Kutumiza kuchokera ku China kupita ku Australia: Nthano ya GST-Free Threshold, Yosweka
Ngati munagulapo zinthu kuchokera ku China ndikuzitumiza ku Australia, mwina munamvapo mawu omwewo olimbikitsa: “Sungani oda yanu pansi pa AUD 1,000 ndipo ndi yopanda GST.” Zimamveka zosavuta, zimamveka zovomerezeka, ndipo zimabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza m'macheza a ogulitsa, m'mabulosha otumizira katundu ndi m'mabwalo apaintaneti kotero kuti zadziwika bwino. Vuto ndilakuti ndi lolondola pang'ono, ndipo ndicho chinthu chomwe chikusoweka chomwe ogulitsa ndi otumiza katundu amadya chifukwa cha mtengo wolowera, ndalama zomwe zimayenda, komanso kuchedwa kwa misonkho.
Malamulo a GST ku Australia okhudza katundu wochokera kunja adasintha kwambiri mu 2018, ndipo apitilizabe kusintha kuyambira pamenepo, makamaka ndi kukakamizidwa kwakukulu pamisika ndi zotumiza katundu mpaka 2025 mpaka 2026. Sikuti malire a AUD 1,000 asintha, koma momwe GST imasonkhanitsidwira mozungulira malire asintha momwe zinthu zimachitikira potumiza katundu kuchokera ku China. Munkhaniyi, tiwona zomwe malirewo amachita, komwe lingaliro la "lopanda GST" limachokera, komanso momwe kutumiza kuchokera kwa wogulitsa ku Shenzhen kupita kwa wogula waku Australia kumalipira msonkho kuyambira potuluka mpaka pakhomo.
Kodi Lamulo la AUD 1,000 Limachokera Kuti?
The AUD 1,000 amount is not a GST exemption, but a customs value level. It was set a few decades ago as the line below which Australian Border Force would not bother to raise a formal import statement, partly because the administrative overhead of following tax on a cheap cargo outweighed the revenue. For years that meant mtengo wotsika deliveries truly escaped untaxed, and Australian buyers saw they could buy the same item from an overseas store for cheaper than from a local merchant, only because the overseas order avoided the 10% GST that domestic retailers had to apply.
Kusalingana kumeneko kunakhala nkhani yandale komanso bajeti. Mabizinesi am'deralo adalimbikitsa mwamphamvu, ponena kuti dongosololi lidapereka mphoto kwa ogulitsa akumayiko ena mopanda chilungamo. Njira yothetsera vutoli inali Chigamulo cha Malamulo a Zachuma chomwe chidayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Julayi 2018, ndipo sichinachepetse choletsa cha AUD 1,000 konse. M'malo mwake idapanga njira yachiwiri yosonkhanitsira mozungulira, kukakamiza ogulitsa akunja, nsanja zogawa zamagetsi ndi otumiza katundu kuti alembetse ku GST ndikuyiyika pamalo ogulitsira akangofika pa AUD 75,000 m'miyezi khumi ndi iwiri.
Kotero malirewo adapitirira. Chomwe chinatayika chinali lingaliro lakuti zomwe zili pansi pake sizilipira msonkho.
Misewu Iwiri Yosonkhanitsira Zinthu, Osati Lamulo Limodzi
Njira yabwino yoganizira za dongosolo la ku Australia si monga switch yotseguka koma ngati njira ziwiri zodziyimira pawokha. Njira yoyamba imaphimba katundu wokhala ndi mtengo wa AUD 1,000 kapena kuchepera. GST pa katunduyu imasonkhanitsidwa ndi aliyense amene ATO imasankha kuti ndiye wogulitsa pa GST pogula, katunduyo asanafike ku Australia. Ikhoza kukhala sitolo ya fakitale yomwe imadutsa malire, msika monga wogwiritsa ntchito nsanja yayikulu, kapena wotumiza katundu kapena wotumiza katundu yemwe amasonkhanitsa ndikutumizanso zinthu kwa ogula.
The second lane is for goods exceeding AUD 1,000. These are handled the traditional manner, with a formal kulengeza kuitanitsa submitted with Australian Border Force, with GST and normally 5% customs duty assessed and paid at the border before release of the goods for delivery.
Kutumiza katundu sikusankha njira yake mwachisawawa. Ogulitsa ndi otumiza katundu amayenera kuiyendetsa bwino kutengera mtengo wa katundu wa kasitomu, ndipo makasitomala aku Australia sayenera kupemphedwa kuti alipire GST kawiri pa katundu yemweyo, kwenikweni. M'malo mwake, kusagwirizana kumachitika nthawi zonse, makamaka ngati wogulitsa waku China alephera kulembetsa ku GST yaku Australia chifukwa choti ndalama zomwe agulitsa ku Australia zili pansi pa AUD75,000, kapena ngati mtengo womwe walengezedwa ndi wotumiza katundu sukugwirizana ndi invoice yeniyeni.
Kodi "Mtengo wa Kasitomu" Umatanthauza Chiyani?
One area that consistently confuses purchasers dealing with China based providers is the determination of the customs value. It is not the retail price listed at checkout, and it is not the total the buyer pays with expedited shipping. For low-value commodities the Australian Taxation Office defines customs value as the price for which the goods are sold, less international freight and insurance from the site of export. If imports are above the threshold a separate Value of Taxable Importation calculation applies which adds back duty, transport and insurance to the base before the GST is determined.
Iyi ndi nkhani yaikulu ngati mukupereka zitsanzo za zinthu, magulu ang'onoang'ono amalonda, kapena maoda otumizira katundu kuchokera ku China. Invoice ya ogulitsa ya AUD 950 ikhoza kubweza katunduyo mukangoyika inshuwaransi, ndalama zogulira katundu kapena zowonjezera kuti zidziwike bwino. Pakadali pano, chinthu chomwe chili ndi AUD 1,200 chotumizidwa kwaulere chingakhale ndi mtengo wa msonkho wochepera AUD 1,000 katunduyo akachotsedwa, kotero chikhoza kukhala pamtengo wotsika. Kulakwitsa masamu oyambira ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe ogulitsa aku China amadabwitsidwa kwambiri ndi misonkho yaku Australia.
Tebulo Lofotokozera Mwachangu
Gome ili pansipa likuwonetsa momwe misewu iwiriyi imagwirira ntchito, kutengera malangizo a ATO ndi Australian Border Force omwe alipo.
| Mtengo Wakasitomala (AUD) | Kodi GST ikugwira ntchito? | Ndani Amasonkhanitsa? | Misonkho ya Kasitomu? |
| AUD 0 – 1,000 | Kawirikawiri inde, pa 10% | Wogulitsa kapena nsanja yakunja, polipira | Ayi |
| Kupitirira AUD 1,000 | Inde, pa 10% | Gulu Lankhondo la ku Australia, pamalire | Inde, nthawi zambiri 5% |
| Mowa kapena fodya, mtengo uliwonse | inde | Malire, kuphatikiza msonkho wofanana ndi msonkho wa excise | Inde, kuphatikiza msonkho |
Njira Zisanu Zomwe Nthano Yopanda GST Imawerengedwa Molakwika
Myth is rarely a flat-out falsehood. It’s generally a half-truth that made sense in an earlier version of the rules, or that works in one case and is generalised to all of them. There are a few common themes in China kupita ku Australia shipping discussions.
Chimodzi ndichakuti mutengere malire olembetsera a AUD 75,000 ngati omwe akuyenera kwa wogula. Sizili choncho. Iyi ndi mayeso osinthira ndalama pa wogulitsa kapena nsanja ndipo fakitale yaying'ono yaku China yogulitsa zinthu zingapo pamwezi ku Australia mwina singafunike kulembetsa mwalamulo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti katundu wake akhoza kufikadi popanda GST yolipiridwa polipira. Izi si njira yopezera ndalama zambiri kuposa momwe lamuloli linalembedwera, ndipo izi zikufotokoza chifukwa chake kugula zinthu ziwiri zofanana kuchokera kwa ogulitsa awiri osiyana kungaperekedwe msonkho mosiyana kwambiri.
Chachiwiri ndichakuti mukuganiza kuti kuphatikiza katundu kumabwezeretsa kuwerengera kwa mtengo. Otumiza ena amaganiza kuti kugawa oda imodzi yayikulu m'mapaketi angapo, iliyonse yochepera AUD 1,000, kudzateteza phukusi lililonse kuti lisalowe mumsewu wamtengo wapatali. Australian Border Force ili ndi malamulo okhwima otsutsana ndi izi. Zinthu zingapo zotsika mtengo zomwe zimatumizidwa kwa wolandila yemweyo mu katundu mmodzi zitha kuonedwa ngati kutumiza kamodzi kwa GST ndi tariff ngati mtengo wonse wa katunduyu wapitilira AUD 1,000.
Cholakwika chachitatu ndikusokoneza zinthu zopanda GST ndi muyezo wotsika mtengo; Zinthu zina monga mankhwala, zakudya zofunika ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali sizili ndi GST mosasamala kanthu za mtengo wake malinga ndi malamulo osiyana. Nthawi zina anthu amaganiza kuti oda yawo ya zamagetsi kapena zovala siili ndi chifukwa chofanana, pomwe kwenikweni ndi ufulu wina wosagwirizana.
Chachinayi ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti katundu wa LCL wophatikizidwa ndi bizinesi yaying'ono ndi wofanana ndi kugula katundu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Zinthu zomwe bizinesi imatumiza kunja, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimagulitsidwanso, nthawi zonse zimakhala zikutsatiridwa ndi njira zovomerezeka zolowera pamisonkhano, mosasamala kanthu za mtengo wa yuniti, ndipo njira yotsika mtengo ya ogula sinapangidwepo kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zazikulu zamabizinesi.
Chachisanu, ndipo mwina chokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndi lingaliro lakuti ngati GST sinalipiritsidwe pamalo ogulitsira, sidzapezeka. Ngongoleyo siitha pomwe wogulitsa anali ndi udindo wolembetsa ndikulipiritsa GST koma sanatero. Poyamba, ili ndi wopereka wosatsatira malamulo. Koma kuyambira 2024, Australian Border Force ndi ATO awonjezera kuwunika kwawo katundu wosalengezedwa bwino komanso deta ya invoice yomwe sikugwirizana. Kusatsatira malamulo mobwerezabwereza kungayambitse kuti katundu atsekedwe kuti awunikenso.
Zotsatira Zenizeni za Mtengo Pamene Kutumiza Kudutsa Mzere
Izi zikupereka kutsimikizika uku. Kutumiza katundu komwe kuli ndi mtengo wa kasitomu wa AUD 1,000 weniweni kumakhala m'mphepete mwa msewu wotsika mtengo, ndipo ngati wogulitsa walembetsedwa bwino, GST ya pafupifupi AUD 100 imangolowa mu ndalama zomwe wogula walipira kale. Palibe china chilichonse chomwe chimachitika pamalire. Tsopano kankhirani katundu yemweyo ku mtengo wa kasitomu wa AUD 1,100 ndipo imalowa m'malo ovomerezeka. 5% ya msonkho wa kasitomu pa AUD 1,100, kuphatikiza 10% GST yowerengedwa pamtengo wophatikiza msonkho, kuphatikiza katundu ndi zinthu za inshuwaransi zomwe zapindidwanso, kuphatikiza nthawi zambiri ndalama zogulira katundu ndi ndalama zolipirira kuchokera kwa wotumiza katundu kapena wotumiza katundu.
Nthawi zambiri sizili za AUD 100 GST. Ndi msonkho pamwamba pa GST, wowerengedwa pamaziko akuluakulu kuposa momwe oitanitsa ambiri amaganizira, kuphatikiza ndalama zoyendetsera katundu zomwe katundu wamng'ono sangakope. Pa bizinesi yoyitanitsa chitsanzo cha magalimoto kapena magulu ang'onoang'ono amalonda ochokera ku Shenzhen kapena Guangzhou, kusunga mwadala pansi pa malire, kapena kukonzekera kudumpha ndi maso otseguka, kungakhale kusiyana pakati pa mtengo wodziwika bwino wofika ndi katundu womwe umadula malire mosayembekezereka.
Momwe Kutumiza Zinthu ku China ndi Australia Kumawonjezerera Zigawo Zowonjezera
On top of the overall GST framework, trade routes from China to Australia add their own difficulties. Most parcel express couriers have automated systems that flag and route based on claimed value, which works very well for uncomplicated B2C orders. Sea freight, full-container-load or less-than-container-load is a separate story. LCL shipments combine the goods of many buyers into shared container space, and each buyer’s share is still assessed individually against the AUD1,000 line when it is a bona fide personal import, but commercial LCL cargo destined for resale is almost invariably cleared under standard import declaration rules with duty and GST applied at the border, not the checkout-collection model.
Apa ndi pomwe kusiyana pakati pa kugula zinthu wamba ndi bizinesi yovomerezeka yotumiza kunja kumakhala kofunikira. Ndalama zofanana za AUD 1,000 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito papepala kwa munthu amene amakonda kugula chipangizo chimodzi kuti agwiritse ntchito payekha komanso bizinesi yaying'ono yomwe imatumiza mayunitsi makumi asanu a chipangizo chomwecho kuti chigulitsidwenso. Koma njira yotsatirira malamulo, mapepala ndi munthu amene ali ndi udindo wolipira GST ndizosiyana kwambiri pazochitika ziwirizi.
Kulakwitsa Kofala Potengera Mtundu Wotumizira
| Mtundu Wotumiza | Maganizo Olakwika | Zomwe Zimachitika Nthawi zambiri |
| Phukusi limodzi losakwana AUD 1,000 | Palibe msonkho womwe umalipidwa kulikonse mu unyolowu | GST imaphatikizidwa mu mtengo wogulira ngati wogulitsa walembetsedwa |
| Maphukusi angapo, oda imodzi | Phukusi lililonse limaweruzidwa pa mtengo wake | Kasitomu akhoza kuona katundu wophatikizidwa ngati katundu mmodzi wotumizidwa |
| Katundu wophatikizidwa wa LCL | Lamulo la AUD 1,000 limagwiranso ntchito mofanana ndi la ma phukusi | Zinthu zotumizidwa kunja kwa malonda nthawi zambiri zimaloledwa kudzera mu kulowa mwalamulo, osati njira yotsika mtengo |
Zimene Zasintha Posachedwapa
Ndikofunikira kufotokoza bwino kuti lamulo loyambira silinasinthenso kuyambira mu 2018; malire a AUD 1,000, choyambitsa kulembetsa cha AUD 75,000 ndi dongosolo la njira ziwiri zonse ndi zomwe zayambitsidwa. Chomwe chasintha ndi kuuma kwa malamulo. Australian Border Force yayika ndalama pakuyerekeza bwino deta pakati pa onyamula chidziwitso chamagetsi omwe amatumizidwa ndi ma bilu enieni omwe amamangiriridwa ku ma phukusi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kunena za katunduyo pamene mtengo womwe ukunenedwa ukusemphana ndi kufotokozera kwa malonda kapena kulemera kwake. Makampani ambiri opereka upangiri wa katundu ndi misonkho anena kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kuwunika ma phukusi otsika mtengo kwa 2025 ndi 2026, makamaka kwa ogulitsa omwe amatumizidwa pamodzi komanso ogulitsa pamsika omwe satumiza GST molondola.
Kwa wogulitsa katundu waku China, izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa kusintha kulikonse kwa malamulo. Mtengo womwe unanenedwa womwe sunakayikidwe zaka zisanu zapitazo tsopano ukhoza kuyambitsa pempho la zikalata, ndipo chizolowezi cha mitengo yotsika yolengezedwa pa katundu wambiri wotumizidwa kumalo omwewo chingakope chidwi chachikulu kuposa katundu mmodzi wapadera. Palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chimatanthauza kuti katundu wovomerezeka wotsika mtengo amalipidwa msonkho mosiyana. Zimatanthauza kuti kusiyana pakati pa zomwe ziyenera kuwululidwa ndi zomwe kwenikweni sizikudziwika bwino zatsekedwa.
Njira Zothandiza kwa Ogulitsa ndi Ogula Mofanana
Ngati ndinu wogula waku Australia amene mumagula kuchokera kwa ogulitsa aku China kapena pamsika, chizolowezi chabwino kwambiri ndikuwona ngati GST ikuwoneka kale ngati chinthu chosiyana polipira musanaganize kuti kutumiza sikulipira msonkho. Ngati sikupezeka konse pa kugula komwe kumawoneka ngati pafupifupi AUD 1,000 kapena kupitirira apo, ndi chinthu choti mufunse wogulitsayo kuti musachite ngati bonasi.
Chithandizo chokhazikika cha wogulitsa katundu wa ku China kapena wogulitsa katundu wodutsa malire ndikutsatira molondola ndalama zomwe zagulitsidwa ku Australia, kulembetsa ku GST pamene malire a AUD 75,000 akuyandikira, komanso kuti mitengo ya msonkho yomwe yalengezedwa pa zikalata zotumizira igwirizane ndi zomwe kasitomala adalipira, kupatula katundu ndi inshuwaransi. Ngati simunanene kuti katunduyo ndi wotsika, mungapewe msonkho kwakanthawi kochepa, koma mupanga kusalingana kwa zikalata kuti machitidwe owunikira zoopsa za msonkho ndi abwino kwambiri pakugulitsa, ndipo kuipa kwa kutumiza katundu kapena kuwunikanso malamulo nthawi zambiri kumawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa zomwe GST ikanalipira.
If you’re a small firm moving from the odd parcel to regular container shipments, the time to seek proper guidance on classification, HS codes and duty rates is before you start to grow, not after you’ve had your first unexpectedly high customs charge. One miscalculation of a Value of Taxable Importation on a katundu wa chidebe can be a much bigger number than the identical mistake on a single package.
Ndi lingaliro labwino kwa bizinesi yomwe ikupereka katundu wambiri pamwezi kusunga zolemba zosavuta zamkati za mtengo wa katundu wa forodha womwe unalembedwa pa katundu aliyense wotumizidwayo ndi chifukwa chake. Ngati kasitomala kapena mkulu wa forodha afunsa funso lokhudza katundu wina patatha milungu ingapo, kukhala ndi invoice yoyambirira, kufotokozedwa kwa mtengo wa katundu ndi mtengo wa forodha womwe watchulidwawo kusandutsa kuchedwa komwe kungachitike kukhala kufotokozedwa kwa mphindi zisanu, osati katundu wosungidwa.
Kumene Thandizo Lodalirika la Katundu Limapangitsa Kusiyana
Sikophweka kuyenda nokha, makamaka bizinesi yogulitsa pa intaneti yomwe ikukula yomwe ikuyesera kuphatikiza ogulitsa, malo osungiramo katundu ndi zofunikira zotumizira ku Australia nthawi imodzi. Ndikofunikira kugwirizana ndi mnzanu wodziwa bwino ntchito yogulitsa zinthu. Idakhazikitsidwa mu 2010 ndi gulu lomwe lili ndi zaka zoposa 15 zokumana nazo zapadziko lonse lapansi pa ntchito yogulitsa zinthu komanso kuchotsa katundu wakunja, Topway Shipping ndi kampani yochokera ku Shenzhen, China yomwe imayang'anira njira zothetsera mavuto a malonda pa intaneti.
Topway Shipping covers the whole service chain that China-to-Australia sellers actually need: first-mile transport from the factory or warehouse, overseas warehousing once the products land, customs clearance processing on both ends, and last-mile delivery to the final client. Topway also provides flexible full-container-load and less-than-container-load ocean freight from China to major ports around the world for businesses moving larger volumes, which is important for sellers who have outgrown parcel-by-parcel shipping but aren’t yet ready to commit to a full container on every order.
Mukakhala ndi mnzanu amene amadziwa njira zosonkhanitsira katundu ku Australia komanso momwe katundu amagwiritsidwira ntchito pochotsa katundu ku China, simupeza zodabwitsa zambiri pamalire, kulengeza bwino za misonkho komanso kuwona bwino mtengo weniweni wa katundu asanatuluke m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Kwa wogulitsa aliyense amene akufuna kukonzekera molondola mzere wa AUD 1,000, kuwoneka bwino kwa ntchitoyo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira kuposa upangiri uliwonse wamisonkho.
Ndikofunikanso kudziwa kuti GST ndi chinthu chimodzi chokha pa mtengo wonse wotumizira kuchokera ku China kupita ku Australia. Mitengo ya katundu, ndalama zowonjezera mafuta, kusamalira nyumba yosungiramo katundu, kutumiza katundu mtunda waufupi, zonsezi zimapita mosasamala kanthu za malamulo a msonkho kotero wogulitsa amene amasankha kuti apitirizebe kutsatira mzere wa AUD 1,000 ndikunyalanyaza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino katundu akhoza kukhala ndi mtengo woyipa kwambiri kuposa wopikisana naye wotumiza maoda akuluakulu pang'ono komanso ogwirizana bwino. Kukonzekera GST ndibwino kuganizira ngati gawo la njira yayikulu yoyendetsera zinthu osati njira yonse. Zimenezo zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino chaka chonse cha malonda osati pa oda iliyonse.
Kutsiliza
Denga la AUD 1,000 limenelo ndi lenileni ndipo likukhudzabe kuyenda kwa katundu kuchokera ku China kupita ku Australia. Chilichonse chozungulira sitolocho chasinthidwa. Mapaketi omwe ali pansi pa mzerewu samangotha, GST nthawi zambiri imatengedwa kale, polipira, ndi wogulitsa aliyense kapena nsanja yomwe ili ndi udindo wolembetsa. Njira yonse yakale yosonkhanitsira malire, kuphatikizapo ndalama zonse zolipirira msonkho ndi kukonza, ikadali yogwira ntchito pamwamba pa mzere. Nthano ya "yopanda GST" ikupitirirabe chifukwa inali yoona kale, chifukwa cha zinthu zochepa zomwe anthu ambiri amadziwa, komanso chifukwa ndi nkhani yosangalatsa kuposa chowonadi chovuta kumvetsa.
Mfundo zothandiza kwa aliyense wogula kapena kugulitsa ku Australia kudzera mwa ogulitsa aku China ndi yosavuta: dziwani njira yomwe katundu amagwera, mvetsetsani momwe mtengo wa kasitomu umawerengedwera ndikumanga GST ndi msonkho mukukonzekera mtengo, m'malo mowaona ngati zodabwitsa nthawi zina pamalire. Onjezerani pamenepo mnzanu wokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka katundu yemwe wathetsa kale mavuto amenewo, ndipo njira imeneyo imasintha malamulo osiyanasiyana kukhala gawo losavuta komanso lodziwikiratu pochita bizinesi.
Ibibazo
Q: Kodi ndalama zokwana AUD 1,000 zikutanthauza kuti phukusi langa lochokera ku China sililipira msonkho wokha?
A: Ayi. Zimangosankha njira yosonkhanitsira yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ngati kugulitsa kuli pansi pa AUD 1,000, GST imatengedwa polipira ndi wogulitsa wolembetsedwa wakunja kapena nsanja, osati pamalire.
Q: Ndani ayenera kulembetsa ku Australia GST akagulitsa kuchokera ku China?
A: Kwenikweni, ngati ndinu wogulitsa kunja, msika kapena wogulitsa katundu ndipo malonda anu olumikizidwa ku Australia ndi AUD 75,000 kapena kuposerapo mkati mwa miyezi 12, muyenera kulembetsa ndikulipiritsa GST.
Q: Nanga chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati maphukusi angapo otsika mtengo anditumizidwa pa katundu mmodzi?
A: Asilikali a ku Australia angaganizire za maphukusi otumizidwa kwa wolandira yemweyo monga katundu m'modzi. Ngati mtengo wonse wa katundu wa kasitomu uli woposa AUD 1,000, katunduyo akhoza kuyesedwa motsatira malamulo otengera katundu m'malire.
Q: Kodi lamulo lotsika mtengo likugwira ntchito pa katundu wa panyanja wa LCL kapena FCL?
Yankho: Nthawi zambiri ayi. Kulengeza mwalamulo za katundu wolowa ndi msonkho ndi GST nthawi zambiri zimalipidwa pamalire kuti katunduyo agulitsidwenso, mosasamala kanthu kuti katunduyo wagawidwa bwanji ndi mtengo wake.
Q: Kodi mtengo wa katundu wa kasitomu umawerengedwa bwanji pa katundu wotsika mtengo?
A: Ndalama zomwe zinthuzo zimagulitsidwa, kuchotsera katundu wakunja ndi inshuwaransi kuchokera kumalo otumizira katundu kunja. Izi zitha kusiyana kwambiri ndi mtengo wonse wogulira womwe wogula amalipira pamapeto pake.