokuqapha imakethe.
Ichweba laseSines kanye nechweba laseLeixoes
Ichweba laseSines ogwini lwase-Atlantic ePortugal liyindawo eyinhloko yokungena kwemikhumbi evela e-Asia. Liphatha iningi lemikhumbi ejulile.impahla yasolwandle phakathi kweShayina nePortugal. Ichweba laseLeixoes, eliseduze nePorto, liphinde liphathe ithrafikhi eningi, ikakhulukazi enyakatho yePortugal neSpain. Zombili izichweba zidinga ukutshelwa kusengaphambili ngezimpahla eziyingozi lapho umkhumbi ufika, futhi zinezinqubo ezikhethekile zokuphatha i-DG. Abahloli bokulawula ichweba bangagibela imikhumbi engena echwebeni ukuze bahlole ukuthi ilandela imithetho ye-IMDG. Uma bethola izinto eziyingozi ezingabikwanga noma ezingabhalwanga kahle, zingahlukaniswa, ziphoqwe ukuthi zilungise inkinga, noma zibuyiselwe endaweni yazo yokuqala, nazo zonke izindleko ezithwalwa umngenisi.
Ukwehluleka Okuvamile Kokuthobela Imithetho - kanye Nendlela Yokukugwema
Izinhlobo ezifanayo zamaphutha ziyaqhubeka zenzeka endleleni esuka eShayina iye ePortugal. Into elimaza kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi imibhalo emidala isebenza eqenjini elisha lemikhiqizo noma umklamo womkhiqizo oshintshiwe. Umthethonqubo we-EU uthi umkhiqizo ngamunye kumele ube nokuhlolwa kwawo kokuhambisana. Ukuqokwa kwe-DG okuvela kumodeli wangaphambilini akudluliseli kumklamo oqukethe umthamo webhethri oshintshiwe noma ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali.
Ukungahambisani kahle kwamadokhumenti kubiza okufanayo. Izinhlelo zamasiko ziphawula ngokushesha ukuthunyelwa lapho i-invoyisi yezentengiselwano ithi “i-cleaning compound” kanti i-DGD ithi “uketshezi oluqothulayo, i-acidic, i-inorganic, i-nos, i-UN1760, i-Class 8, i-Packing Group II.” Nakuba idokhumenti ngayinye inenhloso ehlukile yomthetho, kumele bobabili bavumelane ngokuthi umkhiqizo ungubani. Kulula ukulungisa: uma uthumela amaphepha akho okuthumela, wabheke wonke ndawonye njengeqembu, hhayi elilodwa ngesikhathi.
Ukuthunyelwa kwamabhethri e-lithium kubangela izinkinga eziningi zokuthobela imithetho kunezinye izimpahla. Abantu bavame ukungaqondi umehluko phakathi kwamabhethri “aqukethwe emishinini” (UN3481), amabhethri “agcwele imishini” (UN3481, kodwa anezidingo zokupakisha ezihlukile), namabhethri azimele (UN3480). Ngayinye inemingcele ehlukile kumahora e-watt, inani lezinto ezingangena ebhokisini, inani lokushaja elidingekayo, kanye nemithetho yokuthi zipakishwe kanjani. Kusukela ngo-2024, izinkampani zenethiwekhi bezilokhu zenza ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kwempahla ye-DG evela eShayina ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe. Uma ukuthunyelwa kwebhethri kungahlangabezani nezidingo, inkampani yenethiwekhi izoyenqaba esigabeni sokubhuka.
Okokugcina, abathumeli abaningi abacabangi ngokwanele ngokuthi kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthola uMbiko Wokuhlolwa Kwesimo Sokuthutha se-DG. Uma ubhukha umkhumbi ngaphambi kokuthola lo mbiko, umthwalo uzobe usukulungele ukuthunyelwa, kodwa isikhumulo sechweba laseShayina ngeke siwuthathe. Kulesi sigaba sodwa, kufanele wengeze okungenani izinsuku eziyishumi zokusebenza ohlelweni lwakho lwangaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
Ukusebenza ne-Topway Shipping
Amalungiselelo esikhashana awayona indlela enhle yokulandela imithetho emithathu ehambisanayo: umthetho wokuthumela kwamanye amazwe waseShayina, imigomo ye-IMDG yolwandle, kanye nemikhawulo yokungenisa ye-EU. Idinga umlingani wezokuthutha othuthe izimpahla eziyingozi kulo lonke uchungechunge lwezokuthutha futhi owazi ukuthi izingozi ziphakeme kangakanani.
Kusukela ngo-2010, i-Topway Shipping ibilokhu iyinkampani yobuchwepheshe yezokuthutha nge-e-commerce eseShenzhen. Ithimba elisungule lineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 yesipiliyoni sangempela ekususweni kwezimpahla zangaphandle kanye nezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe. I-Topway yaziwa ngokuthumela izimpahla zisuka eShayina ziye e-US, kodwa futhi ingaphatha ukuthunyelwa okuvela emachwebeni amakhulu emhlabeni wonke okuhlanganisa i-Port of Sines ne-Port of Leixoes yasePortugal. Le nkampani iphatha zonke izinyathelo, kusukela ekutholeni izimpahla ezivela esitshalweni ziye echwebeni lokusuka, ukuzigcina kwamanye amazwe, ukuhlanza izimpahla zangaphandle eShayina kanye nezwe eliya kulo, bese ekugcineni iziletha kumuntu wokugcina othumela impahla.
I-Topway inikeza izinsizakalo zokuthutha ulwandle ze-FCL (umthwalo ogcwele wesikhonteyina) kanye ne-LCL (umthwalo ongaphansi kwesitsha) wezimpahla eziyingozi. Ithimba liphethe ukuhlanganisa amaphepha adingwa yizimpahla ze-DG. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenza nezinhlangano zokuhlola zaseShayina eziqinisekisiwe ukuthola uMbiko Wokuhlolwa Kwesimo Sokuthutha, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi Izimemezelo Zezimpahla Eziyingozi ziyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-IMDG, ukuhlola ukuthi amadokhumenti e-SDS ayahlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-GHS, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaphepha okuthumela ayahambisana ngaphambi kokuba noma yini ifike esangweni lechweba. Le ndlela ehlanganisiwe isusa ingozi yokuthi kufanele uxhumane nomthengisi wezimpahla, umeluleki wokuthobela imithetho, kanye nomthengisi wezimpahla ophethe izingxenye ezahlukene zenqubo. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu abathengisi be-e-commerce noma abakhiqizi abasha ezigabeni zemikhiqizo ezilawulwayo njengezimonyo ezinotshwala, ama-electronics abathengi anamaseli e-lithium, noma amakhemikhali ezimboni.
Umthethonqubo waseShayina ka-2024 kanye noMthethosivivinywa we-IMDG 42-24 womabili ashintsha amazinga okuthobela imithetho ngesikhathi esisodwa, okwenza lesi sikhathi sibe nzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi iTopway iyazi kahle zombili lezi zinhlaka, amakhasimende akudingeki abhekane nezinguquko ezimbili zomthetho ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kosizo lochwepheshe.
Uhlu Lokuhlola Lokuthobela Imithetho Ngaphambi Kokuthunyelwa
Ngaphambi kokuba ubhukhe umkhumbi ozothumela izinto eziyingozi ezivela eShayina ziye ePortugal, qiniseka ukuthi ulandela zonke izinyathelo ezingezansi. Isizathu esivame kakhulu sokubambezeleka kwechweba kanye nezinhlawulo kulo mzila wokuhweba ukungatholi ngisho neyodwa into.
| # | Kudingeka Isenzo | Iqembu Elibhekele |
| 1 | Qinisekisa inombolo ye-UN, i-PSN, kanye nesigaba sengozi ngokumelene ne-GB 12268 (inguqulo ka-2025, eqala ukusebenza ngo-Okthoba 2025) kanye nohlu lwezimpahla eziyingozi lwe-IMDG | Umthumeli / Umkhiqizi |
| 2 | Thumela umbiko wokuhlolwa kwesimo sokuhamba se-DG ovela enhlanganweni yokuhlola yaseShayina egunyaziwe - vumela okungenani izinsuku eziyi-10 zokusebenza | Umthumeli / Umdluliseli |
| 3 | Lungiselela i-SDS yezilimi ezimbili (i-GB/T yesiShayina + i-GHS yesiNgisi); qinisekisa ukuthi inguqulo yesiNgisi inamagama esignali afanele, izitatimende zengozi, kanye nezitatimende zokuqapha | Umkhiqizi |
| 4 | Qinisekisa ukuthi ukupakisha okuqinisekiswe yi-UN kukhethiwe kwesigaba sezingozi esifanele kanye neqembu lokupakisha | Umkhiqizi/Umphakeli |
| 5 | Faka amalebula engozi ye-IMDG; engeza uphawu lokungcoliswa kolwandle lapho kudingeka khona; namathisela amabhodi e-UN aphuzi uma isisindo sesitsha singaphezu kuka-4,000 kg | I-Packer |
| 6 | Isimemezelo Esiphelele Sezimpahla Eziyingozi (kanye neSitifiketi Sokupakisha Izitsha, noma Ifomu Elihlanganisiwe Le-DG Yezindlela Eziningi Zokuthutha Ngolwandle) | I-Freight Forwarder |
| 7 | Thumela iSimemezelo Sezimpahla Eziyingozi Echwebeni ku-MSA yendawo ngaphambi kokulayisha umkhumbi — impendulo ilindeleke zingakapheli izinsuku ezi-5 zokusebenza ngaphansi koMthethonqubo 2024 | Umenzeli Wokuthumela |
| 8 | Hlola ulimi lwe-invoyisi yezentengiselwano kanye nohlu lokupakisha ngokumelene ne-DGD ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izincazelo zomkhiqizo ziyahambisana | Ngaphandle |
| 9 | Qinisekisa isimo sokubhaliswa kwe-EU REACH; khetha uMuntu Onomthwalo Wemfanelo we-EU ngaphansi kwe-GPSR lapho kudingeka khona | Umngenisi Wempahla/I-ejenti Yokuthobela Imithetho |
| 10 | Thumela isaziso se-DG kusengaphambili ePort of Sines noma ePort of Leixoes ngaphambi kokufika komkhumbi, njengoba kudingeka yizinqubo zokuphatha i-port DG. | Isithwali / Umdluliseli |
Isiphetho
Ukuthumela izinto eziyingozi zisuka eShayina ziye ePortugal kudinga ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezintathu ezahlukene zomthetho ezishintshayo njengamanje. Umthethonqubo ka-2024 eShayina wenze kwaba nzima ngabathumeli ukumemezela izimpahla zabo echwebeni lokusuka kulo. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2026, i-IMDG Amendment 42-24 izoshintsha imithetho yokupakisha, ukulebula, kanye nokuhlukanisa izimpahla olwandle. Futhi izinhlaka ze-GPSR kanye ne-REACH ze-EU zenza kube nzima ngezinkampani ezingezona eze-EU ukulandela imithetho ekugcineni kwendawo eya kuyo.
Zonke lezi zinhlaka ziyadingeka, futhi azikho kuzo ezisebenza zodwa. Ukuthi nje uhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe zaseShayina akusho ukuthi uhlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-IMDG, futhi ukuthi nje uhlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-IMDG akusho ukuthi amasiko asePortugal azosula izimpahla zakho ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Abathumeli abathumela impahla abahlale behambisa impahla elawulwayo ngaphandle kwezinkinga yibo abasebenzise imali ekupakisheni okufanele, ekuhlukaniseni ngezigaba okunembile, ekubhaleni imibhalo ephelele nehambisanayo, kanye nomlingani wezokuthutha owazi ukuthi angazisingatha kanjani izinto eziyingozi kuzo zonke izigaba zochungechunge lwezokuthutha. Esimweni sokuthobela imithetho lokhu kunzima, ukulungela akuyona ukuchitha isikhathi; kuyindlela yokudlulela phambili kunomncintiswano.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
U: Ingabe imikhiqizo equkethe amabhethri e-lithium ihlala ibhekwa njengempahla eyingozi?
A: Yebo. Amabhethri e-lithium, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ahlukene, asephaketheni elinomshini, noma akhiwe kugajethi, abhekwa njengezinto eziyingozi zeSigaba 9 yiKhodi ye-IMDG. Ukucushwa ngakunye kunenombolo yayo ye-UN kanye neziqondiso zokupakisha. Uma umkhiqizo wakho uneseli le-lithium kuwo, kufanele uwuphathe njengokuthunyelwa kwe-DG kusukela ekuqaleni.
Q: Ingabe i-IMDG Amendment 42-24 isivele iyimpoqo ekuthunyelweni kwezimpahla kusuka eShayina kuya ePortugal?
A: Hhayi okwamanje, kodwa kuzoqala ngoJanuwari 1, 2026. Abathumeli bangasebenzisa noma yisiphi iSichibiyelo 41-22 noma iSichibiyelo 42-24 ngo-2025. Izinkampani kufanele ziqale ukusebenzisa i-42-24 ngokushesha esikhundleni sokulinda kuze kube yisikhathi esinqunyiwe ngoba kunezinguquko eziningi kakhulu, njengokulungiswa okungaphezu kuka-300 okuhlanganisa izinombolo ezintsha ze-UN kanye nemiyalelo emisha yokupakisha.
Q: Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthola umbiko wokuhlolwa kwesimo sezokuthutha se-DG eShayina?
A: Ngokuvamile, kuthatha izinsuku zebhizinisi ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi ngemuva kokuthumela amasampula omkhiqizo kanye nedatha yobuchwepheshe esikhungweni sokuhlola esiqashelwayo njenge-CCIC noma i-SGS China. Ungabhuki isikhala emkhunjini kuze kube yilapho lo mbiko uqinisekisiwe; isiteshi ngeke sithwale imithwalo ngaphandle kwaso.
Q: Yiliphi ichweba lasePortugal eliphatha ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla eziningi eziyingozi ezivela eShayina?
A: Ichweba laseSines ogwini lwase-Atlantic ePortugal lithola iningi lethrafikhi yama-container evela e-Asia, okuhlanganisa nezimpahla eziyingozi. Ichweba laseLeixoes, eliseduze nePorto, liyisinqumo sesibili esihle kakhulu. Bobabili badinga ukuthola izaziso ze-DG kusenesikhathi futhi balandele imithetho ethile yokuphatha izimpahla eziyingozi.
Q: Ingabe umthengisi oyedwa wezimpahla angaphatha kokubili ukuthobela imithetho yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe yaseShayina kanye nokuvunyelwa kwempahla yamasiko e-EU yokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla ze-DG?
A: Yebo, futhi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimpahleni eziyingozi. Lapho amaqembu amaningi ahlukene ephatha izigaba ezahlukene zempahla efanayo, kungenzeka ukuthi amadokhumenti angahambisani. Ukusebenzisa umhlinzeki oyedwa ohlanganisiwe njengeTopway Shipping kwezokuthutha kokuqala, amaphepha e-DG, ukususwa kwempahla kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, kanye nokulethwa kwempahla ngemayela lokugcina kususa le ngozi.
