Umthetho Omusha Webhethri we-EU: Ingabe Amabhange Akho Amandla Ayahambisana Nawo?
Amabhange kagesi angenye yezigaba ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu nezihlolisiswa kakhulu ezihamba ngezintambo zokuhlinzeka nge-e-commerce eziwela imingcele namuhla, futhi indawo ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba ishintshile. Umthethonqubo (EU) 2023/1542, owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi uMthethonqubo Webhethri we-EU, uthathe indawo ye-Battery Directive endala ngomthetho owodwa obophayo ngqo manje olawula cishe zonke izigaba zokuphila kwebhethri, kusukela ekutholeni izinto zokusetshenziswa kuya ekulebheleni, ukudalulwa kwe-carbon footprint, kanye nokuqoqwa kokuphela kokuphila. Kumabhrendi athengisa amabhange kagesi e-EU, kanye nakwabathumeli bempahla, abathengisi bentela kanye nama-3PL athutha leyo mpahla, umbuzo awusasebenzi yini umthethonqubo, kodwa ukuthi amaphepha, ukupakisha kanye nempahla enqolobaneni njengamanje kuzophumelela yini ukuhlolwa.
Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi yini eshintshile, ukuthi yini esashintshayo kuze kube ngu-2027 nangale kwalokho, nokuthi kusho ukuthini kunoma ubani othumela amabhange kagesi esuka eShayina eya e-EU. Ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kuyincwadi ebhekene nokuthutha, sigxile kakhulu ezingxenyeni zomthethonqubo ezihlangana nezokuthutha, ukususwa kwezimpahla kanye nokuphathwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi , njengoba lezi yizindawo lapho ukungalandeli imithetho kubangela ukuphazamiseka okubizayo nokubucayi kakhulu ngesikhathi: amakhonteyina abanjwe, imithwalo yendiza eyenqatshiwe , kanye nemithwalo ebuyisiwe.
1. Yimuphi Umthethonqubo (i-EU) ka-2023/1542 Owashintsha Ngempela
Umthetho Webhethri we-EU waqala ukusebenza ngomhlaka-17 Agasti 2023 futhi waqala ukusebenza kusukela ngomhlaka-18 Febhuwari 2024, unezibopho eziningi eziqala ukusebenza kuze kube ngu-2027 nangale kwalokho. Ngokungafani nomyalelo owuthatha indawo yawo, lo mthetho, okusho ukuthi usebenza ngokuqondile nangokufana kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kokuguqulwa kwezwe okwadala imithetho engahambisani ngaphansi kohlaka oludala. Kumthumeli noma umhlinzeki wezokuthutha ophatha ukuthunyelwa emazweni amaningi e-EU, lokho kuhlanganiswa empeleni kuyizindaba ezinhle: ukuthunyelwa okuhambisanayo eRotterdam kufanele kubhekane nokulindela okufanayo kwamadokhumenti njengokufika okukodwa eHamburg noma eGdansk.
Lo mthetho uhlela amabhethri ngezigaba ezinhlanu ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni okuhlosiwe: amabhethri aphathekayo, amabhethri ezindlela zokuthutha ezilula njengebhayisikili ze-e, amabhethri okuqalisa ukukhanyisa izimoto, amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi, namabhethri ezimboni kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zokugcina ezimile. Ibhange lamandla labathengi elijwayelekile lihlala ngqo esigabeni samabhethri aphathekayo, okuyisigaba esibhekene nesethi yezibopho zokuqala nezibhekene kakhulu nabathengi, yize izihloko ezinkulu zivame ukuya ezidingweni zepasipoti ze-EV kanye nebhethri lezimboni.
Okwenza lo mthethonqubo uhluke ekubuyekezweni okulula kwemithetho yokumaka i-CE ububanzi bawo. Ufinyelela ekuhlolisisweni okufanele kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, ukumenyezelwa kwe-carbon footprint, ubuncane bokuqukethwe okusetshenzisiwe, ukususwa nokulungiswa, ukulebula okuqukethwe, kanye nokulandelela kwedijithali ngamakhodi e-QR, futhi ekugcineni, amapasipoti ebhethri. Ibhange lamandla elathengiswa emakethe ye-EU ngo-2026 alihlulelwa nje kuphela ngokuthi liphephile yini ngogesi, kodwa nangendlela elenziwe ngayo, ukuthi lingahlukaniswa kanjani, nokuthi lingakanani ulwazi olutholakala kumakhasimende, kumuntu ophinda asebenzise kanye neziphathimandla eziqapha imakethe mayelana nomjikelezo walo wonke wokuphila.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi kungani umthethonqubo uqoka amabhange kagesi namabhethri aphathekayo afanayo ukuze aqapheleke kangaka kwasekuqaleni. Amabhethri e-lithium aphathekayo anendawo ephezulu kakhulu yokuxhumana kwabathengi kunanoma yisiphi isigaba samabhethri: ahamba ngezikhwama zangemuva, imithwalo ehloliwe, amaveni okulethwa kanye namanethiwekhi eposi ngobuningi obukhulu, futhi ayisigaba esivame ukuthinteka kakhulu ezigamekweni zokuthutha lapho ukupakisha noma isimo sokushaja siphathwa kabi. Abalawuli banqume ngempumelelo ukuthi uma noma yisiphi isigaba samabhethri sidinga kokubili imithetho eqinile yomkhiqizo kanye nemithetho eqinile yokuthutha ngesikhathi esisodwa, yilesi, yingakho amabhange kagesi ehlala endaweni yokuhlangana kwezindlela ezimbili zokuthobela imithetho ezifuna kakhulu kunokuba kube eyodwa nje.
2. Isikhathi Sokulandela Umthetho Wonke Umthumeli Odingayo Odongeni
Ngenxa yokuthi izibopho ziya ngokuya ziqhubeka iminyaka eminingana, kulula ukuthi ithimba lokuthola noma lezokuthutha licabangele usuku olulodwa lokuqala ukusebenza bese liphuthelwa yizigigaba eziphakathi ezisebenza namuhla. Ithebula elingezansi libeka izinsuku ezifanele kakhulu amabhange kagesi ikakhulukazi, kunombhalo ogcwele womthethonqubo, ohlanganisa namabhethri e-EV kanye nawezimboni kuthrekhi ehlukile neyakamuva.
| Usuku | I-Milestone | Ukufaneleka kwamabhange kagesi |
| 18 February 2024 | Umthethonqubo (i-EU) 2023/1542 uqala ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile, uthatha indawo yeSiqondiso 2006/66/EC | Amabhethri aphathekayo ngaphakathi kwamabhange kagesi awela ngaphansi kwesisekelo esisha sezomthetho kusukela kulolu suku |
| 18 August 2024 | Ukumakwa kwe-CE kuba yimpoqo kumabhethri ngaphansi komthetho omusha | Amaseli/amaphakethe ebhethri lebhange lamandla kumele athwale uphawu lwe-CE oluhambisana noMthethonqubo Webhethri, hhayi uphawu lwe-LVD/EMC CE kuphela kudivayisi eqediwe. |
| 18 August 2025 | Izibopho zenqubomgomo yokuhlolisisa kahle ziyasebenza kubasebenzi abakhulu bezomnotho; umthethonqubo usebenza ngokugcwele kulo lonke elase-EU | Abangenisi abangaphezu komkhawulo wokushintshana we-EUR million 40 kumele babhale phansi ukuhlolwa okufanele kwe-supply-chain kwezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa emaseli. |
| 2026 (ngezigaba) | Okuqukethwe kwelebula okwandisiwe: umthamo, isikhathi sokuphila esilindelekile, ukusebenza, ikhemikhali kanye nemiyalelo yokulahla ebhethrini nasedivayisini | Ukupakishwa kwebhange likagesi kanye neyunithi ngokwayo kudinga amalebula afundekayo, hhayi nje uphawu lwebhini lokusebenzisa kabusha elijwayelekile |
| 18 February 2027 | Ukulebula ikhodi ye-QR kanye nezidingo zepasipoti yebhethri yedijithali ziyaqala ezigabeni ezisetshenziswayo | Amabhethri aphathekayo njengalawo asebhange likagesi aya ngokuya olwazini oluxhunywe yi-QR; imithetho yepasipoti iqala ngamabhethri amakhulu ezimboni/e-EV/e-LMT kuqala |
| 2027 (ukususwa) | Amabhethri aphathekayo kumele asuswe kalula futhi ashintshwe ngumsebenzisi wokugcina | Imiphumela yomklamo wamabhange kagesi athengiswa njengezinto zikagesi zabathengi, okuthinta ukulungiswa kanye nezimemezelo zokupakisha |
| I-2030 nangale kwalokho | Imikhawulo yokuqukethwe okusetshenziswe kabusha ephansi kanye nezinhloso zokuqoqa ezikhulayo | Ukuthola isikhathi eside kanye nokuhlela ukuphela kwempilo kwabakhiqizi bamaseli ebhethri abahlinzeka ngemboni yamabhange kagesi |
Ezimbalwa zalezi zinsuku zidinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe ngokombono wempahla kanye namasiko. Isibopho sokumaka i-CE esaqala ukusebenza ngo-Agasti 2024 asisona uphawu lwe-CE oluvele lujwayelekile kwi-Low Voltage Directive kanye ne-EMC Directive; kuyisimemezelo esihlukile esixhunywe ngqo nenqubo yokuphepha kwebhethri kanye nokusimama, futhi iziphathimandla zamasiko kanye nezinhlangano zokuqapha imakethe zingacela imibhalo yobuchwepheshe eyisisekelo ngokuhlukile kwifayela le-CE elijwayelekile le-elekthronikhi. Okwamanje, izibopho zokuhlolisisa ezifanele ezaqala ukusebenza kusukela ngo-Agasti 2025 ziwela kubasebenzi bezomnotho ngaphezu komkhawulo wokushintshana, okuyinto empeleni ebamba izinhlobo eziningi zebhange lamandla ezisunguliwe kanye nabangenisi abakhulu abazimele, noma ngabe ukukhiqizwa ngokwako kwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-EU.
Kuwusizo futhi ukuhlukanisa izinsuku esezibophekile kakade ezinsukwini ezisalokhu zingaphansi kwemithetho yokuqalisa. Isibonelo, i-carbon footprint kanye namakholomu epasipoti yebhethri angenhla, kuncike emthethweni odluliselwe yiKhomishini yaseYurophu esawuqedela izigaba eziningana zamabhethri, okusho ukuthi inyanga eqondile lapho izithiyo ezithile zesibopho zamabhethri aphathekayo zingashintsha njengoba lezo zenzo zokuqalisa zamukelwa. Phatha okufakiwe kamuva kumugqa wesikhathi njengesiqondiso sokuhamba kunosuku oluqondile, olungashintshi, bese wakha ku-buffer kunokuba ucabange ukuthi iphrojekthi yokuthobela imithetho ingaqala inyanga ngaphambi kokuba kufike isikhathi esibekiwe.
3. Ukulebula, Ukumaka kwe-CE kanye nePasipoti Yebhethri Ezayo
Kusukela endaweni yokugcina impahla kanye nokubeka amalebula, ukulebula yilapho ukuthobela imithetho kuba khona. Umthethonqubo udinga ukuthi ibhethri lebhange lamandla, kanye nokupakisha kwedivayisi ngokwako, kubonise ulwazi oluhlanganisa umthamo, ikhemikhali, isikhathi sokuphila esilindelekile, izici zokusebenza kanye nemiyalelo efanele yokulahla. Lena ibha ephakeme ngokunengqondo kunophawu lwebhini elincane elihlanganisiwe elalihambisana nomyalelo omdala. Amalebula kumele afundeke, aqine, futhi kwezinye izimo aphindwe kabili kokubili ebhethrini langaphakathi kanye nedivayisi yangaphandle noma ekupakisheni, okunomthelela wangempela endleleni abathengisi belebula abazimele abaklama ngayo amabhokisi abo okuthengisa.
Ikhodi ye-QR kanye nezinto zepasipoti zebhethri ledijithali ziyafakwa kancane kancane esikhathini esizayo, kuqala ngezigaba zamabhethri amakhulu kakhulu futhi adinga idatha eningi kakhulu njengamabhethri ezimboni angaphezu kuka-2 kWh kanye namabhethri ezimoto zikagesi. Amabhethri aphathekayo, kufaka phakathi lawo angaphakathi kwamabhange kagesi, kulindeleke ukuthi alandele uhlelo lolwazi olusekelwe kukhodi ye-QR njengoba imithetho yokusebenzisa isivuthiwe, exhumanisa ikhodi eskeniwayo kumkhiqizo nemibhalo yedijithali ehlanganisa ukwakheka, imvelaphi kanye nesimo sokuthobela imithetho. Imikhiqizo eklama ukupakishwa kwayo kanye nokulebula komkhiqizo ngesakhiwo esilungele i-QR manje izoba noshintsho olulula kunalawo msebenzi wobuciko olungisa kabusha ngaphansi kwengcindezi yosuku lokugcina kamuva.
Kuhle ukucacisa iphuzu elivamile lokudideka embonini: Ukumaka i-CE ngaphansi koMthethonqubo Webhethri akuthathi indawo yokumaka i-CE ibhange lamandla elisayidingayo ngaphansi kwe-Low Voltage Directive, i-EMC Directive, kanye ne-RoHS. Ukuthunyelwa okuhambisanayo ngokuvamile kudinga ukwanelisa zonke lezi zinhlaka ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi amafayela obuchwepheshe ngemuva kwalowo nalowo abuyekezwa ngokuzimela ngesikhathi sophenyo lokubhekwa kwempahla noma kwemakethe.
Kukhona futhi indawo ephakathi nendawo efanele ukukhulunywa ngayo kumabhrendi amancane nabathengisi bamalebula azimele abangakabi nomsebenzi wezindaba zokulawula ngaphakathi: amalabhorethri okuhlola avela eceleni kanye nezinhlangano ezinolwazi ziya ngokuya zinikeza amaphakheji ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwe-EN 62133-2, ukuhlolwa kokuthutha kwe-UN38.3 kanye nokulungiswa kwamafayela obuchwepheshe be-CE ndawonye, njengoba le misebenzi emithathu idonsela idatha yobunjiniyela ehambisanayo mayelana neseli elifanayo. Ukuwasebenzisa ndawonye, kunokuba ngokulandelana ngabathengisi abahlukene, kuvame ukufinyeza isikhathi sonke sokumaketha futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokungahambisani okuncane phakathi kwefayela lokuphepha nefayela lokuthutha, okungenye yezizathu ezivame kakhulu zokuthi ukuthunyelwa kuhlatshwe umkhosi ukuze kubuyekezwe okwengeziwe.
4. I-Carbon Footprint kanye Nokukhuthala Okufanelekile: Izibopho Ezingabonakali Kancane
Izibopho ezimbili ngaphansi komthetho azibonakali ngaphandle kwebhokisi kodwa zisengavimba umkhuhlane wokuthunyelwa uma amaphepha angemuva kwawo engekho. Esokuqala yisimemezelo se-carbon footprint, esidinga abakhiqizi ukubala nokudalula ukukhishwa komjikelezo wokuphila besebenzisa indlela echaziwe. Lesi sidingo sihlukaniswa ngezigaba esigabeni sebhethri ngesigaba, siqala ngamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi bese sidlula emabhethri ezimbonini, bese kusetshenziswa imithetho yezinye izigaba njengoba iKhomishini yaseYurophu iqeda izindlela zokubala. Ngisho nalapho isikhathi esinqunyiwe esisemthethweni singakafiki khona samabhethri aphathekayo, abathengi e-EU baqhubeka becela abahlinzeki ngale datha ngokuqhubekayo, ngoba abathengisi kanye nezimakethe zesikhulumi bayakha zibe uhlu lwabo lokuhlola lokuthengisa abathengisi ngaphambi kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe esisemthethweni.
Okwesibili ukuhlolwa okufanele: abakhiqizi nabangenisi abangaphezu komkhawulo wokushintshana komthethonqubo kumele bagcine inqubomgomo yokuhlola okufanele ebhalwe phansi ekhuluma ngokutholwa kwe-cobalt, i-lithium, i-nickel kanye ne-graphite yemvelo, ehambisana nezinhlaka zomhlaba wonke eziqashelwayo njengesiqondiso se-OECD samaketanga okuhlinzeka amaminerali anomthwalo wemfanelo. Kumaseli okuthola imikhiqizo yebhange lamandla avela ezimbonini eziningi eShayina, lokhu kusho ukuthi ifayela lokuthobela imithetho manje kudingeka libuyele emuva kakhulu ochungechungeni lokunikezwa kunombiko olula wokuhlolwa kwemboni, futhi abalingani bezokuthutha abaphatha ezokuthutha zomlenze wokuqala bavame ukuba yindawo yokuqala lapho imibhalo engaphelele ibonakala khona, njengoba abadayisi bentela yibona abahlanganisa iphakheji yamaphepha okungena e-EU.
Iphuzu elihlobene elibamba abathengisi abaningi be-EU okokuqala ngqa ukuthi izibopho zokuhlola okufanele azigcwaliswe yisitifiketi esisodwa esivela efektri. Iziphathimandla zilindele uhlelo lokuphatha oluqhubekayo: imephu yengozi ye-supply-chain ngezikhathi ezithile, izinyathelo zokulungisa ezibhalwe phansi lapho kutholakala khona izingozi, kanye nenqubomgomo ebuyekezwa futhi ibuyekezwe kunokuba ibhalwe kanye bese ifakwa. Imikhiqizo esevele igcina ukuthobela imithetho yezenhlalo noma izinhlelo zokuthola izimiso zokuziphatha zezinye izigaba zomkhiqizo ivame ukuthola ukuthi ingayandisa leyo ngqalasizinda ekhona ukuze imboze ukuhlolwa okufanele okufanele kwebhethri, kunokwakha umsebenzi omusha ngokuphelele wokuthobela imithetho kusukela ekuqaleni.
5. Lapho Umthetho Webhethri Uhlangabezana Nemithetho Yezimpahla Eziyingozi
Umthetho Webhethri we-EU ulawula ukuthobela umkhiqizo, kodwa usebenza kanye nesethi ehlukile neqinile ngokulinganayo yemithetho yokuphepha kwezokuthutha enquma ukuthi ibhange lamandla lingahamba yini emoyeni, olwandle noma emgwaqweni nhlobo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-UN38.3 kusalokhu kuyisidingo esiyisisekelo emhlabeni jikelele: ukuthunyelwa kwebhethri le-lithium ngaphandle kwesifinyezo sokuhlolwa se-UN38.3 akuvunyelwe ukuthuthwa njengezimpahla eziyingozi zeKlasi 9 yinoma yimuphi umthwali omkhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhiqizo uhambisana kangakanani nemithetho yokufinyelela emakethe ye-EU. Abathumeli bezimpahla abaphatha imithwalo yebhange lamandla bavame ukucela lo mbhalo ngaphambi kokubhuka isikhala, futhi ukungabikho kwawo kungenye yezizathu ezivame kakhulu zokuba ukuthunyelwa kubanjwe lapho kuvela khona kunokuba kubanjwe emngceleni we-EU.
Ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla emoyeni sekuqine kakhulu kusukela ngo-2026. Imithethonqubo Yezimpahla Eziyingozi Ebuyekeziwe ye-IATA iqinisa umkhawulo wesimo sokushaja kwamabhethri e-lithium athwalwa umoya, okusho ukuthi amaseli athunyelwa esimweni esigcwele noma esishaja kakhulu abhekene nemikhawulo eyayingekho eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Lolu shintsho olulodwa luye lwacindezela isabelo esibonakalayo sevolumu yamandla kagesi kusukela ekuthuthweni emoyeni kuya ekuthuthweni kolwandle, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthweni kwe-B2B ngobuningi lapho isidingo sesimo sokushaja kunzima ukwanelisa ngaphandle kokwengeza izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuphatha efektri. Kubathengisi abanomthamo omkhulu, lokhu akulona iphuzu elingaphansi kokuthobela imithetho kodwa kuyisinqumo sokuhlela izindleko esidinga ukwakhiwa kwisabelomali sezokuthutha sekota.
| imfuneko | Okuhlanganisayo | Lapho kusebenza khona | Ukubaluleka okuvamile kwabathuthi bempahla |
| Ukumaka kwe-CE ngaphansi kwe-EU 2023/1542 | Ukuhambisana nemithetho yokuphepha kwebhethri, ukusimama kanye nokulebula | Ukubekwa emakethe ye-EU | Abathengisi bamasiko kanye nabangenisi berekhodi bangacelwa ukuthi babonise isimemezelo se-CE sokuhambisana ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamasiko e-EU |
| I-EN 62133-2 / IEC 62133 | Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwephakeji yeseli nebhethri (ukujikeleza okufushane, ukushaja ngokweqile, ukusetshenziswa kabi kokushisa) | Emhlabeni jikelele, okubhekiselwe kukho yi-CE kanye nezinhlelo eziningi zikazwelonke | Imibiko yokuhlolwa ivame ukucelwa kanye nama-invoyisi ezentengiselwano ukuze kuhlolwe ukuhlukaniswa |
| UN38.3 (Incwadi Yezivivinyo Nezindlela Zokusebenza ze-UN) | Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwezokuthutha: ukuphakama, ukujikeleza kokushisa, ukudlidliza, ukushaqeka, ukujikeleza okufushane | Ezokuthutha emoyeni, olwandle kanye nomgwaqo emhlabeni jikelele | Akukho sifinyezo se-UN38.3 esivumelekile ngokuvamile sisho ukuthi akwamukeleki ukuthuthwa njengezimpahla eziyingozi zeKlasi 9 |
| Isiqondisi seRoHS 2011/65 / EU | Ukuvinjelwa kwe-lead, i-mercury, i-cadmium nezinye izinto eziyingozi | Ukubekwa emakethe ye-EU | Kubuyekezwe kanye namafayela obuchwepheshe e-CE ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuhambisana nomthetho |
| Ukubhaliswa kwe-WEEE | Umkhiqizi unesibopho sokuqoqwa nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwemfucuza kagesi | Ukubekwa emakethe ye-EU, ngokwezwe ngalinye eliyilungu | Abasabalalisi kanye nabathengisi be-Fulfilment-by-Amazon bavame ukucelwa inombolo yokubhalisa ye-WEEE kazwelonke ngaphambi kokufakwa ohlwini. |
| Umkhawulo wesimo sezindleko zokuhamba emoyeni | Amaseli e-lithium athunyelwa ngomoya anqunyelwe ezingeni lokushaja elincishisiwe | Ukuthutha ngendiza kuphela | Kuthinta ngqo izinqumo zomzila phakathi kwempahla yomoya neyolwandle yokuthunyelwa kwebhange lamandla |
Okubalulekile kunoma ubani ohambisa amabhange kagesi e-EU ukuthi ukuthobela imithetho manje sekuyinkinga enezigaba ezimbili: umkhiqizo kufanele uhlangabezane noMthethonqubo 2023/1542 ukuze uthengiswe ngokusemthethweni emakethe ye-EU, kanti ukuthunyelwa kufanele kuhlangabezane nemithetho yokuthutha izimpahla eziyingozi ukuze uphume ngokusemthethweni efektri ufike echwebeni noma esikhumulweni sezindiza saseYurophu kwasekuqaleni. Umkhiqizo ungahambisana ngokuphelele ephepheni ukuze ufinyelele emakethe ye-EU futhi uqhubeke ushayiswa endizeni noma ubambezeleke esikhumulweni seziqukathi ngoba imibhalo yokuthutha yayingaphelele.
Kukhona futhi ubukhulu bokupakisha ohlangothini lokuthutha okulula ukungabunaki phakathi kwayo yonke impikiswano yesimo seshaja kanye nezifinyezo zokuhlolwa. Amabhokisi angaphandle aphethe amabhethri e-lithium adinga ilebula efanele yengozi ye-Class 9, imicibisholo yokuqondisa lapho kudingeka khona, kanye nokupakisha okuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezifanele zokupakisha zokusebenza ze-UN zendlela yokuthutha esetshenziswayo. Ukuthola umkhiqizo uhambisana nemithetho yemakethe ye-EU kodwa ukuwuthumela ngokupakisha okungahlangabezani nezindinganiso zokupakisha izimpahla eziyingozi kuyigebe elivamile ngokumangazayo, futhi yilelo elivela edeskini lokwamukela lomthwali isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba umthwalo ufike endaweni yamasiko e-EU.
6. Lokhu Kusho Ukuthini Kwabathuthi Bempahla, Abangenisi Bempahla Nabathengisi Bemakethe
Kumaqembu aqhuba imisebenzi ye-e-commerce ewela imingcele, umthelela osebenzayo wakho konke lokhu uwela emabhakedeni amathathu: amadokhumenti, ukupakisha, kanye nokuhambisa. Kumadokhumenti, abathumeli abarekhodi manje badinga ukugcina, noma babe nokufinyelela okulula, ifayela elibanzi lokuthobela imithetho kunangaphambili: izimemezelo ze-CE ngaphansi kwemiyalelo ye-elekthronikhi kanye ne-Battery Regulation, izifinyezo zokuhlolwa ze-UN38.3, izimemezelo ze-RoHS, kanye nezinombolo zokubhalisa ze-WEEE ezikhulayo emazweni athile angamalungu lapho umkhiqizo uzothengiswa khona, njengoba ukubhaliswa kwe-WEEE emazweni amaningi e-EU kusingathwa ngokwesisekelo sikazwelonke kunokubhaliswa okukodwa kwe-EU.
Ekupakisheni, ukushintshela kokuqukethwe okucebile kokulebula kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwekhodi ye-QR ekugcineni kusho ukuthi amaqembu okuthuthukisa umkhiqizo kanye nokuthobela imithetho kudingeka ahlolwe kusenesikhathi, ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe amabhokisi okuthengisa aphrintiwe. Ukuklanywa kabusha kwelebula ngemva kokuba ukuthunyelwa sekuvele kuphumile efektri kubiza kakhulu kunokwakha ubuciko obuhambisanayo ekucacisweni kokuqala kokupakishwa.
Ekuhambiseni imizila, umphumela osebenzayo wemithetho yesimo sezindleko ezibuyekeziwe yezokuthutha emoyeni ukuthi imithwalo yolwandle, ikakhulukazi izinsizakalo ze-FCL kanye ne-LCL ezivela eShayina kuya emachwebeni amakhulu e-EU, isibe yindlela ebikezelwayo futhi evame ukuba nezindleko ezingcono kakhulu yomthamo webhange lamandla, ikakhulukazi ekuthunyelweni kabusha okungabalulekile ngesikhathi. Imithwalo yomoya igcina indawo yayo yokubuyisela kabusha izinto ezincane neziphuthumayo, kodwa umthwalo wemibhalo kanye nemikhawulo yezinga lokushaja kusho ukuthi isebenza kakhulu njengenketho ye-premium kunokuba kube ukukhetha okuzenzakalelayo kwalesi sigaba.
Kukhona iphuzu elibanzi elibanzi elifihliwe kuyo yonke le mininingwane yokusebenza, okungukuthi izindleko zokuthobela imithetho ziya ngokuya ziba yisici ezinqumweni zokuthola ulwazi, hhayi nje umsebenzi wokukhetha ibhokisi ophathwa ngemva kokuba umkhiqizo usuvele uklanyiwe. Imikhiqizo eyakha izidingo ze-EU Battery Regulation enqubweni yayo yokukhetha ifektri kanye nokuklama umkhiqizo kusukela ekuqaleni, esikhundleni sokufaka kabusha ukuthobela imithetho emkhiqizweni osuqediwe kakade, ivame ukuchitha imali encane iyonke futhi ibhekane nokuphazamiseka okuncane kokuthunyelwa kunaleyo ephatha ukuthobela imithetho njengenkinga yokugcina okufanele ixazululwe ngaphambi kokuba kubhukwe isitsha. Lolu uhlobo loshintsho lapho umlingani wezokuthutha onolwazi olujulile lwesigaba angafinyeza khona ijika lokufunda kakhulu.
7. Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kwe-Topway Okubasekela Ngayo Abathengisi Bebhange Lamandla Kulolu Guquko
Lolu uhlobo lwesigaba lapho ukuba nomlingani wezokuthutha onolwazi emhlabeni eShayina kwenza umehluko olinganisekayo. I-Topway Shipping, enendlunkulu eShenzhen, ibilokhu ihlinzeka ngezixazululo zezokuthutha ze-e-commerce ezivela emingceleni kusukela ngo-2010, futhi ithimba lethu elisungule liletha ulwazi lweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 kwezokuthutha kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokususwa kwempahla yamasiko, ngokujula okukhulu emigwaqweni yezokuthutha yaseShayina-US kanye neShayina-Europe. Lokho okuhlangenwe nakho kubaluleke kakhulu ezigabeni ezifana namabhethri e-lithium, lapho imithetho elawula ukuthi yini engahamba, ukuthi kumele ipakishwe kanjani, nokuthi yimaphi amaphepha ahamba nawo ashintsha kusuka komunye umjikelezo wokuthobela imithetho kuya komunye.
Ukumbozwa kwensizakalo yethu kuhlanganisa uchungechunge oluphelele lwezokuthutha okudingeka ukuthi ibhange lamandla lidlule kulo: ukuthuthwa kokuqala kusuka phansi efektri, indawo yokugcina impahla yaphesheya kwezilwandle kuya endaweni yokugcina izinto eduze kwesidingo se-EU, ukusulwa kwentela okuphatha iphakheji yamadokhumenti iziphathimandla zamasiko nezokugada imakethe ezilindele ukuyibona, kanye nokulethwa kokugcina esikhungweni samakhasimende sokugcina noma semakethe. Kubathengisi abalinganisa imithwalo yendiza ngokumelene nemithwalo yolwandle ngenxa yemithetho eqinile yesimo sezimali, siphinde sinikeze izinsizakalo zokuthutha olwandle eziguquguqukayo ezithwala umthwalo ogcwele kanye nemithwalo engaphansi kwesitsha ezivela eShayina kuya emachwebeni amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, okunikeza izinhlobo zebhange lamandla indlela yokuhlela amashejuli okuthumela abikezelwayo, ahambisanayo kunokuba kuthunyelwe ngokuthunyelwa ngokushesha.
Ngenxa yokuthi imibhalo yezimpahla eziyingozi kanye nemibhalo yokufinyelela emakethe ye-EU kumafayela amabili ahlukene okudingeka abe anembile ngesikhathi esisodwa, ithimba lethu lisebenzisana nabathengisi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphepha ahambisana nokuthunyelwa, kusukela ezifinyezweni ze-UN38.3 kuya ezidingweni zabathengisi bezimpahla zezentengiselwano zokungena kwe-EU, ahlanganiswa ngaphambi kokuba impahla isuke esikhundleni sokuxoshwa ngemuva kokuba ukuthunyelwa sekuvele kubambezelekile. Lokho kuxhumana kusengaphambili kuvame ukuba umehluko phakathi kwesitsha esiphuma ngesikhathi esibekiwe kanye nesinye esilinde umbiko wokuhlolwa ongekho.
Lolu hlobo lokuxhumana kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni lubaluleke kakhulu kubathengisi abahlukanisa impahla ezindaweni eziningi zokugcwaliseka kwe-EU. Ukuthunyelwa okuhlanza amasiko ngendlela efanele echwebeni lokungena kusadingeka kusatshalaliswe kabusha ezindaweni zokugcina impahla zaphesheya kanye nezinkampani zokugcina ngendlela egcina umkhondo wokuqala wamadokhumenti okuhambisana nomthetho, njengoba ukuhlolwa kokubhekwa kwemakethe kungenzeka isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuba umkhiqizo usuvele uphumile echwebeni futhi uhleli eshalofini lesitoreji noma evenini yokulethwa. Ukuba nokuthuthwa kokuqala, ukugcinwa kwesitoreji, ukususwa kanye nokulethwa kwesitoreji sokugcina kuphathwa ngaphansi kwenqubo eyodwa ehlelekile, kunokuba kudluliselwe phakathi kwabathengisi abaningana abangaxhunyiwe, kunciphisa inani lezindawo lapho lowo mzila wamadokhumenti ungaphuka khona.
8. Uhlu Lokuhlola Olusebenzayo Ngaphambi Kokuthunyelwa
Ngaphambi kokubhuka ukuthunyelwa okulandelayo kwamabhange kagesi aya e-EU, kufanelekile ukubheka isibuyekezo sangaphakathi esifushane kunokucabanga ukuthi imibhalo yekota edlule isasebenza, njengoba izibopho eziningana ezingenhla zisuke kokuzikhethela zaya kokuphoqelekile eminyakeni emibili edlule. Qinisekisa ukuthi amaseli ebhethri namayunithi aqediwe aphethe uphawu lwe-CE lwamanje ngaphansi kokubili iziqondiso ze-elekthronikhi kanye noMthethonqubo Webhethri, ukuthi izimemezelo ze-RoHS zisesikhathini sekhemistri ethile yeseli esetshenziswayo, nokuthi kukhona isifinyezo sokuhlola se-UN38.3 esisebenzayo semodeli yebhethri eqondile ethunyelwayo, hhayi imodeli endala noma ehluke kakhulu emgqeni womkhiqizo ofanayo.
Kuhle futhi ukuhlola ukuthi ukubhaliswa kwabakhiqizi be-WEEE kukhona yini kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu lapho umkhiqizo uzothengiswa khona ngempela, njengoba izibopho zokubhalisa ziphathwa ezingeni likazwelonke futhi ukubhaliswa okusebenzayo eJalimane akumbozi ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthengiswa eFrance noma ePoland. Okokugcina, buyekeza ukuthi ukulebula umkhiqizo kanye nomsebenzi wobuciko wokupakisha kubonisa yini izidingo zokuqukethwe ezandisiwe eziqala ukusebenza kuze kube ngu-2026, kufaka phakathi umthamo, ikhemistri, isikhathi esilindelekile sokuphila kanye nemiyalelo yokulahla, ukuze ukuphrinta oku-odwe namuhla kungadingeki kuhoxiswe ngaphambi kokuba kufike isinyathelo esilandelayo sokuthobela imithetho.
Isiphetho
Umthetho Webhethri we-EU umele ukuguqulwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwemithetho yebhethri imakethe yaseYurophu eyibonile cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili, futhi amabhange kagesi, njengenye yemikhiqizo yebhethri yabathengi ethunyelwa kakhulu kwezentengiselwano ze-e-commerce eziwela imingcele, ahlala ngqo endleleni yawo. Izibopho azifiki ngesikhathi esisodwa; ziyaqala ukusebenza kuze kube ngu-2027 nangale kwalokho, okunikeza abathengisi nabalingani bezokuthutha ithuba langempela lokufika phambili ezidingweni kunokuba basabele kuzo emngceleni. Kodwa lokho kulungiselela imivuzo yefasitela: imibhalo, ukulebula kanye nezinqumo zokuhambisa ezenziwe manje zinquma ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kuhamba kahle yini ezinyangeni eziyisithupha noma kubanjwa uhlobo oluqondile lokulibaziseka lo mthethonqubo wenzelwe ukuvimbela ngokusobala okungcono kanye nokulandelelwa.
Kubathengisi ababhekana nalolu shintsho, ukusebenza nomlingani wezokuthutha oqonda kokubili uhlangothi lokuthobela imithetho yomkhiqizo kanye nohlangothi oluyingozi lokuthuthwa kwezimpahla akuseyona into emnandi ukuba nayo. Inhlanganisela ye-Topway Shipping yokuhamba kokuqala, indawo yokugcina impahla kwamanye amazwe, ukususwa kwezimpahla zangaphandle, ukulethwa kwempahla okuhamba phambili, kanye nezinsizakalo zokuthutha olwandle eziguquguqukayo ze-FCL kanye ne-LCL ezivela eShayina kuya emachwebeni amakhulu omhlaba wonke kunikeza imikhiqizo yebhange lamandla umlingani oyedwa, onolwazi lokuhlela njengoba isimo sokulawula siqhubeka nokuguquka.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
U: Ingabe uMthetho Webhethri we-EU uyasebenza kumabhange kagesi athengiswa ngezimakethe ezifana ne-Amazon noma i-eBay, hhayi nje ukuthengisa ngqo?
A: Yebo. Lo mthetho usebenza kunoma yimuphi umqhubi wezomnotho obeka amabhethri noma imikhiqizo equkethe amabhethri emakethe ye-EU, okuhlanganisa abathengisi bemakethe, izinhlelo zokugcwaliseka emakethe kanye nokuhweba nge-inthanethi okuqondile kumthengi, hhayi nje kuphela ukusatshalaliswa kwezitolo okuvamile.
Q: Ingabe ukumakwa kwe-CE ngaphansi koMthetho Webhethri kuwuphawu olufanayo lwe-CE oludingekayo kakade kuma-elekthronikhi?
A: Cha. Ibhange lamandla ngokuvamile lidinga ukumaka kwe-CE ngaphansi kwe-Low Voltage Directive, i-EMC Directive kanye ne-RoHS njengangaphambili, kanye nesimemezelo esihlukile sokuhambisana esixhunywe ngqo kuMthethonqubo 2023/1542. Womabili amafayela obuchwepheshe angacelwa ngokuzimela ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.
Q: Kungani abathengisi abaningi beshintsha ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla zasemabhange kagesi kusuka ekuthuthweni ngendiza kuya ekuthuthweni olwandle?
A: Imithethonqubo Yezimpahla Eziyingozi Ye-IATA ebuyekeziwe iqinise imikhawulo yesimo sokushaja kwamabhethri e-lithium athwalwa emoyeni, yanezela izindleko kanye nezinyathelo zokuphatha ekuthunyelweni emoyeni. Ukuze kugcwaliswe kabusha izimpahla ngesivinini esikhulu, izimpahla ze-ocean FCL kanye ne-LCL sezibe yindlela ebikezelwayo futhi evame ukonga.
Q: Ingabe sidinga ukubhaliswa kwe-WEEE kuwo wonke amazwe e-EU esiwathengisayo, noma elilodwa nje?
A: Ukubhaliswa kwabakhiqizi be-WEEE ngokuvamile kulawulwa ezingeni likazwelonke kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU, ngakho-ke ukubhaliswa kwelinye izwe akuhlanganisi ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthengiswa kwelinye. Abathengisi abasabalalisa ezimakethe eziningi ze-EU ngokuvamile badinga ukubhalisa kuwo wonke amazwe afanele.
Q: Isidingo sepasipoti yebhethri siqala nini ukuthinta amabhange kagesi ikakhulukazi?
A: Ipasipoti yebhethri yedijithali ifakwa kancane kancane kumabhethri amakhulu ezimoto zezimboni kanye nezikagesi, kanye nosuku oluphoqelekile lwangomhlaka-18 kuNhlolanja 2027 kulezo zigaba. Amabhethri aphathekayo, kufaka phakathi amabhange kagesi, kulindeleke ukuthi aqhubekele ohlelweni lolwazi olusekelwe kukhodi ye-QR njengoba imithetho yokusebenzisa yaleso sigaba isiqediwe, ngakho-ke amabhrendi kufanele alungiselele ukupakisha kanye nokulebula ecabanga ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-QR esikhathini esizayo.
Q: Ingabe i-Topway Shipping ingasiza kokubili ngemibhalo yamasiko kanye nokubhukha izimpahla zasolwandle zokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla zamandla ebhange?
A: Yebo. Izinsizakalo ze-Topway Shipping zimboza uchungechunge oluphelele kusukela kwezokuthutha zokuqala kanye nokususwa kwezimpahla zamasiko kuya ekugcinweni kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe kanye nokulethwa kwezimpahla okuhamba ibanga elide, kanye nezinsizakalo zokuthutha olwandle ze-FCL kanye ne-LCL eziguquguqukayo ezivela eShayina kuya emachwebeni amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, ngakho-ke imibhalo kanye nokuhlela ezokuthutha kungahlanganiswa ngumlingani oyedwa.
