Customs ya ku Germany (Zoll) ndi Kutumiza Kwanu kwa FCL:

Zolakwa Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kuchedwa

 

Introduction

Hamburg ndi imodzi mwa madoko otanganidwa kwambiri ku Europe, ndipo chaka chilichonse, katundu wambiri wa FCL amabwera. Amakhala pa siteshoniyi kwa masiku kapena milungu ingapo pomwe kasitomu waku Germany (Zoll) amathetsa mavuto a mapepala, maoda owunikira, kapena kusamvana kwa magulu. Kutumiza kwapita kale makilomita 19,000 a panyanja. Ndalama zotumizira zalipidwa kale. Kenako, nthawi yomaliza isanaperekedwe, zolakwika mu zikalata zomwe zikanayenera kupewedwa zimawononga ndalama zambiri, zimayambitsa nkhawa, ndikuswa malonjezo.

Ofesi ya kasitomu ku Germany imagwira ntchito mwachangu motsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Zoll imatha kukonza chilengezo chokhazikika cha kutumiza katundu ndikutulutsa chidebe mu ola limodzi mpaka asanu ndi limodzi pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwinobwino pogwiritsa ntchito nsanja yaukadaulo ya ATLAS (Automated Tariff and Local Customs Processing System). Komabe, liwiro limenelo limadalira momwe chidziwitso chomwe chimalandirira chilili chabwino. Ngati deta yotumizidwayo sikugwirizana ndi zinthuzo kapena ngati zikalata zofunika sizikupezeka, dongosololi limalemba katunduyo kuti awunikenso pamanja. Kumbali ina, kuwunikanso pamanja kumachitika pa nthawi yosiyana kwathunthu.

Bungwe la Bundesfinanzministerium limati 68% ya kuchedwa kwa misonkho m'madoko a Frankfurt ndi Hamburg kumachitika chifukwa cha kusakhazikika bwino kwa ma code a HS. Nambala imodziyo imakuuzani zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa za komwe chiopsezo chachikulu chili: osati pakutumiza kapena kugwirizanitsa zinthu, koma mtundu wa mapepala a bizinesi sitimayo isanachoke ku Shenzhen.

Phunziroli likuwonetsa otumiza katundu m'dzikolo zolakwa zomwe amachita akamachita zinthu zokhudzana ndi misonkho yaku Germany pa katundu wa FCL wochokera ku China, zomwe zimachitika akachita zinthuzo, komanso zomwe angachite sitimayo isananyamuke kuti ikwaniritse nthawi yawo yotumizira katundu.

 

Momwe Miyambo ya ku Germany (Zoll) Imagwirira Ntchito pa Zogulitsa za FCL

Sitimayo isanayime, doko limatumiza chikalata chodziwitsa za chiwopsezo (ENS) ku dongosolo la ATLAS la chidebe cha FCL chomwe chikufika ku Hamburg. Izi zimapangitsa Zoll kuchita kafukufuku wa zoopsa. Makontena ambiri amakhala ndi "njira yobiriwira", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amatha kumasulidwa nthawi yomweyo wotumiza katundu kapena broker wawo wa kasitomu akatumiza chikalata chokwanira chotumizira katundu ndikulipira ndalama zilizonse ndi VAT yolowera katundu yomwe iyenera kulipidwa. Chiwerengero chochepa chimalandira mbendera ya "chikasu" kuti iwunikenso zolemba kapena mbendera ya "yofiira" yomwe ikunena kuti katunduyo ayenera kufufuzidwa.

Muyenera kulemba chikalata chotumizira katundu ku EU kudzera mu ATLAS. Bizinesi iliyonse yomwe imatumiza katundu ku EU kuti igwire ntchito iyenera kupeza nambala ya EORI (Economic Operators Registration and Identification) kuchokera ku dipatimenti ya kasitomu ya dziko lawo. Wotumiza katundu wosakhala wa EU akamagwira ntchito ndi wotumiza katundu kapena wothandizira wochokera ku Germany, amagwiritsa ntchito nambala ya EORI ya chipani cha Germany. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zikalata zonse zotumizira katundu ku Germany zimachitika pakompyuta. Zilengezo zolembedwa zimalandiridwa pokhapokha ngati dongosolo la ATLAS lalephera kugwira ntchito.

Lamulo la Kasitomu la Union (UCC) limati zinthu zomwe zikubwera ku EU kuchokera kunja kwa EU ziyenera kunenedwa ku kasitomu zikangofika padoko. Pa makontena a FCL, izi nthawi zambiri zikutanthauza kuti broker wa kasitomu amalemba chikalatacho tsiku lomwe sitimayo ifika kapena patatha masiku ochepa kuchokera pamenepo. Ngati wotumiza katundu sanakonzekere mapepala onse sitimayo isanafike, broker alibe nthawi yokwanira yopezera zomwe akufuna. Pamene akuchita izi, kontenayo imayamba kusonkhanitsa ndalama zochepetsera mtengo pa malo osungira katundu.

Chilengezo chokonzedwa bwino chimatenga ola limodzi mpaka asanu ndi limodzi kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ATLAS yokhazikika. Akangoyamba, kuwunika kwa thupi kumatha kupitilira masiku atatu. Chakudya, katundu wa ziweto, mankhwala, ndi zamagetsi zomwe zimafunikira kutsimikiziridwa kwa chizindikiro cha CE zonse ndi zitsanzo za magulu a katundu woopsa kwambiri. Mitundu iyi ya katundu iyenera kufufuzidwa ndi mabungwe ena kupatula Zoll, monga BVL (Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety), BfArM (ya mankhwala ndi zida zamankhwala), ndi BAFA (ya katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri komanso wolamulidwa kutumiza kunja). Bungwe lililonse limakhazikitsa nthawi yakeyake.

Chitsanzo	Nthawi Yokhazikika Yopangira	Bungwe Lokhudzidwa
Chilengezo choyera, palibe mbendera	Maola 1-6	Zoll (ATLAS)
Ndemanga ya zolembedwa (njira yachikasu)	Masiku a bizinesi a 1-3	Zoll
Kuyang'ana thupi (njira yofiira)	Kufikira masiku a 3	Zoll + terminal
Chakudya/katundu waulimi	1-2 masiku owonjezera	Zoll + BVL/dokotala wa ziweto
Zamagetsi (kufufuza kutsata malamulo a CE)	Masiku a bizinesi a 2-5	Zoll + kuyang'anira msika
Mankhwala/zipangizo zachipatala	Masiku a bizinesi a 3-7	Zoll + BfArM
Katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri (kulamulira kutumiza kunja)	Zosinthasintha - mpaka milungu	Zoll + BAFA

Gome 1: Nthawi yoyerekeza yochotsera katundu ku Germany malinga ndi zochitika (Hamburg, 2025–2026)

 

Zolakwa Zofala Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kuchedwa

Cholakwika 1: Ma HS Code Olakwika Kapena Osalondola

Ichi ndi cholakwika chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chili m'mapepala a msewu waukulu wa Shenzhen-Hamburg. Pazolengeza za kutumiza katundu kunja, kasitomu waku Germany amagwiritsa ntchito khodi yonse ya TARIC ya manambala 10 m'malo mwa khodi ya HS yapadziko lonse ya manambala 6. Kusiyana kwake n'kofunika kwambiri. Makhodi a TARIC amakuuzani kuchuluka kwa msonkho, ngati pali njira zodzitetezera pamalonda (monga misonkho yoletsa kutaya katundu kapena zolipiritsa zotsutsana), komanso ngati katunduyo ali ndi zoletsa zilizonse zotumizira katundu kunja kapena zofunikira za chilolezo.

Mahedifoni a Bluetooth omwe alibe mawaya ndi chitsanzo cha izi. Amayikidwa pansi pa TARIC 8517.62.00 m'malo mwa 8517.61. Dongosolo la ATLAS limayika chizindikiro cha phukusi lokonzanso ngati wotumiza kapena mkulu wa kasitomu waika m'gulu molakwika. Kusamvana kwa TARIC m'gulu nthawi zambiri kumatenga masiku 3.2 kuti kuthetsedwe, ndipo ngati wina mwadala ayika chinthu molakwika m'gulu, akhoza kulipidwa chindapusa cha mpaka €12,000 pa kutumiza kulikonse. Mwayi wa zolakwika zamakhodi umawonjezeka ndi chinthu chilichonse chomwe chili pa invoice ya bizinesi kwa otumiza omwe amasuntha zinthu m'magulu angapo, monga zowonjezera zamagetsi, zida za mipando, ndi zinthu zophatikizika.

Chinthu chabwino kwambiri choti muchite ndikuyang'ana ma HS code anu musanatumize katundu. Ngati simukudziwa chochita, mutha kufunsa Zoll kuti akupatseni chidziwitso cha Binding Tariff Information (BTI) pasadakhale. Izi zimatseka code ndipo zimakutetezani ku kuthekera koti isinthidwe m'magulu. Monga ntchito yanthawi zonse yotumizira katundu, akatswiri ambiri odziwa bwino ntchito zotumiza katundu ndi ma broker a kasitomu amapereka kuwunika kwa HS.

Cholakwika Chachiwiri: Mafotokozedwe Osamveka Kapena Osasinthasintha a Zamalonda

ATLAS imayang'ana kufotokozera kwa malonda pa invoice yamalonda motsutsana ndi HS code yomwe idaperekedwa. Dongosololi silingatsimikizire kulinganiza ngati kufotokozerako kuli kosamveka bwino, monga "zida zamagetsi," "katundu wapakhomo," kapena "zida zamakina." Kenako limalemba mawuwo kuti awunikenso pamanja. Vuto limakhala lalikulu kwambiri pa kutumiza katundu wosakanikirana wa FCL, chifukwa chidebe chimodzi chimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu, chilichonse chomwe chimafunikira chinthu chake chokhala ndi kufotokozera kolondola.

Mafotokozedwe ayenera kusonyeza molondola makhalidwe a malonda ndi ukadaulo a zinthuzo. “Mipeni yakukhitchini yopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri yokhala ndi zogwirira zapulasitiki” ndi njira yabwino yofotokozera. “Zida zakukhitchini” sizomwezo. “Zingwe zoyatsira za USB-C za mita imodzi za mafoni” zimagwira ntchito. “Zowonjezera” sizigwira ntchito. Izi zimamveka zosavuta, koma zikasowa nthawi yokwanira pokonza, otumiza nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mafotokozedwe achidule omwe amasunga masekondi pa invoice koma amawononga masiku ambiri ku Hamburg.

Cholakwika 3: Kuchepa kwa Malipoti a Mtengo wa Kasitomu

N'kotsutsana ndi lamulo la Germany ndi EU kuchepetsa mtengo wa zinthu zomwe zili pa invoice yamalonda kuti muchepetse msonkho wa katundu wochokera kunja ndi VAT. Zoll nthawi zonse imayang'ana mtengo wa katundu wogulitsidwa poyerekeza ndi deta yamtengo wamsika, mbiri ya katundu wogulitsidwa kunja kwa dzikolo kuti ipeze ma code omwewo a HS, ndi zambiri zamitengo zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndi dongosolo la EU la Surveillance 2. Ngati mtengo womwe watchulidwa uli wochepa kuposa womwe uli wamba pamsika, katundu wogulitsidwa kunja akhoza kupempha zikalata zambiri (monga zolemba za banki kapena mapangano a ogulitsa) ndikukweza mtengo womwe uyenera kulipidwa.

Zotsatira zake sizimangopita pa kutumiza komwe kukuchitika pakali pano. ATLAS ingachepetse chiŵerengero cha mbiri ya chiopsezo cha kampani ngati ili ndi mbiri ya kusiyana kwa mtengo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kutumiza mtsogolo kudzayang'aniridwa mosamala ngati nkhani yachizolowezi. Kwa otumiza a FCL omwe akubweretsabe katundu, mtengo wa kusintha mbiri ya chiopsezo ndi wokwera kwambiri kuposa mtengo womwe unasungidwa pa kutumiza kulikonse.

Cholakwika 4: Nambala ya EORI Yosowa Kapena Yosakwanira

Mabizinesi onse omwe amatumiza katundu ku EU amafunikira nambala ya EORI. Nambala iyi iyenera kukhala pa chilengezo cha ATLAS chotumizira katundu ku Hamburg kuti katundu wa FCL atumizidwe. Otumiza ena aku China omwe adatumiza katundu pang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito yotumizira katundu m'mbuyomu sangadziwe kuti kutumiza katundu ku FCL kumafunikira kuti wotumiza katunduyo akhale ndi EORI yovomerezeka. Dongosolo la ATLAS silingavomereze chilengezocho ngati EORI palibe kapena si yovomerezeka. Chidebecho chiyenera kudikira mpaka vutoli litathetsedwa.

Bungwe la Bundeszollverwaltung limasamalira kulembetsa kwa EORI ku Germany. Limalumikizidwa ndi nambala yodziwika ya VAT ya kampani ya ku Germany (USt-ID). Njirayi ndi yosavuta, koma imatenga nthawi. Chifukwa chake, bizinesi iliyonse yomwe ikufuna kubweretsa FCL ku Germany koyamba iyenera kulembetsa kwa EORI milungu ingapo sitimayo isananyamuke, osati ikafika kumeneko.

Cholakwika 5: Zolakwika za Dziko Lochokera

Dziko lochokera pa Bill of Lading, invoice yamalonda, ndi mndandanda wa zonyamula katundu zonse ziyenera kukhala zofanana komanso zolondola. Izi sizingodzaza mafomu okha. Origin imasankha kuti ndi msonkho uti womwe ukugwira ntchito motsatira mapangano ambiri amalonda a EU, ngati pali njira zilizonse zotsutsana ndi kutaya katundu, komanso ngati katundu ali ndi ziletso zilizonse zotumizira kunja. Mtengo wotsutsana ndi kutaya katundu ukuwonjezera pa msonkho wamba wa MFN wa katundu wochokera ku China. Izi zikugwira ntchito pamitundu yambiri ya zinthu, kuphatikizapo zoumbaumba, zinthu zachitsulo, mapanelo a dzuwa, njinga, ndi zina zambiri. Ndi mlandu waukulu wa msonkho kunena kuti chilichonse chimachokera kudziko lina kuti tipewe misonkho iyi.

Palinso vuto lovuta kwambiri: kutumiza ndi kupanga zinthu m'maiko oposa limodzi. Ngati chinthu chapangidwa ndi zigawo zochokera kumayiko ena ndipo chikaikidwa pamodzi ku China, malamulo odziwira komwe chinachokera (makamaka, kusintha kwakukulu motsatira Union Customs Code) angafunike kuyang'aniridwa mosamala. Zinthu zambiri zomwe ogula amagwiritsa ntchito ndi bwino kungonena kuti "Zopangidwa ku China" ngati zidayikidwa pamodzi ku China kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zinachokera kumayiko ena. Koma pa mitundu ina ya katundu, monga nsalu, zamagetsi, ndi makina, malamulo okhudza komwe zinachokera ndi okhwima kwambiri ndipo amafunika umboni.

Cholakwika 6: Kusatsatira Malamulo a Magulu a Zogulitsa Zolamulidwa

Germany ndi gawo la msika umodzi wa EU, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zomwe zikubwera ku Germany ziyenera kutsatira malamulo a EU, osati a ku Germany okha. Potumiza katundu wodzaza ndi zidebe (FCL) kuchokera ku China, mavuto omwe amapezeka kwambiri pamalamulo ndi monga zofunikira pakulemba chizindikiro cha CE pazida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, kutsatira malamulo a REACH pa mankhwala, ndi mapepala oteteza chakudya motsatira malamulo a EU.

Zinthu zambiri zogulitsidwa ku EU ziyenera kukhala ndi satifiketi ya CE. Izi zikuphatikizapo zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi, zoseweretsa, makina, zida zodzitetezera, ndi zina zambiri. Ngati chidebe chokhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimafunikira CE chilibe zikalata zovomerezeka zotsatizana ndi mafayilo aukadaulo, sichidzapambana mayeso owunikira msika omwe angachitike ku Hamburg. Chidebecho chikhoza kutengedwa, ndipo woitanitsa ayenera kusankha pakati pa kuchitumizanso kunja, kuchiwononga, kapena kukonza vutoli. Palibe mwa njira izi zomwe ndi zachangu kapena zotsika mtengo.

REACH (Kulembetsa, Kuwunika, Kuvomereza, ndi Kuletsa Mankhwala) imagwira ntchito pa chinthu chilichonse chomwe chili ndi zinthu zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa kwambiri (SVHCs) pamlingo winawake. Wotumiza katunduyo ndiye amene amayang'anira kuonetsetsa kuti katundu wa mafakitale, zida, ndi zinthu zina zomwe ogula amagwiritsa ntchito zikugwirizana ndi miyezo ya REACH. Angafunike kulengeza kwa ogulitsa kuti atsimikizire izi. Nthawi zambiri, doko silipempha mapepala awa pa katundu aliyense wotumizidwa. Koma ngati apempha, nthawi zambiri panthawi yowunikira, simungathe kuchoka mpaka mutakonzekera.

kulakwitsa	Choyambitsa Choyamba	Kuchedwa Kwambiri	Prevention
Khodi yolakwika ya TARIC	Mbendera yodziyimira yokha ya ATLAS	Masiku 3-5	Kuwunikanso kwa HS musanatumize / chigamulo cha BTI
Kufotokozera kwa malonda kosadziwika bwino	Ndemanga ya zolemba za ATLAS	Masiku 1-3	Mafotokozedwe enieni komanso olondola a invoice
Kuchepa kwa malipoti a mtengo wa msonkho	Funso la mtengo ndi Zoll	Masiku 3–7 + zilango	Lengezani mtengo wonse wa malonda
EORI yosowa/yosavomerezeka	Chilengezo chakanidwa	Masiku 2-5	Lembetsani EORI milungu ingapo musanatumize
Cholakwika cha dziko lochokera	Kuwunika koletsa kutaya zinthu	Masiku 3–10 + ndalama zowonjezera	Chiyambi cholondola ndi zikalata zothandizira
Zolemba za CE/REACH zomwe zikusowa	Kuyang'anira msika	Masiku 5-14	Konzani zikalata zotsimikizira kutsata malamulo musanayende panyanja
Zolemba zosagwirizana	Kulephera kwa mayeso a ATLAS	Masiku 2-5	Kukonzekera zikalata zochokera ku gwero limodzi

Gome 2: Zoyambitsa kuchedwa kwa Zoll, zotsatira zachizolowezi, ndi njira zopewera

 

Dongosolo la ATLAS: Zimene Muyenera Kudziwa Monga Wotumiza Zinthu Kunja

ATLAS (Automatisiertes Tarif- und Lokales Zollabwicklungs-System) ndiyo njira yayikulu yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bungwe la zotumiza katundu ku Germany posamalira zolengeza zotumiza katundu kunja, zochotsera katundu kunja, njira zoyendera, ndi kasamalidwe ka malo osungira katundu. ATLAS ndiyo njira yokhayo yoperekera zolengeza zonse zotumiza katundu kunja ku Germany. Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya zotumiza katundu yomwe yavomerezedwa kuti igwire ntchito ndi ATLAS, kuphatikiza DAKOSY, ZODIAK GE, kapena AEB. Palibe njira yochokera papepala yotumizira katundu wa FCL.

Chilengezo chotumizidwa kudzera mu ATLAS chiyenera kukhala ndi nambala ya EORI ya wotumiza katundu, kufotokozera kwathunthu kwa katunduyo, khodi yolondola ya TARIC ya manambala 10 ya chinthu chilichonse, mtengo wa kasitomu, dziko lochokera, kulemera konse ndi kotheratu, ndi zikalata zoyenera zoyendera (Bill of Lading reference, nambala ya chidebe). Ngati pali kusiyana pakati pa zomwe zalengezedwa mu ATLAS ndi zomwe zikalata zenizeni kapena zinthuzo zikuwonetsa, kuwunikanso kudzayambitsidwa. Dongosololi lakhazikitsidwa kuti lizidziwitse zokha, motero zikalata zonse—invoice yamalonda, mndandanda wolongedza katundu, BL, ndi chilengezo cha ATLAS chokha—ziyenera kukhala zofanana.

Ogulitsa kunja omwe amagwira ntchito ndi othandizira makasitomala aku Germany kapena ma broker ayenera kudziwa kuti broker nthawi zambiri amadzaza chikalata cha misonkho, koma chidziwitso chomwe chili pamenepo chimakhala chabwino ngati chomwe wotumizayo amapereka. Ngati invoice yamalonda yomwe amapeza ili ndi mafotokozedwe osamveka bwino komanso ma code olakwika a HS, broker wokhala ndi mapulogalamu abwino komanso chidziwitso chambiri cha njira sangathe kupereka chikalata cholondola. Ubwino wa chilolezo cha misonkho yaku Germany umayambira pa invoice ya fakitale ndi mapepala otumizira kunja omwe amapangidwa ku Shenzhen.

 

Zikalata Zofunikira Kuti FCL Clearance ivomerezedwe ku Hamburg

Gawo loyamba lopezera chilolezo cha kasitomu molondola ndikukhala ndi mapepala oyenera. Onse ayenera kudzazidwa mokwanira, kufotokozera molondola zinthuzo, ndikugwirizana. Zikalata zazikulu zofunika kuti FCL itumize kuchokera ku China kupita ku Hamburg ndi invoice yamalonda, mndandanda wolongedza, Bill of Lading yoyambirira (kapena telex release confirmation), chilengezo cha kasitomu chopangidwa kudzera mu ATLAS, ndi umboni wa nambala ya EORI ya wotumiza katunduyo. Pazinthu zomwe ziyenera kutsatira malamulo ambiri, mapepala ambiri amawonjezedwa pamwamba pa maziko awa.

Ndemanga	Zimene Ziyenera Kuphatikiza	Cholakwika Chofala
Inivoyisi yamalonda	Tsatanetsatane wa wogulitsa/wogula, kufotokozera kwathunthu kwa chinthucho, mtengo wa chinthucho, mtengo wonse, Incoterms, dziko lochokera	Mafotokozedwe osamveka bwino, mitengo yotsika mtengo
Mndandanda wazolongedza	Kusanthula kwa chidebe/bokosi, kulemera konse ndi koyera, miyeso, kuchuluka kwa mapaketi	Kusiyana kwa kulemera poyerekeza ndi BL
Mtengo wonyamulira katundu	Wotumiza, wotumiza katundu, wodziwitsa gulu, tsatanetsatane wa doko, chidebe ndi manambala osindikizira	Wodziwitsa wolakwika kapena wotumiza uthenga
Chilengezo cha ATLAS	EORI, khodi ya TARIC ya manambala 10, mtengo wa kasitomu, chiyambi, chizindikiro cha mayendedwe	TARIC yolakwika, EORI ikusowa
Satifiketi Yoyambira	Dziko lopangira, tsatanetsatane wa malonda, sitampu yovomerezeka	Cholakwika kapena chosowa pa ntchito yomwe mukufuna
Chidziwitso cha Kugwirizana	Miyezo yokwaniritsidwa, zolemba zaukadaulo, tsatanetsatane wa wopanga	Kusowa kwa zinthu zamagetsi/zamagetsi
MSDS (zamankhwala)	Kuzindikira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, deta yachitetezo, chiganizo chogwirizana ndi REACH	Palibe mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala

Gome 3: Zikalata zofunika kuti FCL ivomerezedwe ku Hamburg ndi zolakwika zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri

Chikalata Choyambira ndi chikalata chomwe nthawi zina chimaiwalika potumiza FCL kuchokera ku China, makamaka poyesa kupeza mtengo wotsika kapena pamene misonkho yotsutsana ndi kutaya katundu ikukhudzidwa. Ngati mukufuna kutumiza katundu wamba kuchokera ku China omwe ali ndi msonkho wa MFN, mungafunike Fomu A yodziwika bwino kapena chikalata chochokera chosasankha. Ngati chinthucho chadutsa m'dziko lapakati, malo ochitira malonda aulere ku Southeast Asia, mapepala otsimikizira kuti chinachokera amakhala ovuta kwambiri komanso owunikidwa.

 

Ntchito Zoletsa Kutaya Magalimoto: Chiwopsezo Chapadera cha Katundu wa FCL Wochokera ku China

EU ili ndi imodzi mwa njira zolipirira kutaya katundu mwachangu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo China ndi dziko lomwe likuyang'aniridwa kwambiri. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2026, EU ili ndi njira zolipirira kutaya katundu kapena zolipirira mitengo pa mitundu yoposa 100 ya katundu wochokera ku China. Izi ndi zina mwa zinthu izi: matailosi a ceramic, njinga ndi njinga zamagetsi, mapaipi achitsulo ndi zolumikizira, mapanelo a dzuwa ndi galasi, mipando yamatabwa, zomangira, zingwe za fiber optical, ndi zina zambiri zamakemikolo ndi mafakitale.

Misonkho yoletsa kutaya katundu imawonjezeredwa ku msonkho wamba wa MFN wolowera kunja ndipo nthawi zina imatha kukhala yokwera kwambiri, kuyambira pa peresenti yochepa mpaka kupitirira 80% ya mtengo wa kasitomu. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala ya kampani, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mtengo umadalira kampani yaku China yomwe idapanga zinthuzo, osati mtundu wa katundu wokha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti otumiza katundu ambiri amaiwala kuphatikiza mapepala ofunikira: muyenera kukhala ndi mwayi wowonetsa wogulitsa katundu waku China yemwe adapanga zinthuzo, ndipo wogulitsa katunduyo ayenera kulembetsedwa ku EU kuti apeze mtengo woyenera wa katundu. Katundu akachokera kwa wogulitsa katundu wosalembetsedwa m'gulu la oletsa kutaya katundu, amalandira mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri womwe umagwira ntchito.

Tanthauzo lothandiza la otumiza katundu a FCL ndi losavuta koma lovuta: musanayitanitse katundu, muyenera kudziwa ngati katundu wanu akutsatira malamulo aliwonse a EU oletsa kutaya katundu. Ngati kuli kofunikira, yang'anani momwe katundu wanu akulembetsedwera ngati pali njira zimenezo. Onetsetsani kuti invoice yanu yamalonda ndi umboni wa komwe katunduyo wachokera zikukwaniritsa zofunikira za Zoll kuti zitsimikizire. Kufufuza kumeneku sikungachitike ku Hamburg terminal; kuyenera kuchitika ku China pamene oda ikuperekedwa ndipo kugula katundu kukuchitidwa.

 

Momwe Kutumiza kwa Topway Kumathandizira Kutumiza kwa FCL Kokonzeka ndi Customs

Kampani ya Topway Shipping inayamba ku Shenzhen mu 2010 ndipo yakhala ikuphunzira zambiri zokhudza kutumiza katundu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchotsa katundu wochokera ku China. Gulu loyambitsa kampaniyi lagwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi akuluakulu a kasitomu m'maiko ofunikira omwe akupitako. Ndi akatswiri kwambiri pokonza mapepala, kuonetsetsa kuti ma code a HS ndi olondola, komanso kugwirizanitsa kutsata malamulo a magulu ovuta azinthu.

Njira yogwirira ntchito ya Topway Shipping yotumizira katundu wa FCL kuchokera ku China kupita ku Hamburg imathetsa mavuto omwewo omwe amachititsa kuchedwa kwa Zoll. Sitimayo isananyamuke, gulu lawo limafufuza ngati ma invoice amalonda ndi mndandanda wolongedza katundu zikugwirizana ndi ATLAS. Amafufuza ngati khodi ya TARIC ndi yolondola, ngati palibe vuto ndi mafotokozedwe, komanso kuti zikalatazo ndi zathunthu komanso zogwirizana. Topway imagwira ntchito ndi broker waku Germany wa katundu wobweretsa katundu kuti awonetsetse kuti phukusi lonse la zikalata zotsatizana ndi malamulo lakonzeka katundu asanafike ku Hamburg terminal. Izi ndi za makasitomala otumiza katundu wolamulidwa monga zamagetsi omwe amafunikira zikalata za CE, mankhwala omwe ayenera kutsatira REACH, kapena zinthu zomwe zikutsatira njira za EU zotsutsana ndi kutaya katundu.

Kuwonjezera pa kukonzekera zotumiza katundu, Topway Shipping imapereka ntchito zosiyanasiyana zotumizira katundu, kuphatikizapo mayendedwe oyamba kuchokera ku fakitale kupita ku doko ku China, kusungitsa ndikugwirizanitsa katundu wa panyanja wa FCL ndi LCL, kunja kwa dziko. kuwuza Kutumiza zikalata ku malo opitako, thandizo la msonkho wa katundu wa pa kasitomu, ndi kutumiza katunduyo mtunda womaliza ku Germany ndi ku Europe konse. Kuthekera kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti zikalata zimadutsa munjira imodzi, yogwirizana m'malo motumizidwa kwa anthu osiyanasiyana omwe sangazindikire mabowo otsatira malamulo mpaka chidebecho chitakhala kale panyanja.

Ngati ndinu wogulitsa katundu wochokera kunja amene wakhala ndi vuto ndi kuchedwa kwa Zoll m'mbuyomu ndipo mukufuna kuti njira yochotsera katundu ikhale yodalirika, kugwira ntchito ndi kampani yodziwa bwino ntchito monga Topway Shipping kudzakupatsani zonse zofunikira pa kayendetsedwe ka katundu komanso zolemba zomwe mukufunikira kuti muwonetsetse kuti chilolezo ku Hamburg chili pa nthawi yake.

 

Njira Zabwino Zochotsera Misonkho ku Germany Mosazengereza

Njira yabwino kwambiri yoti wogulitsa katundu wa FCL apewe kuchedwa kwa Zoll ndi kuganizira kukonzekera katundu wa pa kasitomu ngati gawo la njira yopangira ndi kuyitanitsa katundu, osati ngati ntchito yoti ichitike musanatumize kapena mutatumiza. Izi zikutanthauza kuyang'ana ma code a TARIC mukalandira katunduyo, osati mutalandira bilu. Zimaphatikizapo kuonetsetsa kuti chizindikiro cha CE chili cholondola ndikukonza mapepala aukadaulo musanapange katunduyo, osati mutafika ku Hamburg. Izi zikutanthauza kupanga chitsanzo cha mapepala a mtundu uliwonse wa chinthu chomwe wogulitsa katundu wa pa kasitomu amachiyang'ana nthawi imodzi kenako nkugwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo pa kutumiza kulikonse pambuyo pake.

Kulemba ntchito broker wa ku Germany wovomerezeka (Zollagent) musanayambe katundu wanu woyamba wa FCL ndi njira yanzeru yomwe imalipira nthawi yoyamba yomwe imasiya kuyesa. Broker waluso adzayang'ana mbiri yanu ya malonda, adzakuwonetsani kusiyana kulikonse komwe kungachitike pa HS code, adzakupatsani upangiri wamomwe mungapewere kuwonetsedwa motsutsana ndi kutaya katundu, ndikukhazikitsa zomwe mwatumiza ku ATLAS kuti zisadziwike zokha. Ayeneranso kukuuzani ngati malonda anu ali oyenerera mapulogalamu aliwonse othandizira msonkho, njira zosungiramo katundu zolumikizidwa, chithandizo chothandizira mkati, kapena kusungira katundu, zomwe zingachepetse udindo wanu mwalamulo.

Wotumiza katundu ku China ndi wogulitsa katundu ku Germany ayenera kulankhulana sitimayo isananyamuke, osati ikafika. Kutumiza wogulitsayo chikalata cha invoice yamalonda ndi mndandanda wa zonyamula katundu masiku 5 mpaka 7 asanafike nthawi yomaliza kumawapatsa nthawi yokwanira yopezera mavuto ndikupempha kusintha zikalata zisanamalizidwe. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa mitundu yatsopano ya zinthu, ogulitsa atsopano aku China, kapena kutumiza kulikonse komwe kuli ndi chinthu chomwe simunabweretse ku Germany kale.

Pomaliza, palibe malo okambirana pankhani yofanana kwa zikalata. Invoice yamalonda, mndandanda wa zonyamula katundu, Bill of Lading, ndi chilengezo cha ATLAS zonse ziyenera kukhala ndi kufotokozera kofanana kwa malonda, HS code, mtengo, kulemera, ndi malo oyambira. Kuwunikanso zolemba kungayambitsidwe ndi kusintha kamodzi kokha, monga kulemera komwe kukugwirizana ndi mndandanda wa zonyamula katundu koma osati BL, kapena mtengo womwe uli pa invoice womwe sukugwirizana ndi chilengezo cha kasitomu. Zolakwika zambiri zokhazikikazi zimakonzedwa zisanafike ku Hamburg poonetsetsa kuti zikalata zonse zimachokera ku gwero limodzi la chowonadi m'malo mopangidwa ndi magulu angapo.

 

Kutsiliza

Mdani si kasitomu ya ku Germany. A Zoll akuchita zomwe akuluakulu a kasitomu amachita padziko lonse lapansi: kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zomwe zikubwera mdziko muno zafotokozedwa bwino, zawerengedwa mtengo moyenera, zatsatira malamulo, komanso zalipira ndalama zoyenera. Kuchedwa komwe otumiza katundu amakumana nako makamaka chifukwa mapepala awo sakukwaniritsa zofunikira, osati chifukwa cha kukakamiza mwachisawawa kapena malamulo oletsa kutumizidwa kwa katundu.

Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti kuchedwa kwambiri kwa Zoll kumachitika chifukwa cha mapepala, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zitha kupewedwa. Sikovuta kupeza ma code a HS molondola, kulemba mafotokozedwe olondola a malonda, kulengeza mfundo zoyenera za kasitomu, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zolamulidwa zikutsatira malamulo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikalata zonse zikugwirizana. Amafunika kudziletsa, luso lofunikira, ndi njira yomwe imapangitsa kukonzekera kasitomu kukhala gawo la kutumiza, osati chinthu chomwe chimabwera pambuyo pake.

Masiku 25 mpaka 33 oyenda panyanja ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la ndondomeko ya otumiza katundu a FCL omwe amatumiza katundu kuchokera ku Shenzhen kupita ku Hamburg. Ngati mumaliza ntchito yoyenera sitimayo isananyamuke, mutha kuyang'aniranso maola kapena masiku omwe akutsatira pa siteshoni ya Hamburg. Pangani njira yopitira patsogolo ndikugwira ntchito ndi ogwirizana nawo monga Topway Shipping omwe amadziwa momwe angachitire mbali ya China komanso njira zotumizira katundu ku Germany. Zambiri mwa zomwe mukukumana nazo ku Zoll zimatenga maola ambiri, osati masiku ambiri.

 

Ibibazo

Q: Kodi chilolezo cha kasitomu ku Germany chimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji potumiza katundu ku FCL?

A: Kukonza ATLAS kumatenga ola limodzi mpaka asanu ndi limodzi kuti chilengezo choyera komanso chokonzedwa bwino chichitike. Njira yachikasu yowunikira zolemba imawonjezera masiku amodzi mpaka atatu a bizinesi. Zingatenge masiku atatu kuti ziwunikidwe (njira yofiira). Mitundu ina ya zinthu zolamulidwa, kuphatikizapo chakudya, mankhwala, kapena zamagetsi, ingafunike macheke owonjezera kuchokera ku bungwe lomwe limatenga nthawi yayitali kuti lichotsedwe.

Q: Kodi dongosolo la ATLAS ndi chiyani ndipo kodi kampani yanga ikufunika kuligwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji?

A: ATLAS ndi njira yodziwitsira za kasitomu zamagetsi ku Germany. Simukuyenera kuigwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji ngati wotumiza kunja. Wogulitsa kasitomu wanu waku Germany (Zollagent) wovomerezeka amalemba m'malo mwanu pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yovomerezeka ya ATLAS. Mukufunika nambala yovomerezeka ya EORI ndi zikalata zolondola kuti wogulitsa akapereke chilengezo cholondola.

Q: Kodi ma code olakwika a HS angayambitse zilango zachuma ku Germany?

A: Inde. Ngati mwalakwitsa mwadala, mungafunike kulipira mpaka €12,000 pa katundu aliyense amene walembedwa m'gulu lolakwika, kuphatikizapo ndalama zilizonse zomwe sizinalipidwe. Mbiri yanu ya chiopsezo cha ATLAS imakhudzidwanso ndi mavuto obwerezabwereza, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kutumiza mtsogolo kudzawunikidwa pafupipafupi.

Q: Ndi zinthu ziti zaku China zomwe zimakumana ndi msonkho wotsutsana ndi kutaya katundu ku EU zikalowetsedwa ku Hamburg?

A: EU ili ndi njira zopewera kutaya zinthu pa mitundu yoposa 100 ya zinthu zochokera ku China. Izi zikuphatikizapo matailosi a ceramic, njinga zamagetsi, zinthu zachitsulo, mapanelo a dzuwa, mipando yamatabwa, zomangira, ndi mankhwala angapo. Mitengo imadalira katundu ndi kampani yaku China yomwe imapanga zinthuzi. Musanabweretse mitundu yatsopano ya zinthu, nthawi zonse yang'anani database ya TARIC ya EU kapena lankhulani ndi broker wa kasitomu.

Q: Ndiyenera kuchita chiyani ngati chidebe changa cha FCL chili ndi Zoll ku Hamburg?

A: Lumikizanani ndi broker wanu wa kasitomu waku Germany nthawi yomweyo. Dziwani chikalata kapena chidziwitso chomwe chikusowa ndipo chitumizeni mwachangu momwe mungathere. Ngati simukudziwa momwe mungachitire ndi Zoll mwachindunji, musayese kutero popanda broker wanu. Ndalama zolipirira ku eyapoti zimawonjezeka nthawi zonse pamene ndalama zolipirira zilipo, kotero momwe mumayankhira mwachangu zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe muyenera kulipira.