Umehluko Wangempela Phakathi Kwe-EXW, i-FOB kanye ne-DDP Uma Kuthunyelwa Izimpahla Ezinkulu Zisuka EShayina Ziya EFrance
Isingeniso
Uma wake wathenga isethi kasofa, i-treadmill noma i-hood yekhishini yokuhweba efemini yaseShayina wabe usuzama ukuyithumela endlini ngendlu kumakhasimende aseParis noma eLyon, uyazi ukuthi igama lokuthutha elibhalwe ku-invoyisi yakho ye-proforma lingasho umehluko phakathi kokulethwa okubushelelezi kanye nephupho elibi lentela. I-EXW, i-FOB, i-DDP akuzona nje izifinyezo. Yimithetho yokuhweba esemthethweni enquma ukuthi ubani ongumnikazi wempahla yakho, ubani okhokhela ini, nokuthi ubani othatha ingozi lapho okuthile kuphuka phakathi kwephansi lefektri eShenzhen kanye nekheli lokugcina eFrance.
Ngo-2024, iFrance yangenisa imikhiqizo ebiza ngaphezu kwama-USD ayizigidigidi ezingama-77 evela eShayina, ingxenye enkulu yayo eyayihlanganisa izinto ezinkulu nezisindayo njengefenisha, izinto zasekhaya, imishini yokuzivocavoca kanye nemishini yezimboni. Njengoba ukuhweba nge-e-commerce okwenziwa ngaphesheya kwemingcele kuvuthwa, abanikazi bezitolo abazimele kakhulu kanye nabangenisi abancane kuya kwabaphakathi bathumela lezi zigaba okokuqala, futhi imiphumela yokukhetha igama lokuhweba elingalungile iphakeme kakhulu kwezimpahla ezinkulu kunemikhiqizo yamaphakethe amancane. Ukubalwa kabi kwezindleko zokufika esitsheni sezihlalo zokuhlikihla kungasusa umkhawulo wekota yonke.
Kulo mhlahlandlela, sichaza i-EXW, i-FOB kanye ne-DDP ngamagama aqondile, ngesenzo esiqondile, sempahla emikhulu nekhulu kakhulu esuka eShayina iya eFrance. Sihlanganisa lokho okubiza ngempela ibinzana ngalinye ekusebenzeni, lapho ingozi idlula khona ezandleni, ukuthi amasiko aseFrance kanye ne-EU VAT kuhlangana kanjani nesimo ngasinye nokuthi isikhathi ngasinye sinengqondo kangakanani ngokwezimali.
Lokho Okushiwo Yila Magama Ngempela - nokuthi Kungani Imithwalo Emikhulu Iyenza Ibe Nzima Kakhulu
Iningi lezincazelo ze-Incoterms zisekelwe kulesi simiso esijwayelekile. I-EXW isho ukuthi umhlinzeki akenzi lutho. Umthengi uhlela yonke into kusukela esangweni lefektri. I-FOB ikhombisa ukuthi umthengisi ubeka impahla emkhunjini echwebeni lokuqala bese edlulisela umthwalo kumthengi uma esesesikebheni. I-DDP ikhombisa ukuthi umhlinzeki uletha impahla emnyango womthengi, kukhokhiwe intela kanye nentela. Lokho kubuka konke kusezingeni elithile, kodwa akufinyeleli ekuxabaneni okusebenzayo kokuhambisa isihlalo sokuhlikihla esingamakhilogremu angu-400 noma i-oda lesofa eliyisicaba eligcwalisa ingxenye yesitsha esingamamitha angu-40.
Imithwalo emikhulu nesindayo idala izinkinga kuzo zonke izindawo zokudlulisela. Ekupakisheni kwamanye amazwe kuphela, into enesisindo esingamakhulu amakhilogremu kumele ipakishwe emabhokisini ezinkuni afakwe uphethiloli noma emaphalethini aqinisiwe ahambisana nemithethonqubo ye-ISPM 15 ye-phytosanitary. Umthamo we-flatbed kanye nemishini yokulayisha kuyadingeka ekuthuthweni kwamaloli endawo kusuka efektri yangaphakathi kuya echwebeni laseShayina. Izimpahla zingadinga ukucutshungulwa okukhethekile echwebeni lokuya kulo eLe Havre noma eMarseille-Fos. Ukulethwa kwemayela lokugcina eFrance kuvame ukuhilela ukulethwa okusekelwe ekuqokweni ngamaqembu e-lift-gate noma abantu ababili. Ngayinye yalezi yiphuzu lokuxoxisana elifihliwe ngemuva kwanoma yisiphi isivumelwano sokuhweba osivumayo kumhlinzeki wakho.
EXW: Ukulawula Okuphezulu, Umthwalo Omkhulu
I-EXW (i-Ex Works) – Lapho nje izinto sezibekwe endaweni eshiwo (ngokuvamile ifektri noma i-warehouse yomthengisi), umthwalo wemfanelo womthengisi usuphelile. Umthengi ukhokha zonke izindleko ezilandelayo: ukubhuka iloli lendawo ukuze alilande efektri, imvume yamasiko okuthumela impahla eShayina kanye nelayisensi yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe lapho kudingeka khona, ukubhuka impahla kwamanye amazwe, ukushaja impahla, amasiko okungenisa impahla aseFrance, ukukhokha intela kanye ne-VAT kanye nokuhlela ukulethwa kokugcina. Lokhu kunzima kakhulu kubathengi abangenabo ubudlelwano obuqinile bokuthumela impahla eShayina. Umthengi kumele futhi abe nenkampani enelayisensi yaseShayina engaba ngumthengisi odumile ukuze athumele umkhiqizo eShayina ngokusemthethweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthengi kumele abe ne-ejenti yendawo noma axhumane nomthumeli onekhono.
Umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu wengeza esinye isici sobunzima, ukuqoqwa kwe-EXW. Ama-docks okulayisha anganqunyelwa efektri engaphandle kweGuangzhou epaki yezimboni. Umthengi noma i-ejenti yakhe kumele aqinisekise ukuthi imishini iyahambisana yini, izindlela zokulayisha nokuthi isitshalo sizosiza noma simane sime. Zonke izinto azifakiwe entengo.
I-FOB: Okuzenzakalelayo Kwemboni — kanye Nezikhala Zayo Ezifihliwe
I-FOB (Free On Board) yigama lokuhweba elisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthunyelweni kwezimpahla eShayina, futhi kufanele. Umthengisi waseShayina uhlela ukuthuthwa kwasekhaya ukuya echwebeni, ukukhishwa kwezimpahla zamasiko kanye nokulayisha esikebheni. Ukudluliselwa kwengozi kanye nezindleko kumthengi lapho impahla isesikebheni. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi kunengqondo njengoba umthengisi eqonda isimo sezokuthutha endaweni yakini futhi ekwazi ukuqhuba izinqubo zaseShayina ngempumelelo, kuyilapho umthengi enesibopho sokubhukha impahla yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokususwa kwayo endaweni oya kuyo.
Kodwa i-FOB inezinkinga zangempela zomzila we-China-France wezimpahla ezinkulu. Ukukhethwa kwechweba kubaluleke kakhulu. Umhlinzeki ocaphuna i-FOB Jiangmen angase abukele phansi ubunzima njengoba i-Jiangmen iyichweba lokuphakelayo futhi impahla idinga ukuthunyelwa nge-hub enkulu njenge-Shenzhen ukuze ilayishwe kwamanye amazwe. Ukudluliselwa kwechweba kwenezela izindleko nesikhathi, futhi uma ichweba elishiwo lingeyona indawo ebalulekile yokuthumela ngaphandle, izingxabano mayelana nokuthi ubani obhekene nalezo zindleko zivame ukwenzeka. Abathengi kufanele baphikelele ku-FOB emachwebeni amakhulu njenge-Shanghai, i-Shenzhen, i-Ningbo noma i-Guangzhou, futhi baqinisekise lokhu ngokubhala ngaphambi kokwamukela iphrofomu.
Bese kuba nombuzo wokuthi kuzokwenzekani ngemva kokuphela kwe-FOB. Umthengi kuzodingeka akhethe i-trade transferrator yempahla yolwandle noma yomoya, akhokhele ukuthunyelwa nge-customs yaseFrance, akhokhe intela yokungenisa kanye ne-VAT, bese ehlela ukulethwa kwempahla okuhamba ibanga elide. Uma lokhu kungokokuqala ungenisa izinto ezinkulu, ngayinye yalezi zinto iwubudlelwano obusha nabathengisi okudingeka ubhekane nabo, obune-invoyisi yayo kanye nethuba lokumangala.
I-DDP: Ukunethezeka Okugcwele, Kodwa Ukuhambisana Nomthetho Kuyinkimbinkimbi
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomkhakha kukhona i-DDP (Delivered Duty Paid). Bazosingatha yonke inqubo kusukela kumkhiqizi eShayina kuya ekhelini obanikeza lona eFrance, okuhlanganisa imvume yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe, imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe, intela yokungenisa impahla eFrance, ukukhokhwa kwentela, i-VAT kanye nokulethwa kokugcina. Kokuthunyelwa komthengisi we-e-commerce eFrance ngaphesheya kwemingcele, i-DDP iyakhanga ngendlela yokusebenza: intengo eyodwa, indawo eyodwa yokuxhumana, akukho okumangazayo lapho intela itholwa khona.
Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu bokuthobela imithetho ye-DDP kwi-EU abuyinto encane. Kusukela ngo-2021, i-EU iphoqelele i-VAT kuzo zonke izinto ezingeniswayo kwezentengiselwano kungakhathalekile ukuthi zingakanani inani futhi kusukela ngo-2024 kuya ku-2025, imfuneko yokufaka ukuphepha ye-ICS2 ye-EU yethule izidingo zokubika idatha ngaphambi kokufika kuzo zonke izinto ezithunyelwayo. Ukuze i-DDP isebenze kahle, umhlinzeki wezokuthutha udinga ukuba nenombolo ye-EORI ebhalisiwe eFrance noma kwenye indawo e-EU, akwazi ukusebenza njengongenisi werekhodi futhi aphathe i-DAF (izimemezelo zangaphambili zesistimu ye-Delta) kanye nokufakwa kwe-ICS2 ngempumelelo. Ukusethwa kwe-DDP nomhlinzeki ongenawo lawa makhono kungabangela ukubanjwa kwentela, izinhlawulo noma ukuthunyelwa okubuyiselwe - konke lokhu kuyimiphumela ebiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi yempahla enkulu lapho izindleko zokugcina zansuku zonke emachwebeni noma ezindaweni zokugcina impahla zaseFrance zinganqwabelana khona maduze.
Izindleko Zangempela Zokufika: Ukuqhathaniswa Okuseceleni Komunye
Ukuze wazi ukuthi isikhathi sibiza kakhulu yini ngempela, udinga ukucabangela izindleko eziphelele zokufika - izindleko eziphelele zokuthutha iyunithi eyodwa yezimpahla zisuka esikhungweni saseShayina ziye endaweni engasetshenziswa eFrance. Ithebula elingezansi libonisa ukwahlukaniswa kwezindleko zokuthunyelwa kwempahla okukhulu kakhulu kwesikhathi ngasinye: isitsha esisodwa esingamamitha angu-20 sefenisha eyisicaba enenani elingama-USD angu-15,000 FOB, esithunyelwa sisuka eShenzhen siya eLe Havre, kanye nokulethwa kokugcina eParis.
| I-Cost Component | I-EXW | Fob | I-DDP |
| Ukuthutha amaloli e-China kanye nokuthutha amaloli angaphakathi nezwe | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umdayisi uyakhokha | Umdayisi uyakhokha |
| Imvume yokuthumela impahla ngaphandle (eShayina) | Umthengi uyahlela | Izibambo zomthengisi | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| Ilayisensi / imibhalo yokuthumela ngaphandle | Umthengi uyahlela | Izibambo zomthengisi | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| Ukuhambisana nokupakisha izinkuni ze-ISPM 15 | Umthengi uyahlela | Izibambo zomthengisi | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| Impahla yolwandle (Shenzhen → Le Havre) | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umdayisi uyakhokha |
| Umshwalense wezimpahla | Umthengi uyahlela | Umthengi uyahlela | Umthengisi uhlela |
| Ukufakwa kwezokuphepha kwangaphambi kokufika kwe-EU ICS2 | Umthengi uyahlela | Umthengi uyahlela | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| imvume yentela yokungenisa yaseFrance | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umthengi uyakhokha | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| Izindleko zokungenisa (kuncike kumkhiqizo, 0–12%) | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umdayisi uyakhokha |
| I-VAT yaseFrance (20% ku-CIF + intela) | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umthengisi uyakhokha/uyaqoqa |
| Izindleko zokuphatha indawo oya kuyo echwebeni (THC) | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umdayisi uyakhokha |
| Ukulethwa ngaphakathi kwezwe eLe Havre → eParis | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umthengi uyakhokha | Umdayisi uyakhokha |
| Isevisi ye-aphoyintimenti yemayela lokugcina/isevisi yesango lokuphakamisa | Umthengi uyahlela | Umthengi uyahlela | Izibambo zomthengisi |
| Iphoyinti lokudlulisa ubungozi | Isango lemboni | Kulayishwe emkhunjini | Ikheli lomthengi |
Kusukela kulokhu kusatshalaliswa, i-EXW inikeza ikhasimende ukulawula okuphezulu kuzo zonke izindleko kanye nezinketho zabathwali, kodwa idinga ukuphathwa okusebenzayo okungenani ebuhlotsheni obuyisithupha obuhlukile babathengisi kanye nezinqubo ezimbili zamasiko. Kwabangenisi abanolwazi abanokuxhumana okukhona kokuthunyelwa kwempahla ohlangothini lwaseShayina, i-EXW ingaba eshibhile. Izindleko ezifihliwe zokuxhumanisa izinto zokuthumela impahla zaseShayina zingaphezu kokulinganisela noma iyiphi inzuzo yentengo ephansi kusilinganiso somhlinzeki sezinkampani eziningi ze-e-commerce ezithumela izimpahla ezinkulu ngezikhathi ezithile.
I-FOB iyindawo enhle ephakathi nendawo. Umhlinzeki unakekela ingxenye abayazi kahle kakhulu - ezokuthutha zaseShayina kanye nokukhishwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe. Umthengi uphatha izinga lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kanye nokususwa kwempahla lapho eya khona. I-FOB iwusizo kubathengi abathumela eFrance njalo futhi banomthengisi wezimpahla waseFrance kanye nomthumeli wempahla othembekile abazomsebenzisa ezingxoxweni zezindleko kanye namanani. Izindleko zokuthunyelwa ngemikhumbi zisuka eShayina ziye eLe Havre ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Abathengi abakhulu ababhuka imithwalo ngqo kusuka kumthwali noma ngomthumeli wempahla bavame ukuthola intengo engcono kunabahlinzeki okufanele bahlele imithwalo yamakhasimende amaningi amancane.
Kumthengi, i-DDP ilula kakhulu futhi iba igama elithandwayo lokuthunyelwa kwe-e-commerce okuwela imingcele lapho ikhasimende lokugcina lilindele intengo ephelele. Isexwayiso esisebenzayo yikhwalithi yokusebenza: isilinganiso se-DDP esivela kumthengisi ongenalo ukubhaliswa okufanele kwentela ye-EU, ukumelwa kwezimali kwe-VAT eFrance kanye nomthamo wokufaka we-ICS2 akuyona i-DDP yangempela - kuyindlela yokuthola intela yentela kanye nokufaka ama-invoyisi angalindelekile.
Ukuhamba Ngezintela ZaseFrance Ne-VAT: Okwenzekayo Ngempela eLe Havre
I-Le Havre, ichweba elikhulu kunawo wonke ezweni, icubungula iningi lokungeniswa kwama-container eFrance, kanti okunye kuphathwa yi-Marseille-Fos eningizimu. Uma ukhetha phakathi kwe-FOB ne-DDP kufanele ucabangele ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma uthola ukuthunyelwa kwempahla okukhulu kakhulu kunoma yiliphi ichweba. Inqubo yentela eFrance isibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
EFrance, intela yokungenisa impahla ibekwa ezingeni le-EU kusetshenziswa i-EU Common Customs Tariff futhi ibalwe ngenani le-CIF lokuthunyelwa (okungukuthi izindleko ezihlanganisiwe zemikhiqizo, umshwalense kanye nempahla yamazwe ngamazwe eya echwebeni lokuqala lokungena le-EU). Izindleko zentela zezigaba ezivame kakhulu ezilethwa njengempahla enkulu evela eShayina zisukela cishe kumaphesenti angu-0 kwezinye izinto zezimboni kuya kumaphesenti angu-6 amasofa kanye nefenisha efakwe upholstery kuya kumaphesenti angu-12 kwezinye izindwangu. Izinga langempela linqunywa ikhodi ye-HS enikezwe umkhiqizo.
EFrance, i-VAT ikhokhiswa ngesilinganiso esijwayelekile samaphesenti angama-20, kanye nenani le-CIF kanye nentela yokungenisa, hhayi nje inani lemikhiqizo elibikiwe. Lo mphumela wokuhlanganisa ubalulekile esimweni sempahla enkulu lapho izindleko zokuthutha ziphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lezinto. Ukuthunyelwa kwama-treadmill anenani le-FOB elingu-USD 20,000 kungaba ne-USD 3,500 ekuthuthweni kwasolwandle kanye ne-USD 500 kumshwalense, okuholela enanini le-CIF elingu-USD 24,000. Ngesilinganiso sentela esingu-3.7%, intela ifinyelela ku-USD 888 kanye nesisekelo se-VAT esingu-USD 24,888, lokhu kuholela cishe ku-USD 4,978 ku-VAT kuphela. Umthwalo wentela wonke ungaphezu kwephesenti elilula lenani lezimpahla kulokhu kuthunyelwa: cishe i-USD 5,800.
Uhlelo Lokulawula Ukungenisa 2 lwe-EU (ICS2) ludinga idatha yokuphepha nokuphepha kagesi ethuthukisiwe yayo yonke impahla engena e-EU kusukela ngo-2024. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngempahla yendiza udinga ukulayisha kusengaphambili idatha kanye impahla yasolwandle Izimfuneko zisetshenziswa ezingeni lomkhumbi futhi zidinga izincazelo ezifanele zezimpahla, amakhodi e-HS kanye nedatha yokuthumela/yokuthumela ngendlela ye-elekthronikhi ngaphambi kokufika. Uma kukhona iphutha noma idatha enganele kungabangela ukugcinwa kwamasiko echwebeni. Lokhu kuyinkinga enkulu ngezimpahla ezinkulu njengoba izimali zokugcina ichweba zikhokhiswa nsuku zonke ngesitsha ngasinye. Uma ungumthumeli osebenzisa i-FOB futhi enza ukuvunyelwa kwakho kwamasiko, kuzodingeka uqinisekise ukuthi umthengisi wakho wamasiko waseFrance ukulungele i-ICS2. Uma ungumthumeli osebenzisa i-DDP, kuzodingeka uhlole lokhu nomhlinzeki wakho wezokuthutha.
| Uhlobo Lwempahla | Isahluko Esijwayelekile se-HS | Izinga Lomsebenzi we-EU | Isibonelo: I-FOB USD 20,000 + USD 4,000 Impahla | Intela Ephelele (Imisebenzi + 20% i-VAT) |
| Usofa ohlotshiswe nge-upholstery | 9401 | 5.7% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Inkokhelo USD 1,368 | ~USD 5,074 |
| Imishini yokuzivocavoca/yokuthambisa umzimba. | 9506 | 2.7% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Inkokhelo USD 648 | ~USD 4,930 |
| Umshini wokugeza | 8450 | 2.0% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Inkokhelo USD 480 | ~USD 4,896 |
| Isihlalo sokuhlanza | 9402 | 2.7% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Inkokhelo USD 648 | ~USD 4,930 |
| Isithuthuthu sikagesi | 8711 | 6.0% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Inkokhelo USD 1,440 | ~USD 5,088 |
| I-hood yasekhishini/imishini yokusebenza | 8414 | 1.7% | I-CIF USD 24,000 → Inkokhelo USD 408 | ~USD 4,882 |
Idatha engenhla ikhombisa ukuthi kungani ukukhetha isikhathi sokuhweba kunemiphumela eqondile yezezimali ngale kwe-invoyisi yempahla. Ngaphansi kwe-FOB lezi zimali zikhokhwa yikhasimende kumasiko aseFrance ngokuqondile noma ngomthengisi wezimpahla ozomkhokhisa kamuva. Ku-DDP, izindleko ezinjalo zifakwa ku-invoyisi iyonke ngumhlinzeki wezimpahla futhi umthengi ukhokha intengo eyodwa ehlanganisa konke. Ingozi nge-DDP ukuthi umthengi angathola ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kumasiko aseFrance esikhathini esizayo uma umhlinzeki engahlulelanga kahle izinga lentela noma esebenzisa ikhodi ye-HS engalungile - yingakho ukusebenzisana nomlingani wezokuthutha onolwazi olujulile lwezimpahla zasekhaya e-EU kungeyona into yokuzikhethela.
Yiliphi Igama Okufanele Ulikhethe - Futhi Nini
Impendulo efanele incike ekuvuthweni komthengi kwezokuthutha, ukuthi zithunyelwa kangaki, uhlobo lwezinto kanye nokuthembeka komlingani wezokuthutha kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zentengiselwano.
I-EXW ifanele abathengi asebevele benomshini wokuthutha impahla othembekile oseShayina ongaphatha amasiko okuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe, uthuthe ivolumu eyanele ukuze uxoxisane ngamanani angabizi okuthutha impahla olwandle ngqo, futhi unomthengisi wempahla osemthethweni eFrance ohambisana ne-ICS2. Kunengqondo futhi lapho ikhasimende lifisa ukuhlanganisa impahla evela kubaphakeli abaningana baseShayina ngokuthunyelwa okukodwa, njengoba ukuphatha ukuthathwa kwempahla esitshalweni somhlinzeki ngamunye kuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekuthuthweni kwempahla.
Kwabaningi abangenisa impahla enkulu yaseShayina abathumela ngezikhathi ezithile, i-FOB iyona ezenzakalelayo enengqondo kakhulu. Isusa ubunzima bokuthutha impahla kwamanye amazwe (izindleko eziguquguqukayo ezinkulu kakhulu ku-equation) ezandleni zomthengi futhi ivumela umhlinzeki ukuthi anakekele ubunzima obuseceleni kweShayina abahlonyiswe kangcono ukusingatha. Ngaphansi kwe-FOB, isiyalo ukuhlonza ichweba elikhulu bese kuqinisekiswa ngokubhala, ukukhetha umthengisi wezimpahla waseFrance ohambisana nenqubo ye-ICS2, futhi ahlanganise intela ephelele kanye nesibopho se-VAT kwisabelomali sezindleko ezifike kusukela ngosuku lokuqala.
I-DDP iyisisombululo esisobala sabathengisi be-e-commerce abawela imingcele abanamakhasimende abo okugcina afuna ukubona izindleko ezifike ngokuphelele lapho bekhokha, futhi abangenazo ingqalasizinda yangaphakathi yokuphatha ukuvunyelwa kwempahla ngokwabo. Futhi kuyisinqumo esifanele kubangenisi bokuqala bezinto ezinkulu abafisa ukuqonda ibhizinisi ngaphambi kokusungula oxhumana nabo nabathengisi babo. Izindlela ezibalulekile ukukhetha umhlinzeki we-DDP onokubhaliswa kwempahla ye-EU okuqinisekisiwe, ukumelwa kwe-VAT yezimali yaseFrance, kanye nekhono eliqinisekisiwe lokuletha impahla enkulu, kufaka phakathi ukulethwa kwe-aphoyintimenti yemayela lokugcina ngemishini efanele.
| Iphrofayela Yomthengi | Isikhathi Esinconyiwe | Isizathu Esiyinhloko |
| Umthengisi we-e-commerce, ukuthunyelwa kokuqala eFrance | I-DDP | Ubulula; akudingeki ingqalasizinda yentela |
| Umthengisi we-B2B ophindaphindayo, umthengisi wentela osunguliwe | Fob | Ukulawula amanani okuthutha impahla; ukubonakala okucacile kwezindleko |
| Umthengi wokuhlanganisa abahlinzeki abaningi | I-EXW | Ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kokuhlanganiswa kweChina |
| Umthengisi wepulatifomu onama-SKU aphezulu, angabikezelwa | FOB noma DDP | Kuncike ekutheni umthengisi ulawula ukubhaliswa kwe-VAT ye-EU |
| Ukuthunyelwa kwephrojekthi kanye kuphela (imishini, imishini) | I-DDP | Kugwema isidingo sokusetha umthengisi werekhodi wokuthunyelwa kanye |
Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kwe-Topway Okusekela Ngayo Imithwalo Emikhulu Eya EFrance
Yasungulwa ngo-2010, i-Topway Shipping ingumhlinzeki wezinsizakalo zokuthutha ochwepheshe ngaphesheya kwemingcele, ogxile ekuthwaleni imithwalo emikhulu kanye nemithwalo esindayo, eseShenzhen China. Ithimba labasunguli bale nkampani lineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 yesipiliyoni sangempela sokuthutha kanye nokususwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kanye nolwazi oluqinile lokusebenza kwezigaba ezakha imboni enkulu yempahla, okuhlanganisa ifenisha, imishini yokuzivocavoca, izinto zasendlini, izinto zokuhweba nokuningi.
I-Topway Shipping isebenza ngaphansi kwayo yonke imigomo emithathu yokuhweba okuxoxwe ngayo lapha. I-Topway inikeza amakhasimende e-FOB iqoqo lokuqala elivela ezimbonini zaseShayina, ukuhlanganiswa kwezwe endaweni yayo yaseShenzhen, ukuhlanzwa kwezimpahla zangaphandle kanye nokubhukwa kwezimpahla zasolwandle emigwaqweni eqinisekisiwe yaseShayina neYurophu. Le nkampani ithumela ngempahla yasolwandle, ethatha izinsuku ezingama-45 kuya kwezingama-50 ukuya emachwebeni eYurophu, kanye nange- umzila wesitimela ngenethiwekhi yesitimela phakathi kweShayina neYurophu, ethatha izinsuku ezingama-30 kuya kwezingama-45 futhi inentengo ephakathi kwempahla yasolwandle neyasemoyeni.
I-Topway inikeza isevisi yayo ephelele ye-DDP kubathengisi nakubathengi abasebenza ezimweni ze-DDP emazweni angu-25 e-EU kufaka phakathi iFrance, iJalimane, i-Italy, iSpain, iNetherlands kanye neBelgium. Le nsizakalo inikeza ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe kwaseShayina, imithwalo yamazwe ngamazwe, imvume yamasiko okungenisa e-EU ngokubhaliswa kwe-EORI, intela kanye nenkokhelo ye-VAT kanye nokulethwa kwemayela lokugcina okuhlanganisa ukulethwa okusekelwe ekuqokweni okunekhono lokuphakamisa izinto ezinkulu nezinkulu. Ngokusho kwedatha yokusebenza kokulethwa kwe-DDP yenkampani, amaphesenti angama-91 okuthunyelwa kwe-DDP ngolwandle kusayinwa futhi kwamukelwa yiklayenti lokugcina zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-45 kuya kwezingama-55 kusukela eshiye iShayina.
Ingqalasizinda yemithwalo emikhulu yeTopway ilungiselelwe izidingo ezithile zesigaba. Indlu yokugcina impahla yenkampani yaseShenzhen ingaphatha imikhiqizo ngayinye enesisindo esingama-metric tonnes angu-8 futhi ifinyelela kumamitha angu-8 onqenqemeni olulodwa, ehlanganisa ububanzi obuphelele bezigaba zemithwalo emikhulu kusukela efenisha yasekhaya kuya emishinini yezentengiselwano kanye nemishini yezimboni elula. Izindawo zethu zokugcina impahla zaseYurophu zisekela ukuthunyelwa kwesibili, ukubuyiselwa, ukulebula kabusha, kanye nokugcwaliseka kwe-B2B kuya kumthengi.
I-Topway Shipping inikeza ukulethwa okuhlanganisiwe kwemayela lokugcina kubathengisi be-e-commerce abawela imingcele ngokugeleza kwama-oda e-B2B kanye ne-B2C ngenethiwekhi yayo yabalingani baseYurophu ngokulandelela iphakheji kusukela ekuthathweni kwefektri kuya ekusayinweni kokugcina. Uhlelo lokuphatha izinto lwenkampani luvumela ukubonakala esigabeni ngasinye, kunciphisa izikhala zolwazi ezivame ukubangela izingxabano kanye nezimangalo ekuthunyelweni kwempahla enkulu.
Indlela yentengo ye-Topway ibonisa izici zemakethe yempahla enkulu kakhulu. Ngenkathi abathwali bezimpahla abavamile besebenzisa ngokuzimisela ukubala isisindo esilinganayo, amazinga e-Topway asekelwe kusayizi wempahla yangempela kanye nesisindo, ngakho-ke amakhasimende anokubonakala kwezindleko okusobala nokubikezelwayo ngaphambi kokuzibophezela kokuthunyelwa. Lokhu kunemiphumela kubathengisi ababeka amanani emikhiqizo emakethe yaseFrance. Ukubalwa kwezindleko ezifike endaweni eqondile ngaphakathi kwamaphesenti ambalwa kuyisisekelo sesu lentengo elisebenzayo.
Amaphutha Amahlanu Abiza Kakhulu Okufanele Uwagweme Kungakhathaliseki Ithemu Olikhethayo
Amaphutha ahlala njalo ekuthunyelweni kwempahla emikhulu emzileni waseShayina-France futhi abiza kakhulu kangangokuthi kufanele aqashelwe ngokukhethekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthumela i-EXW, i-FOB noma i-DDP.
Okokuqala yilapho wamukela ikhotheshini yomhlinzeki ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa indawo eqanjwe ngayo. Ukuthi i-FOB China kuphela akusho lutho uma ichweba lingaqanjwanga ngokuqondile - futhi elikhulu. Qinisekisa i-FOB Shenzhen, i-FOB Shanghai noma i-FOB Ningbo bese uhlola ukuthi umhlinzeki angakwazi ngempela ukuletha esikhungweni esisechwebeni lokulayisha.
Okwesibili ukunganakwa kokubaluleka kokupakisha ezindlekweni zokufika. Emithwalweni emikhulu izindleko zokufaka izinkuni ezifuthwe kahle noma ama-pallet ahambisana ne-ISPM angu-15 zingase zengeze u-USD 50 kuya ku-USD 200 ngeyunithi ngayinye futhi ukungakwenzi lokhu kudala izinkinga ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-phytosanitary ye-EU. Lezi zindleko kumele zichazwe ngokucacile esilinganisweni somhlinzeki futhi ziqinisekiswe esichasisweni sokupakisha.
Okwesithathu akubhaliseli inombolo ye-EORI ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kokuqala. Uma ungenisa eFrance ngemibandela ye-FOB, wena noma umthengisi wakho wezimpahla kumele nibe nenombolo Yokubhalisa Nokuhlonza Abasebenzi Bezomnotho ukuze nikhiphe izimpahla ngezimpahla ze-EU. Izicelo zithatha isikhathi futhi kufanele ziqalwe kusenesikhathi ngaphambi kokutholwa okulindelekile kokuthunyelwa kokuqala.
Okwesine ukungahloli amakhodi e-HS ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Ikhodi ye-HS ikhomba izinga lentela kanye nezindlela zokulwa nokulahla izimpahla kwezinye izigaba. E-China, abathumeli ngaphandle ngezinye izikhathi basebenzisa amakhodi okuhlukanisa anciphisa isibopho sabo sentela yokuthumela ngaphandle, okungase kungafani nokuhlukaniswa okulungile kokungenisa eFrance. Uma kutholakala ukungalingani, amasiko aseFrance angabeka ukuhlolwa kabusha, izinhlawulo kanye nokugcinwa kwempahla.
Okwesihlanu, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ngokuthunyelwa kwe-DDP, yilapho umhlinzeki wezokuthutha ekhethwa ngokusekelwe emananini kuphela, ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuthi lo mhlinzeki ubhalisiwe yini emasikweni e-EU nokuthi unamandla okusebenza aphelele yini ezintweni ezinkulu. Uma uthola isilinganiso se-DDP esishibhile emthonjeni ongenawo umelelwano we-VAT yezimali yaseFrance noma izindlela zokuletha into engama-250kg ekhelini lokuhlala, lokho akuyona into eshibhile - lokho kuyisibopho.
Isiphetho
I-EXW, i-FOB kanye ne-DDP zihluke kakhulu ekwabelaneni kwazo ngezindleko kanye nezingozi, futhi imiphumela yalokhu kungalingani iba nkulu nakakhulu lapho umthwalo umkhulu kakhulu. Ukuthunyelwa okungu-30kg okubambeka emasimini kuyacasula. Sikhuluma ngokuthunyelwa kwezihlalo zokubhucunga, ama-pallet amabili amiswe eLe Havre ngenxa yezinkinga zedatha ze-ICS2 noma ukungahlukaniswa kahle kwekhodi ye-HS. Lokho kuyinhlekelele enkulu yezezimali.
Kwabaningi abathengisi be-e-commerce abawela imingcele kanye nabangenisi be-B2B abangena emakethe yaseFrance bephethe izimpahla ezinkulu ezivela eShayina, isincomo esisebenzayo ukuqala nge-DDP kuze kube yilapho umzila uqondakala - imisebenzi, izikhathi zokuthutha ezivamile, amaqiniso okugcina emadolobheni nasemadolobheni aseFrance - bese uhlola ukuthi i-FOB enomthengisi wezimpahla othembekile kanye nomthengisi wezimpahla inikeza izinzuzo zezindleko ezinengqondo ngezinga. I-EXW ingeyabathengi asebevele bakhe ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, futhi abafisa ukuba nokulawula okuphezulu.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubiza ngani, ikhwalithi yomlingani wakho wezokuthutha ibaluleke kakhulu kunegama. Ushintsho olulodwa olubaluleke kakhulu ekutheni ukuthunyelwa kwakho okusuka eShayina kuya eFrance kufika ngesikhathi, ngesabelomali, futhi ngaphandle kwezimanga zentela ukukhetha umhlinzeki onekhono langempela lempahla enkulu, amandla okuthobela imithetho yentela ye-EU, kanye nokubonakala kwangempela ebangeni lokugcina.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Q: Ingabe i-DDP ibiza kakhulu kune-FOB ngokuthumela izimpahla ezinkulu zisuka eShayina ziye eFrance?
A: Akuzona zonke izikhathi. I-DDP ihlanganisa zonke izindleko ezifaka phakathi intela, i-VAT, impahla kanye nokulethwa kwemayela lokugcina kube yintengo eyodwa ngezinye izikhathi engaba nokuncintisana nenani eliphelele lezindleko umthengi angaliphatha uma ebhekene nalezo zinto ngokwehlukana (i-FOB). Ingxenye enkulu yokuqhathanisa incike kumthamo wempahla yakho, amandla akho okuxoxisana nabathwali kanye nokusebenza kahle komthengisi wakho ozimele wezimpahla. I-DDP ngokuvamile ingaba yindleko efanayo noma ephansi esebenza kahle uma ufaka imali ehlanganisiwe yabathumeli abaphansi noma abaqalayo.
U: Ngingayithola yini i-VAT yaseFrance ekhokhelwe ekungenisweni kwempahla uma ngiyibhizinisi?
A: Yebo, ngokuvamile, uma unesivumelwano sokubhaliswa kwe-VAT eFrance noma isivumelwano sommeli wezezimali waseFrance, ungabuyisa i-VAT yokungenisa engu-20% oyikhokhile emasikweni usebenzisa inqubo evamile yokubuyisa i-VAT. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezenza abangenisi abavamile ngezinye izikhathi bakhethe ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo e-FOB noma e-DDP lapho i-VAT iboniswa ngokucacile ekungeneni kwamasiko ngakho-ke kulula ukuyibuyisa. Isazi sakho sentela saseFrance noma umthengisi wamasiko angahlola izimo eziqondile.
Q: Singakanani isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuhamba kwempahla enkulu kakhulu esuka eShenzhen iya eParis ngaphansi kwemodi ngayinye yokuthutha?
A: Ngokuvamile, imithwalo yolwandle esuka eShenzhen iya eLe Havre izothatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-30 kuya kwezingama-35 ukuhamba ngomkhumbi. Ngokuphathwa kwechweba kanye nokucutshungulwa kwentela, isikhathi sonke somnyango nomnyango sizoba cishe izinsuku ezingama-45 kuya kwezingama-55 ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Imithwalo yesitimela phakathi kweShayina neYurophu ithatha izinsuku ezingama-30-45 ukuhamba. Imithwalo yomoya isetshenziswa ngokwesimo ngasinye sempahla emikhulu. Ngokuvamile imithwalo yomoya igcinelwe izinto ezibalulekile ngesikhathi noma ezinenani eliphezulu. Ukuhamba kuyizinsuku eziyi-12 kuya kweziyi-15. I-Topway Shipping ngokomlando ifinyelele izinga lokulethwa elingamaphesenti angama-91 lemithwalo yolwandle esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezingama-45 kuya kwezingama-55 sokuthunyelwa kwe-DDP.
Q: Yini ebalwa njengempahla enkulu kakhulu ngezinjongo zokuthumela izimpahla zisuka eShayina ziye eFrance?
A: Incazelo iyahlukahluka kuye ngomhlinzeki wezimpahla kanye nowezokuthutha, kodwa isilinganiso esivamile embonini yimpahla engaphezu kwesisindo esingu-150 kg, amamitha angu-4 ngobukhulu obude kakhulu, noma edinga imishini ekhethekile yokuphatha. I-Topway Shipping ichaza isigaba sayo esikhulu kakhulu njengezinto ezinesisindo seyunithi eyodwa esingaphansi kwamathani ayi-8 kanye nobukhulu obungangomphetho owodwa ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-8, okuhlanganisa iningi lefenisha, izinto zikagesi, imishini yokufaneleka, kanye nezigaba zemishini yezentengiselwano.
U: Ingabe intela yokulahla udoti iyasebenza ezimpahleni ezinkulu kakhulu ezivela eShayina ezingena eFrance?
A: Izindlela zokulwa nokulahla izimpahla zingase zibekwe ezigabeni ezithile zomkhiqizo futhi zinqunywa ezingeni le-EU. I-EU isivele ibeke izindleko zokulwa nokulahla izimpahla emabhayisikili kagesi avela eShayina nasezintweni ezithile zensimbi. Ngempahla enkulu kakhulu ezigabeni zefenisha, izinto zikagesi kanye nemishini yokuzivocavoca, amazinga entela ejwayelekile yempahla yamasiko e-EU asebenza ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwezimali ezengeziwe zokulwa nokulahla izimpahla, noma kunjalo lokhu kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokumelene nekhodi ye-HS eqondile yempahla ngayinye ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Lokhu kufanele kuhlolwe ngumthengisi wakho wamasiko njengengxenye yokubalwa kwezindleko zokuthunyelwa ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
