Momwe Mungawerengere Mtengo Weniweni Wogulira Zinthu Kuchokera ku China
Wogulitsa aliyense amaphunzira phunziro lopweteka ili pakapita nthawi: mtengo womwe fakitale yaku China imanena si mtengo womwe zinthuzo zimawononga. Pofika nthawi yomwe chinthucho chachotsedwa ndi kasitomu, kuyikidwa m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndikutumizidwa, chiwerengero chenicheni chikhoza kukhala chokwera ndi 40-90 peresenti kuposa mtengo wa FOB kapena EXW womwe unayambitsa zokambiranazo. Kusiyana kumeneku ndi komwe akatswiri okonza zinthu amatcha mtengo wolowera, ndipo ndi kapangidwe katsopano ka msonkho, kutha kwa de minimis ya katundu wochokera ku China ndi mulu wa msonkho wa Gawo 301 ndi Gawo 122 pamwamba pa katundu wamba, kupeza kuwerengera kumeneku kwakhala kusiyana pakati pa mzere wopindulitsa wazinthu ndi cholakwika choyenda pang'onopang'ono chomwe chili m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu mu 2026.
Mu phunziroli, tigawa mtengo wogulira zinthu m'magawo ake, ndikukuwonetsani chitsanzo chogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zenizeni za msonkho kuyambira mu 2026, ndikuwonetsa zolakwika zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasokoneza masamu a wogulitsa katundu. Ndipo ikuwonetsanso komwe mnzake wa logistics monga Topway Shipping angatengere zovuta zina, m'malo mosiya mawerengedwe onse pa spreadsheet.
Kodi Mtengo Wogwera Umatanthauza Chiyani (ndi Chifukwa Chake Mtengo wa FOB Siwo)
Mtengo wofika ndi mtengo wopezera chinthu kuchokera ku malo opangira katundu kupita kumalo ake omaliza, chokonzedwa, chokhomeredwa msonkho, komanso chokonzeka kugulitsidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Umenewo si mtengo pa chinthu chilichonse pa invoice ya wogulitsa, kapena mtengo umenewo kuphatikiza kuyerekezera koyenera kwa kutumiza. Nambala yonse ya mtengo wofika ikuphatikizapo mtengo wa chinthucho, ndalama zonse zonyamula katundu ndi zosamalira kuchokera ku fakitale kupita ku doko lopitako, misonkho ya msonkho, ndalama zolipirira ndi zochotsera katundu, inshuwaransi ndi ndalama zilizonse zosungiramo katundu kapena zotumizira katunduyo mtunda womaliza zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito katunduyo asanafike kwa wogula wake womaliza.
Anthu ambiri omwe amatumiza katundu koyamba amaika mitengo pa zinthu zawo kutengera mtengo wa FOB (Free On Board) womwe waperekedwa ndi ogulitsa awo, kenako amawonjezera peresenti yokhazikika—mwachitsanzo 20 peresenti—yolipira “zotumiza ndi misonkho.” Njira yachidule imeneyi ndi yovuta pamsika wamakono. Mitengo ya katundu ku China tsopano ikhoza kufika pa 35 peresenti, 60 peresenti kapena kupitirira 100 peresenti kutengera gulu la HTS, pomwe mitengo ya katundu wa m'nyanja ikusintha ndi ndalama zowonjezera mafuta, ndalama zolipirira nthawi yayitali komanso kuchulukana kwa madoko. Kuyerekeza mwachangu kutengera malingaliro akale kumatha kuchotsa ndalama zonse za chinthucho musanagulitse chinthu chimodzi.
Mtengo wa 2026 Tariff Stack, Gawo ndi Gawo
Kusintha kwakukulu kwa ogulitsa ochokera ku China ndikuti msonkho si nambala imodzi. Kutengera ndi katundu, katundu wochokera ku China akhoza kugwera pansi pa milingo inayi yosiyana ya msonkho, iliyonse yomwe imawerengedwa pamwamba pa mtengo wa msonkho wa msonkho. Gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuwerengera ndalama zolowera ndikudziwa magawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa code inayake ya HTS.
Gawo loyambira ndi chiwongola dzanja cha Most Favoured Nation (MFN) chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa ndi US Harmonised Tariff Schedule, kuyambira 0 peresenti mpaka pafupifupi 32 peresenti, kutengera mtundu wa malonda. Pakadali pano ndi 10 peresenti ndipo chikuyembekezeka kutha ntchito pa Julayi 24, 2026, ngakhale kuti Woyimira Zamalonda ku US wanena kuti chikhoza kusinthidwa m'malo mongochotsedwa. Ndalama yowonjezera yapadziko lonse, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa Khothi Lalikulu litachotsa mitengo yoyambirira ya IEEPA mu February 2026, idamaliza ndi chiwongola dzanja cha Section 122. Ndipo pali Gawo 301, msonkho womwe wakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali ku China kuyambira mu 2018, womwe ndi 7.5 peresenti ya zinthu zambiri zogula ndi zovala pansi pa Mndandanda 4A, kapena 25 peresenti ya makina, zamagetsi, mipando, ndi zinthu zamafakitale zomwe zaphatikizidwa pansi pa Mndandanda 1 mpaka 3. Magulu ena ofunikira adzawona mitengo yokwera kwambiri ya Gawo 301 pambuyo pa kuwunikanso kwa malamulo a 2024 - 100 peresenti ya magalimoto amagetsi, 25 peresenti ya mabatire a EV ndi maginito okhazikika, ndi 50 mpaka 100 peresenti ya zinthu zina zamankhwala ndi PPE.
Gawo lachinayi, Gawo 232, limagwira ntchito pa chitsulo, aluminiyamu ndi mndandanda womwe ukukulirakulira wa zinthu zogwirizana, ndipo likhoza kuwonjezera 15 mpaka 25 peresenti kutengera komwe zidachokera. Mitengo iyi imakonda kuwunjikana pamwamba pa ina m'malo molowa m'malo mwa ina iliyonse, kotero katundu wamagetsi wapakati amatha kufika pa 35 mpaka 45 peresenti mu msonkho wonse, pomwe katundu wolunjika ku gawo lankhondo akhoza kukhala woposa 80 kapena 100 peresenti.
| Gawo la Misonkho | Mtengo Wofananira (2026) | Ikugwira Ntchito Kwa |
| Ntchito yoyambira ya MFN | 0% - 32% | Zonse zotumizidwa kunja, mtengo wokhazikitsidwa ndi HTS code |
| Ndalama zowonjezera za Gawo 122 | 10% (ikuwunikidwa, itha ntchito pa Julayi 24, 2026) | Mayiko onse, chiŵerengero chokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi |
| Gawo 301 (Mndandanda 1–3) | 25% | Makina, zamagetsi, mipando, zinthu zamafakitale |
| Gawo 301 (Mndandanda 4A) | 7.5% | Katundu wa ogula, zovala, nsapato |
| Gawo 301 (magawo anzeru) | 25% - 100% | Ma EV, mabatire, mphamvu ya dzuwa, maginito, zipangizo zachipatala |
| Gawo 232 | 15% - 25% | Chitsulo, aluminiyamu, ndi zinthu zochokera kuzinthu zina |
Kusintha kwina kofunikira kwambiri ndi kutayika kwa chikhululukiro cha $800 de minimis. Mpaka chaka cha 2025, zinthu zamtengo wotsika zomwe zimagulitsidwa mwachindunji kwa ogula aku US zitha kubwera popanda msonkho, ndichifukwa chake nsanja zomwe zimadalira kutumiza kwakukulu komanso kotsika mtengo zidatha kupewa kukwera kwa mitengo yonse. Chikhululukiro chimenecho chinachotsedwa ku China ndi Hong Kong mu 2025 ndipo sichinabwezeretsedwe; kutumiza kulikonse tsopano kukufunika kulowa kwa kasitomu kovomerezeka ndi gulu lonse la HTS ndi kulipira kwathunthu msonkho, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwake. Ngati wotumiza katundu ankagawa katundu kapena kusunga mtengo wolengezedwa kuti ukhale pansi pa malire, sizingathekenso.
Katundu ndi Kayendetsedwe ka Zinthu: Nyanja, Mpweya, ndi Zonyamula Zinthu Zikubisala Pakati pa
Katundu ndiye chinthu chachiwiri chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga katundu ndipo nthawi zambiri sichimakhala chosavuta monga momwe mtengo wa sitima umakhalira woyamba kuperekedwa ndi wotumiza katundu. Ngakhale kutumiza katundu wodzaza ndi chidebe (FCL) nthawi zambiri kumakhala njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yonyamulira katundu pa unit iliyonse kuti mupeze maoda ambiri, kutumiza katundu wocheperako kuposa chidebe (LCL) kumakhala koyenera kwambiri pa katundu wochepa koma kumakhala kokwera mtengo pa mita imodzi imodzi ndipo kumatenga nthawi yayitali kuti kuphatikizidwe. Katundu wa pandege ndi wothamanga kwambiri, masiku osati milungu, koma mtengo pa kilogalamu ukhoza kukhala wokwera kasanu mpaka kakhumi kuposa katundu wa panyanja, motero nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwezeretsa katundu mwachangu kapena zinthu zamtengo wapatali, zolemera pang'ono.
Ogulitsa katundu m'mayiko ena ayeneranso kupanga bajeti ya ndalama zosiyanasiyana zomwe nthawi zambiri sizimaphatikizidwa mu mtengo woyamba ndipo zimapitirira mtengo woyambira wa katundu: ndalama zoyendetsera katundu m'madoko onse oyambira ndi opitako, zikalata ndi ndalama zolipirira katundu, kusalingana kwa ziwiya kapena ndalama zowonjezera pa nyengo yotanganidwa, zinthu zosinthira mafuta ndi ndalama zoyendetsera galimoto kapena zolipirira mpweya kuti chiwiya chisamutsidwe kuchokera padoko kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Ndalama zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa koma zimatha kuwonjezera 10 mpaka 15 peresenti pa mtengo wamba wa nyanja ndipo ndi chifukwa chodziwika bwino chomwe chiyerekezo cha mtengo wotera chimakhala chotsika kuposa zenizeni.
Apa ndi pomwe phindu logwira ntchito ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito yotumiza katundu limayamba kugwira ntchito. Topway Shipping idakhazikitsidwa ku Shenzhen mu 2010 ndipo imakonza zonyamula katundu wa panyanja wa FCL ndi LCL kuchokera ku China kupita ku madoko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi ndi kuyerekezera konse kuti ndalama zowonjezerazi ziwonekere bwino kuyambira pachiyambi ndipo zisawonekere katundu akangoyenda kale. Pansi pa denga limodzi, magulu a kampaniyo amayendetsa kutumiza koyamba, kuchotsa katundu wakunja ndi kutumiza katundu wa mtunda womaliza, kotero ogulitsa ochokera kunja amapeza chithunzi chimodzi, chogwirizana cha mtengo m'malo mophatikiza chimodzi kuchokera kwa ogulitsa atatu kapena anayi osalumikizidwa.
Malipiro a Kasitomu, MPF, HMF, ndi Ndalama za Brokerage
Kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa msonkho komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa, gulu lachiwiri la misonkho limagwira ntchito katundu akafika padoko ku United States. Ndalama Yogulitsira Katundu (MPF) ndi 0.3464 peresenti ya ndalama zomwe zalengezedwa pa zolowera zovomerezeka; yotsika kwambiri ndi pafupifupi $31.67 ndipo yapamwamba kwambiri ndi pafupifupi $614.35 pa zolowera. Zotumiza zapanyanja zimalipiranso Ndalama Yosamalira Madoko (HMF) ya 0.125 peresenti ya mtengo wa katundu, zomwe sizikugwira ntchito pa katundu wa pandege. Wogulitsa katundu woyenerera nthawi zambiri amalipiritsa ndalama zokhazikika pa zolowera, zomwe zimatha kuyambira $75 mpaka $200 pa zotumiza kutengera kusinthasintha kwa zolowera, kuphatikiza ndalama zolipirira chilichonse chomwe broker amalipira m'malo mwa wotumiza katundu.
Palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chili chachikulu chokha, koma chimatha kuwonjezera zambiri pa kutumiza kwamtengo wocheperako, makamaka tsopano popeza kutumiza konse tsopano kumafuna kulowa mwalamulo, m'malo mokonza zinthu zotsika mtengo zomwe kale zinali zotheka pansi pa de minimis. Ngati mutumiza zambiri, mnzanu wa 3PL angathandize kuphatikiza maoda angapo ogulira kukhala zolemba zochepa, zazikulu. Izi zimafalitsa ndalama zokhazikika m'mayunitsi ambiri, kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa payuniti iliyonse.
Kusungiramo Zinthu, Kukwaniritsa, ndi Makilomita Omaliza
Gawo lomaliza la unyolo wogulira katundu nthawi zambiri limanyalanyazidwa pakuwerengera mtengo wogulidwa pamalo ogulidwa koma lingakhale gawo lalikulu la mtengo wonse, makamaka kwa ogulitsa pa intaneti. Ndalama zolandirira Ndalama zosungira (pa pallet kapena cubic foot pamwezi) Ndalama zonyamula ndi kunyamula (pa oda) Ndalama zosungiramo katundu zakunja nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo: Mitengo yotumizira katundu yomaliza imakhala yogwirizana kwambiri ndi kulemera kwa katundu, malamulo a kulemera kwa katundu ndi malo otumizira katundu, ndipo ndi imodzi mwa magulu ochepa a ndalama omwe nthawi zambiri amawonjezeka chaka ndi chaka pamene ogulitsa akusintha makadi awo amitengo.
Kawirikawiri, ogulitsa omwe amatumiza katundu kudzera mu nyumba yosungiramo katundu yolumikizidwa kapena netiweki yokwaniritsa zinthu ndi mitengo yonyamulira yomwe idakambidwa kale - m'malo motumiza katundu aliyense mwachindunji kuchokera ku fakitale yaku China - amapeza kuti amatha kuchepetsa kukwera kwa mitengo yanyengo ndikupewa mitengo yapamwamba yomwe imabwera ndi kutumiza katundu mwachangu komanso kwa gawo limodzi. Ndicho chomwe ntchito zosungiramo katundu zakunja za Topway Shipping komanso ntchito zotumizira katundu zomwe zimatenga nthawi yayitali zikufuna kuchita. Kupatsa ogulitsa katundu malo osungira katundu pafupi ndi makasitomala awo, ndikupangitsa kuti mtengo wa katunduyo ukhale wodziwikiratu m'malo mochitapo kanthu.
Chitsanzo Chogwira Ntchito: Mtengo Wofika pa Kutumiza Kwenikweni
Mwachidule, izi n'zosavuta kuziona ndi manambala: Tangoganizirani kutumiza mayunitsi 1,000 a chowonjezera chamagetsi chapakatikati, FOB $8.00 kuchokera kwa ogulitsa ku Shenzhen, chotumizidwa ndi ocean FCL kupita ku Los Angeles, kenako chonyamulidwa ndi galimoto kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya Midwest.
| Mtengo wagawo | Maziko | Mtengo (USD) |
| Mtengo wa chinthu (FOB) | Mayunitsi 1,000 x $8.00 | 8,000.00 |
| Katundu wa m'nyanja + ndalama zina zowonjezera | Chidebe chogawana cha mamita 20, chodzaza ndi zonse | 1,450.00 |
| Ntchito yoyambira ya MFN | 3.5% ya $8,000 | 280.00 |
| Ndalama zowonjezera za Gawo 122 | 10% ya $8,000 | 800.00 |
| Gawo 301 (Mndandanda 4A) | 7.5% ya $8,000 | 600.00 |
| mpf | 0.3464% ya $8,000, osachepera $31.67 | 31.67 |
| HMF | 0.125% ya $8,000 | 10.00 |
| Customs brokerage | Mtengo wamba | 150.00 |
| Inland trucking kupita ku warehouse | Doko kupita ku Midwest | 620.00 |
| Ndalama zonse zomwe zafika | 11,941.67 | |
| Mtengo wofikira pa unit iliyonse | 11.94 |
Pankhaniyi, mtengo wa FOB wa $8.00 pa unit ndi woposa 50 peresenti pansi pa mtengo weniweni pamene zigawo zonse zikuganiziridwa. Ndicho chifukwa chake mtengo wogwera pansi uyenera kudziwika mzere ndi mzere m'malo moganizira pogwiritsa ntchito chochulukitsa, makamaka pazinthu zomwe zili pansi pa magulu apamwamba a Gawo 301, komwe kuchita zomwezo kungawonjezere mtengo wa unit ndi 70 mpaka 90 peresenti m'malo mwa 50.
Zolakwa Zofala Zomwe Zimasokoneza Chiyerekezo cha Mtengo Womwe Wafika
Cholakwika chofala kwambiri ndi kusayika bwino khodi ya HTS ya chinthucho, kaya mwangozi kapena kutenga khodi ya HS ya manambala 6 ya wogulitsayo ndikuiona ngati gulu lonse la ndalama za US za manambala 10. Manambala anayi omaliza ndi a dziko ndipo amatsimikiza mwachindunji mndandanda wa Gawo 301, ngati ulipo, womwe ukugwira ntchito, kotero cholakwika chaching'ono cha gulu chingatanthauze kusiyana pakati pa msonkho wa 7.5 peresenti ndi chilango cha 25 peresenti.
Cholakwika china chofala ndi kuganiza kuti mtengo wa msonkho ndi mtengo wa invoice ndi zofanana malinga ndi tanthauzo. Mtengo woyenera womwe CBP imapeza ukhoza kusiyana malinga ndi Incoterms yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kapangidwe ka ma komishoni, ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zida kapena thandizo, kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha invoice yamalonda ndipo kupeza izi molakwika kumabweretsa chiopsezo cholipira mopitirira muyeso komanso chiopsezo cha audit.
Cholakwika chachitatu—ndipo chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse mu 2026—ndikuganiza kuti chinthucho chikadali choyenera kuchiritsidwa ndi de minimis chifukwa chinatero chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri zapitazo. Kuchotsera kumeneko sikukupezekanso pazinthu zochokera ku China, ndipo mtundu uliwonse wamitengo womwe umadalira pa icho udzakhala wakale kwambiri. Pomaliza, ogulitsa ambiri amagula chinthucho kamodzi kokha pachiyambi cha moyo wa chinthucho ndipo sadzachiwonanso. Mitengo ya Gawo 301, mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe sizikugulitsidwa, ndalama zowonjezera za Gawo 122—izi zasintha kangapo pachaka chimodzi, kotero mtundu womwe unali wolondola mu Januwale ukhoza kukhala wolakwika kwambiri pofika Ogasiti.
Kumene Wogwirizana ndi Kayendetsedwe ka Zinthu Amachepetsa Kuganizira
Anthu ambiri ochokera kunja amaona kuti ndi bwino kuchita zinthu ndi mnzanu amene amasamalira unyolo wonse, m'malo moyesa kusonkhanitsa ziwerengero kuchokera kwa ogulitsa pawokha pa sitepe iliyonse, chifukwa zinthu zambirizi zimayenderana paokha. Topway Shipping, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2010 ndipo ili ku Shenzhen, idapangidwa pamaziko otere. Gulu loyambitsa ili lili ndi zaka zoposa 15 zakuchitikira pa ntchito yokonza zinthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchotsa katundu wa katundu wakunja, ndi luso lalikulu pa mayendedwe ochokera ku China kupita ku US, ndipo ntchito zake zimaphatikizidwa ngati unyolo umodzi wogwirizana m'malo mochotsa katundu, kuphatikizapo mayendedwe oyamba, malo osungiramo katundu akunja, kuchotsa katundu wa katundu wakunja, ndi kutumiza katundu wapafupi.
Kwa ogulitsa katundu ochokera kunja omwe amatumiza katundu wambiri, Topway Shipping imaperekanso ntchito zosinthira katundu wathunthu wa ziwiya ndi ntchito zonyamula katundu wapanyanja zochepa kuposa chidebe kuchokera ku China kupita ku madoko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimathandiza bizinesi kukulitsa njira yake yotumizira katundu mpaka kukula kwa oda, m'malo molipira mopitirira muyeso kusinthasintha kwa LCL pa katundu wotumizidwa womwe ungasunthidwe motsika mtengo ngati FCL, kapena kusunga ndalama mu chidebe chonse pamene LCL ingachite. Ndalama zowonjezera ndi mafunso okhudza magulu omwe nthawi zambiri amawononga spreadsheet ya mtengo wolowera amasamaliridwa katundu asanachoke ku China, m'malo mopezeka ngati chinthu chodzidzimutsa akafika. Chifukwa mitengo ndi kasamalidwe ka misonkho zili pansi pa wopereka m'modzi, womalizayo amathetsedwa asanachotse woyamba.
Kutsiliza
Mtengo weniweni wogulira katundu kuchokera ku China mu 2026 umafuna kudziletsa kwambiri kuposa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zapitazo. Kapangidwe ka mitengo yokwera, kuchotsa de minimis ndi kukwera pang'onopang'ono kwa katundu wowonjezera ndi ndalama zosungirako zikusonyeza kuti mtengo wa FOB wa wogulitsa ndi chiyambi chabe cha kuwerengera kwakutali kwambiri. Ogulitsa katundu omwe amagawa njirayi mpaka tsatanetsatane womaliza - mtengo wa katundu, katundu, gawo lililonse loyenera la msonkho, ndalama za msonkho, ndi zosungiramo katundu ndi zolipiritsa zomaliza zomwe zimatsatira - amasunga malire awo ndi mtengo motsimikiza. Anthu odabwa kwambiri padoko ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito manambala osamveka bwino kapena malingaliro akale okhudza malire opanda msonkho kuti apereke zolosera zawo. Kugwira ntchito ndi mnzanu woyendetsa katundu yemwe amagwira ntchito kuyambira kumapeto mpaka kumapeto, monga Topway Shipping sikuchotsa kufunika komvetsetsa manambala awa koma kumapangitsa kuti chiwerengero chomaliza chidziwike bwino kuyambira nthawi yomwe oda yogula yayikidwa.
Ibibazo
Q: Kodi ndalama zochotsera $800 de minimis zikadalipo kuti zitumizidwe kuchokera ku China?
A: Ayi. China ndi Hong Kong adachichotsa mu 2025 ndipo sichinabwererenso. Zotumiza zonse, kaya mtengo wake ndi wotani, tsopano ziyenera kulowetsedwa mwalamulo ku kasitomu ndikulipira ndalama zonse.
Q: Kodi kusiyana pakati pa HS code ndi HTS code ndi kotani?
A: Khodi ya HS ndi gulu la mayiko la manambala 6. Khodi ya US HTS imawonjezera manambala ena anayi omwe ndi enieni a dzikolo ndipo imafotokoza mtengo wolondola wa msonkho komanso ngati Gawo 301 likugwira ntchito.
Q: Kodi mitengo ya Gawo 301 ndi Gawo 122 imayikidwa pamwamba pa ina?
A: Inde, kawirikawiri. Katundu wamba wochokera ku China akhoza kukhala ndi chiwongola dzanja cha MFN, ndalama zowonjezera za Section 122, ndi chiwongola dzanja choyenera cha Section 301 nthawi imodzi, ndichifukwa chake msonkho wonse nthawi zambiri umakhala pakati pa 35 ndi 45 peresenti.
Q: Kodi broker wa kasitomu kapena wotumiza katundu angathandize kuchepetsa mtengo wofika pamalo oimika magalimoto?
A: Sangathe kusintha mtengo wa katundu mwachindunji. Komabe, broker kapena wotumiza katundu amene amagawa zinthu m'magulu oyenera, kukonza bwino mtengo wa katundu woperekedwa ndi kasitomu, ndikugwirizanitsa bwino katundu wotumizidwayo angachepetse ndalama zambiri ndikuletsa chindapusa chokwera mtengo chokhudza kusokoneza katundu.
Q: Kodi munthu wotumiza katundu kunja ayenera kusintha kangati mtengo wake wolowera m'dziko?
A: Pa kotala lililonse. Mitengo ya Gawo 301, mndandanda wazinthu zomwe sizikugulitsidwa, ndi ndalama zowonjezera monga Gawo 122 zasintha kangapo pachaka chimodzi. Chitsanzo chozikidwa pa deta ya chaka chatha chingachepetse kwambiri ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa.
