Doko la Tianjin kupita ku Bergen: Kutsatira Malamulo Otumizira Ma Solar Panel
Introduction
Gawo la mphamvu ya dzuwa padziko lonse lapansi likukula. Bungwe Loona za Kasitomu ku China linati mu 2024 kuti katundu wochokera ku China wopangidwa ndi dzuwa wapitirira $200 biliyoni kwa chaka chachinayi motsatizana, pomwe kuchuluka kwa maselo a dzuwa otumizidwa kunja kunakwera ndi 73% mu 2025. Potengera izi, Norway, dziko lomwe lili ndi cholinga chachikulu cha mphamvu yoyera ku Europe, lakhala malo okongola kwa opanga ma module a photovoltaic (PV) aku China kuti afune kukula kunja kwa misika yodzaza.
Malinga ndi kayendedwe ka zinthu, kutumiza ma solar panels kuchokera ku doko la Tianjin kupita ku Bergen, mzinda wachiwiri waukulu ku Norway komanso doko lofunika kwambiri la kumadzulo, kukukhala kotsika mtengo. Koma ogulitsa kunja ambiri sakumvetsa zovuta zomwe zimachitika pakusamutsa chidebe kuchokera ku Tianjin kupita ku malo osungiramo wogula waku Norway. Mavuto ofala - komanso okwera mtengo - panjira yogulitsira iyi ndi zolakwika pakugawa katundu kunja, mipata mu ziphaso, mitengo yolakwika ya kasitomu ndi zikalata zosakwanira.
Bukuli ndi la oyang'anira katundu, mabizinesi amalonda ndi opanga ma solar panel omwe akufuna kupeza njira yolumikizirana ndi msewu wa Tianjin-Bergen koyamba, kapena kulimbitsa njira yawo yotsatirira malamulo pa njira yomwe ilipo kale. Lili ndi kugawa ma code a HS, njira zotumizira katundu ku China, malamulo a kasitomu aku Norway, maudindo a VAT ndi momwe mungasankhire mnzanu wabwino kwambiri woyendetsa katundu panjirayi.
Chifukwa chiyani Norway ndi chifukwa chiyani Bergen?
Ngakhale kuti si membala wa EU, Norway ndi gawo la European Economic Area (EEA) ndipo ili ndi malamulo ofanana ndi a EU, makamaka pazinthu zamagetsi zongowonjezwdwanso. Dzikoli lili ndi zolinga zazikulu zokulitsa mphamvu ya dzuwa ya PV, ndipo boma lake likuchirikiza kwambiri kukhazikitsidwa, kudzera mu ndalama zothandizira ndi malamulo abwino olumikizirana ndi gridi. Zotsatira zake ndi kufunikira kosalekeza komanso kokulirakulira kwa ma module a dzuwa ochokera kunja.
Bergen ndiye doko lalikulu la gombe la kumadzulo kwa dzikolo. katundu wapanyanja ochokera ku Asia ku Norway. Mizere yayikulu yotumizira makontena panjira ya North Sea imafika ku Bergen ndipo pali maulalo okhazikika amisewu ndi sitima kupita ku Oslo. Opanga magetsi a dzuwa m'mafakitale ndi m'mabizinesi, mwachitsanzo, amatha kuchepetsa nthawi yotumizira ndi tsiku pogula zinthu ku Bergen m'malo mozitumiza kudzera ku Oslo, ogula kumadzulo kwa Norway akutero.
Ogulitsa kunja ku Tianjin, limodzi mwa madoko akuluakulu a kumpoto kwa China, amatha kusankha mautumiki akuya ku madoko akuluakulu aku Europe monga Rotterdam, Hamburg ndi Antwerp, komwe sitima zotumizira katundu zimapita ku Bergen. Nthawi yoyendera imasiyana malinga ndi kusankha kwautumiki komanso kulumikizana kwa madoko akuluakulu koma nthawi zambiri ndi masiku 30 mpaka 40.
Kugawa ndi Makhodi a HS: Kupeza Bwino Kuyambira Pachiyambi
Kugawa bwino zinthu ndiko maziko a kutumiza kunja. Ma solar panels ochokera ku China nthawi zambiri amaikidwa pansi pa mutu wa HS 85.41, womwe umaphatikizapo zida za semiconductor zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwala, kuphatikizapo ma photovoltaic cells. Mitu yaying'ono yofunikira kwambiri mu 2025 ndi iyi:
| Mtundu wa Mtundu | Khodi ya HS Yotumizira ku China | Kufotokozera |
| Ma module/ma panelo a PV osonkhanitsidwa | 8541430000 | Maselo a photovoltaic amasonkhana m'ma modules kapena mapanelo |
| Maselo a PV osasonkhanitsidwa | 8541420000 | Maselo a photovoltaic, omwe sanasonkhanitsidwebe m'ma module |
| Ma inverter a PV (osinthira magetsi osasinthasintha) | 8504400000 | Ma inverter a dzuwa / ma converter amagetsi |
| Nyumba zomangira (chitsulo/chitsulo) | 7308900000 | Makina oyika dzuwa, ma seti ogwetsa kwathunthu |
Zosintha zofunika kwambiri mu 2024: China yachepetsa chiwongola dzanja cha VAT chochokera kunja kwa ma solar modules (HS 8541.40/8541.43) kuchokera pa 13% kufika pa 9%, kuyambira pa Disembala 1, 2024. Izi zidzakhudza nthawi yomweyo kapangidwe ka ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa pambuyo pa chiwongola dzanja kwa ogulitsa aku China ndipo ziyenera kuganiziridwa powerengera mitengo ndi malire potchula mitengo ya CIF Bergen.
Ponena za kutumiza kunja ku Norway, ma solar panels ali m'gulu la ma code azinthu 8, kutsata Misonkho ya Norway, yomwe imagwirizana ndi dongosolo la HS lapadziko lonse lapansi. Chofunika kwambiri, Norway sigwiritsa ntchito msonkho uliwonse wa msonkho pa ma solar panels - sakuphatikizidwa m'magulu (chakudya kapena nsalu) omwe amalipira msonkho wa msonkho ku Norway. Komabe pali VAT yomwe imayikidwa pa 25% pa mtengo wa CIF wa zinthu zonse zotumizidwa kunja, mwachitsanzo mtengo kuphatikiza inshuwaransi kuphatikiza katundu. VAT iyi imalipidwa potumiza kunja pokhapokha ngati pali makonzedwe ochedwa olipira. Kusayika molakwika zinthu kuti mupewe VAT ndi mlandu wa msonkho ku Norway ndipo kungayambitse kuwerengera ndalama, chindapusa cha NOK 15,000, ndi kulanda katundu.
3. Ziphaso Zofunikira pa Msika wa ku Norway
Kutsatira malamulo a EU pankhani ya chitetezo cha zinthu kumatanthauza kuti ogulitsa ma solar panel aku China ayenera kulandira ziphaso zomwezo zomwe zimafunika kuti alowe mumsika wa EU. Izi sizosankha: ma panel opanda zizindikiro zofunikira sadzadutsa chilolezo cha kasitomu ku Norway ndipo sangagulitsidwe kapena kuyikidwa mwalamulo ku Norway.
3.1 Chizindikiro cha CE
Ma solar panels omwe amalowa mu EEA (kuphatikiza Norway) amafunikira chizindikiro cha CE. Chimasonyeza kuti chinthucho chikutsatira malangizo oyenera aku Europe - makamaka Low Voltage Directive (LVD) ndi Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive. Kuti agwirizane ndi chizindikiro cha CE, opanga ayenera kuchita kuwunika kogwirizana. Ndi ma solar panels, izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika ndi bungwe lolembetsedwa lomwe likuchita mayeso a chipani chachitatu. Wopanga kapena woimira wawo wovomerezeka wa EU adzakhala ndi CE Declaration of Conformity (DoC) ndipo ayenera kuipereka kwa oyang'anira akapempha.
3.2 IEC 61215 ndi IEC 61730
Miyezo iwiri iyi ya IEC ndi chizindikiro cha padziko lonse cha ubwino ndi chitetezo cha ma module a PV. IEC 61215 imagwira ntchito pa chitsimikizo cha kapangidwe ndi kuvomereza mtundu wa ma module a terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) - imafuna kuti mapanelo ayesedwe mayeso osachepera 19 okhudza kupsinjika kwa chilengedwe omwe adapangidwa kuti atsanzire zaka zambiri zogwiritsidwa ntchito panja. IEC 61730 ndiye chiyeneretso cha chitetezo cha ma module, ndipo chimakhudza zofunikira zamagetsi, makina ndi chitetezo cha moto. Ku Europe amatchedwa EN IEC 61215 ndi EN IEC 61730. Chitsimikizo nthawi zambiri chimapezedwa ndi ma laboratories odziwika bwino oyesera, mwachitsanzo TÜV Rheinland, TÜV SÜD, Bureau Veritas kapena SGS. Ngati kampaniyo yakonzeka mokwanira, kutembenuka kwa chitsimikizo kumatha kukhala kwakanthawi ngati miyezi inayi.
Posachedwapa Australia yasankha kuti igwirizane ndi IEC 61215:2021 (mtundu wa 2021) pamakina onse atsopano. Ngakhale kuti Norway sinatulutse zosintha zomwezo, ogulitsa kunja ayenera kutsimikizira kuti mapanelo awo akugwirizana ndi mtundu wa 2021 wa muyezo kuti atsimikizire chitsimikizo chawo mtsogolo ndikupewa mavuto pakati pa polojekiti.
REACH ndi Kutsata kwa RoHS
Ma solar panels ogulitsidwa m'maiko a EEA, kuphatikiza Norway, akukhudzidwa ndi lamulo la EU la REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) ndi RoHS Directive (Restriction of Hazardous Substances). Otumiza kunja ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti mankhwala oletsedwa, monga lead, cadmium, mercury ndi ma phthalates ena, sapezeka pamlingo wapamwamba kuposa womwe amaloledwa. Otumiza kunja aku Norway kapena akuluakulu a kasitomu angafunike kulengeza za zinthu ndi zinthu zomwe zikukudetsani nkhawa.
| Certification / Standard | Kodi ndi kofunikira ku Norway? | Bungwe Lopereka/Lotsimikizira |
| CE Mark (LVD + EMC Directives) | inde | Chidziwitso chodzidziwitsa cha bungwe kapena wopanga |
| IEC 61215:2021 (Ziyeneretso za Kapangidwe) | Inde (muyezo wa EEA) | TÜV, Bureau Veritas, SGS, etc. |
| IEC 61730 (Ziyeneretso za Chitetezo) | Inde (muyezo wa EEA) | TÜV, Bureau Veritas, SGS, etc. |
| Fikirani Kutsatira | inde | Kulengeza kwamkati / Kuwulula kwa SVHC |
| Kutsatira kwa RoHS | inde | Kuyesa kwamkati / kulengeza |
| ISO 9001 (Quality Management) | akulimbikitsidwa | Bungwe lachitatu lopereka satifiketi |
Njira Zotumizira Zinthu ku China Kuchokera ku Tianjin
Njira zowongolera kutumiza kunja kwa dziko la China komanso njira zolengezera za kasitomu ziyenera kutsatiridwa ngati mapanelo a dzuwa atumizidwa kuchokera ku Tianjin. Njira zazikulu ndi izi:
Choyamba, wogulitsa kunja ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo sizikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za chilolezo chotumiza kunja. Ma module odziyimira pawokha nthawi zambiri samayang'aniridwa ndi chilolezo chotumiza kunja motsatira Catalog ya China ya Export License Management Goods (kope la 2025). Komabe, pamene katunduyo akukhudza zigawo zosungira mphamvu - makamaka mabatire a lithiamu-ion - kuwunika kwina kuyenera kuchitidwa motsutsana ndi kabukhu komwe kali pano, chifukwa kuwongolera kwa chilolezo kungagwire ntchito pakutumiza kunja kwa mabatire.
Kachiwiri, chilengezo cha misonkho yotumizira kunja chiyenera kuperekedwa moyenera kudzera mu dongosolo la electronic declaration la GACC ku China. Khodi ya HS (8541430000 ya ma module osonkhanitsidwa) ndi gawo lofunika, komanso kuchuluka ndi gawo loyezera, mtengo wolengezedwa wa FOB kapena CIF, dziko lomwe likupita (Norway) ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito komaliza ka zinthuzo. "Kuwunika kwa GACC kumachitika chifukwa cha cholakwika chofala cha kuchepera kwa mtengo, ndipo kungayambitse kubweza msonkho ndi zilango."
Chachitatu, ogulitsa kunja ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wopereka Satifiketi Yoyambira ya ku China (CO) yeniyeni ngati kasitomala apempha izi. Palibe mgwirizano wamalonda waulere womwe ulipo pakati pa China ndi Norway womwe ungapatse mapanelo a dzuwa udindo wofunikira pamitengo (Norway sipereka msonkho uliwonse pamapanelo, mosasamala kanthu za komwe adachokera), ngakhale makasitomala ena aku Norway amafuna CO kuti atsatire malamulo a kugula mkati kapena ndalama zogulira kunja.
Pomaliza, ogulitsa kunja ayenera kudziwa zofunikira pa zolemba ndi njira zoyendetsera katundu woopsa kapena waukulu ku Tianjin Port. Ma solar panels, kaya monocrystalline kapena polycrystalline, nthawi zambiri sagawidwa ngati zinthu zoopsa ndipo amatha kunyamulidwa ngati katundu wamba. Komabe, kutumiza kunja kwa makina a PV kuphatikiza mabatire kapena ma reagents a mankhwala kumafuna kulengeza zinthu zoopsa.
Miyambo ya ku Norway: Zoyenera Kuyembekezera ku Bergen
Norway ili ndi njira yodziwitsira katundu wa digito yotchedwa Digitoll, yomwe ndi yovomerezeka kuyambira mu Epulo 2025. Digitoll imalamula onse ogulitsa malonda kuti apereke zikalata zamagetsi za katundu, kuphatikizapo ma code olondola a HS, CIF values ndi zambiri za wotumiza katundu, katunduyo asanafike padoko. Yachepetsa nthawi yololeza katundu wotsatira malamulo (nthawi zambiri mpaka maola 24), koma zikutanthauzanso kuti mavuto olembedwa omwe mwina adatengedwa ndikukonzedwa pamalire tsopano angayambitse ndalama zoyimitsa zokha komanso zowunikira sitimayo isanafike.
Bungwe la Norway Customs Authority (Tolletaten) limawerengera VAT yochokera kunja kutengera mtengo wa CIF wa katunduyo - mtengo wa invoice wa katunduyo kuphatikiza ndalama zonyamula katundu pamodzi ndi inshuwaransi. Mtengo wamba wa VAT ndi 25% ndipo umalipidwa pa katunduyo, pokhapokha ngati wotumiza katunduyo ali ndi dongosolo lolipira mochedwa. Pa kutumiza kwakukulu kwa ma solar panels amalonda okhala ndi mtengo wa CIF wa, mwachitsanzo, NOK 2,000,000, udindo wa VAT udzakhala NOK 500,000. Otumiza katundu ayenera kupanga bajeti yoyendetsera ndalama zawo moyenera, kapena kukonza kuti VAT ichedwetsedwe kudzera mwa woimira kasitomu wovomerezeka.
Pansipa pali zikalata zofunika kwambiri zotumizira kunja kuti ma solar panels atumize kuchokera ku Tianjin kupita ku Bergen:
| Ndemanga | cholinga | Wosindikiza |
| Inivoyisi yamalonda | Imalengeza mtengo wa CIF/FOB, tsatanetsatane wa malonda, wogula/wogulitsa | China wogulitsa kunja |
| Mndandanda wazolongedza | Tsatanetsatane kuchuluka, miyeso, kulemera konse/konse, manambala otsatizana | China wogulitsa kunja |
| Bill Yotsogolera (B / L) | Chikalata cha udindo wa katundu wotumizidwa panyanja | Mzere wotumizira katundu / wotumiza katundu |
| Satifiketi Yoyambira | Akutsimikiza kuti katunduyo ndi wochokera ku China | Bungwe la China Lolimbikitsa Malonda Padziko Lonse (CCPIT) |
| Chidziwitso cha Kugwirizana | Ikutsimikizira kuti zinthu za EU/EEA zikutsatira malamulo | Wopanga / woyimira wovomerezeka |
| Satifiketi ya IEC (61215 / 61730) | Umboni wa khalidwe la module ya PV ndi miyezo ya chitetezo | Laboratory yoyesera yovomerezeka |
| Chilengezo Cholowera Kasitomu (Digitoll) | Chilengezo cha digito cha ku Norway chisanafike | Wogulitsa katundu wakunja kapena wovomerezeka ndi kampani yogulitsa katundu wa kasitomu |
Mwambo umodzi wosangalatsa wa ku Norway: zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku China ziyenera kulengezedwa ngakhale zitadutsa m'madoko a EU. Kutumiza kudzera ku Rotterdam kapena Hamburg si chinthu chochokera ku EU. Zinthuzo zimatumizidwa ku Norway ngati katundu wosakhala wochokera ku EU ndipo zimatsatira njira yonse yoyendetsera kasitomu ku Norway. Iyi ndi nkhani yosamveka bwino kwa ogulitsa kunja omwe ali ndi luso lochulukirapo pa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu mkati mwa EU.
Incoterms ndi Kugawa Udindo
Kusankha Incoterms yoyenera yotumizira kuchokera ku Tianjin kupita ku Bergen sikuti ndi lamulo lokha, komanso kumasankha yemwe amalipira katundu, inshuwaransi, misonkho yotumizira kunja ku China, misonkho yotumizira kunja ku Norway, ndi kutumiza komwe wogula akupita. CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) ndi DAP (Delivered at Place) ndi Incoterms zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamsewuwu.
Pansi pa CIF Bergen, wogulitsa katundu waku China amalemba sitimayo ndikulipira katundu wa panyanja ku Bergen ndikukonza inshuwaransi yochepa yapamadzi. Chiwopsezocho chiyenera kupita kwa wogula zinthuzo zikayikidwa m'sitimayo ku Tianjin. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wogulayo amatenga chiopsezo chotayika kapena kuwonongeka kwa katunduyo paulendo wapanyanja, ngakhale wogulitsayo amalipira katunduyo. Misonkho yolowera ku Norway sikuphatikizidwa mu CIF Bergen (chomwe ndi chofunikira). Kasitomala amalipira VAT yaku Norway, ndalama (pankhaniyi palibe) ndi chilolezo cha misonkho.
Nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya DAP Bergen (kapena malo a wogula wa DAP) Wogulitsayo azinyamula ndalama zonse ndi zoopsa mpaka zinthuzo zitafika pamalo omwe agwirizana ku Bergen, okonzeka kutsitsa. Misonkho yochokera kunja ndi VAT ndi udindo wa wogula. Ogula aku Norway omwe akufuna chitsimikizo cha mitengo ndipo omwe sakufuna kuthana ndi vuto la kuchotsedwa kwa misonkho okha akusankha kwambiri DAP.
DDP (Delivered Duty Payed) Bergen ndiye njira yokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa wogulitsa, yomwe imaphatikizapo ndalama zonse, kuphatikiza VAT yaku Norway ndi misonkho yochokera kunja. Ngakhale DDP ikukopa ogula, wogulitsa kunja waku China ayenera kulembetsa ngati wolipira VAT ku Norway kapena kugwirizana ndi kampani yonyamula katundu yomwe imatha kusamalira misonkho yaku Norway yokha. Izi ndizotheka, koma ndizokwera mtengo komanso zovuta pa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.
Njira Yotumizira Katundu ku Nyanja: Tianjin kupita ku Bergen
Palibe sitima yochokera ku Tianjin kupita ku Bergen. Njira yachikhalidwe ndi sitima yaikulu yochokera ku Tianjin (kapena doko la Xingang / Tianjin Xingang) kupita ku likulu la kumpoto kwa Europe - nthawi zambiri Rotterdam (Netherlands), Hamburg (Germany) kapena Antwerp (Belgium) - kenako sitima yopita ku Bergen yoyenda panyanja kapena yodyera. Nthawi zonse zoyendera nthawi zambiri zimakhala masiku 30 mpaka 40 kuyambira pomwe sitimayo idanyamuka mpaka itafika ku Bergen, kutengera komwe doko lapakati limakhala, kuchuluka kwa sitimayo komanso nyengo ya North Sea.
Ogulitsa kunja ayenera kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kuchedwa kwa kutumiza katundu m'madoko akuluakulu aku Europe, makamaka nthawi yomwe zinthu zimafika pachimake (Seputembala mpaka Novembala) pomwe kuchuluka kwa zidebe kuchokera ku China kuli kwakukulu kwambiri asanafike nthawi yogula zinthu ku Europe. Njira yabwino kwambiri yochepetsera chiopsezo cha nthawi ndikugwira ntchito ndi kampani yotumiza katundu yomwe imalumikizana ndi makampani oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi komanso ogwira ntchito zodyetsa katundu ku North Sea.
Mtundu wa chidebe ndi vuto lalikulu pa ma solar panels. Ma standard 20 feet ndi 40 feet ouma ndi abwino kwambiri potumiza ma panels ambiri. Ma standart a high-cube (HC) amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamene kukula kwa ma panels kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusunga zinthu, kapena pamene wogula akufuna kuwonjezera mphamvu ya chidebe chilichonse kuti achepetse mtengo wonyamula katundu pa watt iliyonse. Ogulitsa ena amagwiritsa ntchito ma standart a 40HQ (40-foot high-cube), omwe amaika ma panels m'mafelemu a matabwa kapena ma pallets opangidwa mwapadera kuti achepetse kuwonongeka.
| Gawo la Njira | mafashoni | Maulendo Oyerekeza | Zonyamulira Makiyi / Zosankha |
| Tianjin → Rotterdam / Hamburg | Chidebe cha m'nyanja yakuya (FCL/LCL) | Masiku 25-32 | COSCO, MSC, Maersk, Evergreen |
| Rotterdam / Hamburg → Bergen | Chakudya cha panyanja yochepa | Masiku 3-5 | Samskip, DFDS, Unifeeder |
| Doko la Bergen → Kutumiza Komaliza | Katundu wamsewu | Masiku 1-2 | Oyendetsa katundu aku Norway akumaloko |
| Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu oyenda khomo ndi khomo (pafupifupi) | Zambiri | Masiku 30-40 | Zimasiyanasiyana ndi utumiki |
FCL vs. LCL: Kusankha Mtundu Woyenera wa Katundu
Pazinthu zambiri zonyamula ma solar panels, monga chidebe chimodzi kapena zingapo zathunthu za ma panels a 300-400W, kunyamula kwa FCL (complete Container Load) nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika mtengo pa unit iliyonse ndipo kumapereka chitetezo chabwino kwa katundu, chifukwa chidebecho chimakhala chotsekedwa pafakitale ndipo sichitsegulidwa mpaka chikafika kwa wogula. FCL imapangitsanso kuti bilu yonyamula katundu ikhale yosavuta komanso kuti isawonongeke kapena kusokonezeka ndi katunduyo zomwe zingachitike mutaphatikizana.
Kutumiza katundu wa LCL kapena katundu wochepa kuposa chidebe ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri ngati muli ndi katundu wochepa, monga kuyitanitsa chitsanzo, gulu loyamba loyesa kapena kudzaza pang'ono komwe sikudzaza chidebe. Kuphatikiza kwa LCL kumapereka malo ambiri ogwirira ntchito ndipo kumafuna kuti zinthu zinyamulidwe pamlingo wapamwamba kuti zipirire kunyamula katundu pamodzi ndi katundu wina. Ma solar panels amatha kuwonongeka ndi kupanikizika kapena chinyezi, choncho nthawi zonse gwiritsani ntchito ma crate olimba a matabwa ndi chitetezo cha ngodya potumiza katundu wa LCL.
Chinthu chimodzi chomwe nthawi zambiri chimasowa ndi nthawi yomaliza yokonzekera ulendo ku doko la Tianjin. Nthawi zambiri nthawi yomaliza yokonzekera ulendo wa sitima ya LCL imakhala masiku 5-7 isanafike tsiku lotha ntchito. Nthawi yomaliza yolowera ku FCL nthawi zambiri imakhala masiku 2-3 isanafike tsiku lotha ntchito. Kusowa kwa mawindo awa kumatanthauza kuti katunduyo afika ku sitima ina ndikuwonjezera masiku 7-14 pa nthawi yonse yoyendera. Otumiza kunja ayenera kulola nthawi yosungiramo zinthu mu mapulani awo opangira ndi kulongedza kuti achepetse kuthamanga kwa nthawi yomaliza.
Momwe Kutumiza Magalimoto ku Topway Kumathandizira Tianjin-Bergen Lane
Topway Shipping, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2010, ndi kampani yopereka chithandizo chaukadaulo chodutsa malire yomwe ili ku Shenzhen, China. Gulu loyambitsa ili lili ndi zaka zoposa 15 zaukadaulo pa ntchito zoyendetsera zinthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchotsa katundu wakunja. Ngakhale ukatswiri waukulu wa Topway Shipping uli ku China-US Ponena za mayendedwe, kampaniyo yakhazikitsanso ntchito yonse yoyendetsera zinthu mwachindunji pa njira yamalonda ya China-Norway.
Topway Shipping imapereka ntchito zambiri zokhudzana ndi unyolo wonse wa katundu, kuphatikizapo mayendedwe oyamba kuchokera ku fakitale kapena nyumba yosungiramo katundu kupita ku doko lonyamulira katundu (kuphatikiza Tianjin), kusungitsa katundu wa panyanja m'makonzedwe onse a FCL ndi LCL, chilolezo cha misonkho yotumizira kunja ku China, katundu inshuwalansi kukonzekera, ndi kutumiza mtunda womaliza kupita komwe mukupita. Kutumiza kwa Topway kungakhalenso malo okhawo oti mupiteko kukhudzana kwa ogulitsa kunja omwe amatumiza mapanelo a dzuwa ku Bergen panthawi yonse yotumiza katundu, zomwe zimamasula ogulitsa kunja ku ntchito yogwirizana ndi othandizira katundu osiyanasiyana, mizere yotumizira katundu ndi ogulitsa katundu pawokha.
Topway ili ndi luso lalikulu pakupereka katundu wa katundu kuchokera ku China, makamaka ku China. Kulengeza molondola ma code a HS, kuyenerera kubweza katundu kuchokera ku China, komanso kutsatira mfundo zolembedwa za GACC kungathandize kubweza ndalama komanso kufulumira kwa katunduyo. Ndi chidziwitso cha kampaniyo pa nkhani yogulitsa zinthu pa intaneti, imadziwanso njira zotumizira katundu kuchokera kumayiko ena kupita kumayiko ena - ndikofunikira kwa ogula aku Norway omwe akufuna DDP kapena kuthandizira kutsatira malamulo a Digitoll asanalengezedwe.
Topway Shipping imapereka njira zosinthira zonyamula katundu wa panyanja kuchokera ku madoko akuluakulu aku China monga Tianjin, Shanghai, Ningbo ndi Shenzhen kupita ku Bergen ndi madoko ena aku Norway kwa ogulitsa atsopano pamsika wa Norway, kapena omwe akufuna kuphatikiza njira zawo zotumizira ma solar panel ku Scandinavia.
Zolakwa Zofala Zokhudza Kutsatira Malamulo ndi Momwe Mungapewere
Akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito yonyamula katundu omwe akhala akugwira ntchito ndi ma solar panel otumiza katundu m'misewu ya China-Europe kwa zaka zambiri amaona kuti zolakwika zomwezo zimachitikanso nthawi ndi nthawi. Choyamba komanso chofunikira kwambiri ndi kusasintha kwa ma code a HS. Mwachitsanzo, kulemba molakwika ma code a module yosonkhanitsidwa ndi ma code a selo losasonkhanitsidwa kungayambitse kuwunikiranso, kuwerengeranso misonkho ndi zilango pa gawo lotumizira katundu ku China komanso gawo lotumizira katundu ku Norway. Nthawi zonse tsimikizirani ma code a HS a manambala 8 a katundu wanu ndi broker wanu wa kasitomu musanatumize koyamba.
Cholakwika chachiwiri chomwe chimachitika nthawi zambiri ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa katundu pa invoice yamalonda. Otumiza katundu ena amayesa kusunga mtengo wotsika wa katundu wa kasitomu, kotero amalipira VAT yochepa ku Norway. Izi sizongoletsedwa kokha, komanso zopanda pake. Tolletaten imagwiritsa ntchito ma database a mitengo yoyerekeza komanso kusanthula kwa zochitika kuti izindikire zotumiza zomwe mtengo wake sukugwirizana ndi mtengo wamsika wa gululo. Ngati wapezeka, wotumiza katunduyo akukumana ndi kubwezeredwa kwa VAT, kuphatikiza zilango ndipo zotumiza za wotumiza katundu pambuyo pake zitha kuzindikirika kuti ziwunikidwenso.
Vuto lachitatu ndi mipata ya satifiketi. Nthawi zina ogulitsa kunja amakhulupirira kuti chizindikiro cha CE cha mtundu umodzi wa malonda chimaphimba mitundu yonse yomwe akutumiza kunja. Kwenikweni kusintha kwa mphamvu ya panel, kuchuluka kwa maselo kapena kukula kwa module komwe ndi zinthu kungafune kuwunika kwatsopano kogwirizana ndi zomwe zili. Akuluakulu oyang'anira zamisonkho ndi msika ku Norway amachita macheke ndipo mapanelo omwe apezeka kuti alibe satifiketi yoyenera akhoza kutengedwa ndikuwonongedwa.
Ogulitsa katundu ambiri amanyalanyazanso kuganizira za lamulo loti Digitoll ifike, lomwe linayamba kufunikira mu Epulo 2025. Koma kulengeza kolakwika kapena kosakwanira kwa digito (ngakhale mapepala ofunikira ali m'chidebe) kungapangitse kuti katunduyo asungidwe ku doko la Bergen mpaka kusiyana kuthe. Njira yabwino kwambiri yotsimikizira kuti katunduyo waperekedwa bwino ndi kugwira ntchito ndi broker woyenerera wa kasitomu waku Norway yemwe ali ndi dongosolo la Digitoll.
Kutsiliza
Misonkho ya msonkho wa 0% pa ma module a dzuwa pamodzi ndi malo abwino olamulira ku Norway, omwe akuwonetsa kufunikira kwakukulu kwa ma PV, zimapangitsa kutumiza ma solar panels kuchokera ku Tianjin kupita ku Bergen kukhala mwayi wokopa malonda. Koma kupambana munjira iyi kumafuna chisamaliro chosamala pa kugawa kwa zinthu zotumiza kunja, kulondola kwa kulengeza kwa misonkho yaku China, ziphaso za EEA ndi kutsatira malamulo a ku Norway olowera kunja - makamaka ndi lamulo la Digitoll lisanalengezedwe lomwe likuyamba kugwira ntchito mu 2025.
Ogulitsa magetsi a dzuwa ochokera ku China ndi Norway ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi khama kuti apeze ma HS code awo pachiyambi, kupeza ziphaso zovomerezeka za CE ndi IEC asanatumize koyamba, kusankha Incoterms yoyenera kulakalaka kwawo zoopsa komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito, komanso kugwira ntchito ndi anzawo omwe amamvetsetsa ulendo wonse kuchokera ku fakitale yaku China kupita ku doko la ku Norway.
Topway Shipping ili ndi zaka zoposa 15 zokumana ndi zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zokumana ndi makasitomala kuti ithane ndi vuto lamtunduwu. Topway Shipping imapatsa ogulitsa ma solar panel aku China ntchito zonse, kuphatikizapo mayendedwe oyamba, katundu wa panyanja (FCL ndi LCL), kuchotsa katundu wa makasitomala kunja, komanso kutumiza katundu womaliza, kuti apange unyolo wodalirika, wotsatira malamulo, komanso wotsika mtengo ku Norway ndi Scandinavia yonse.
Ibibazo
Q: Kodi mapanelo a dzuwa ochokera ku China amakumana ndi msonkho wa msonkho akatumizidwa ku Norway?
A: Ayi. Ndalama zogulira zinthu zochokera ku Norway makamaka zimakhala pa chakudya ndi nsalu. Ma solar panels (HS 8541.43) amatumizidwa ku Norway popanda msonkho. Komabe, pali 25% VAT pa mtengo wa CIF wa zinthu zonse zotumizidwa kunja kuphatikizapo ma solar panels, zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa kapena kuchedwa panthawi yotumizidwa kunja.
Q: Kodi satifiketi ya CE ndi yofunikira kwa ma solar panels omwe akulowa ku Norway?
Yankho: Inde. Norway ili mu EEA ndipo ikutsatira malangizo a chitetezo cha zinthu za EU. Ma solar panels ayenera kukhala ndi chizindikiro chovomerezeka cha CE chogwirizana ndi Low Voltage Directive ndi EMC Directive, chothandizidwa ndi IEC 61215 ndi IEC 61730 test certification kuchokera ku labotale yodziwika bwino.
Q: Kodi Digitoll ndi chiyani ndipo kodi imakhudza kutumiza kwanga ku Bergen?
Yankho: Digitoll ndi njira yovomerezeka yapa digito yoyendetsera kasitomu ku Norway, yomwe idzafunika pazinthu zonse zamalonda kuyambira Epulo 2025. Sitimayo isanafike ku Bergen, oitanitsa katundu kapena ogulitsa katundu wawo ayenera kupereka zikalata zoyenera zamagetsi - zomwe zili ndi ma code a HS, mtengo wake ndi tsatanetsatane wa wotumiza katundu. Zolakwika pa kutumiza kwa Digitoll zitha kubweretsa kusungidwa kokhazikika komanso kuchedwa kwa kuwunika.
Q: Zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kutumiza ma solar panels kuchokera ku Tianjin kupita ku Bergen?
Yankho: Nthawi yonse yoyendera ndi pafupifupi masiku 30 mpaka 40. Izi zimaphatikizapo masiku 25 mpaka 32 pa sitima yaikulu kuchokera ku Tianjin kupita ku doko lalikulu monga Rotterdam kapena Hamburg, kuphatikiza masiku atatu mpaka asanu pa sitima yotumizira chakudya kupita ku Bergen, kuphatikiza masiku 1 mpaka 2 kuti iperekedwe mkati mwa dzikolo.
Q: Kodi kuchepetsa kubweza kwa VAT komwe China idapereka mu 2024 kudakhudza bwanji ogulitsa ma solar panel ogulitsa kunja?
A: China yachepetsa chiwongola dzanja cha VAT chotumizira kunja kwa ma module a PV omwe atsirizidwa (HS 8541.43) kuchokera pa 13% kufika pa 9%, kuyambira pa Disembala 1, 2024. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ogulitsa aku China akulandira VAT yochepa pa katundu wawo wotumizidwa - zomwe zikutanthauza kukwera kwa mtengo wawo. Ogulitsa kunja adzapereka mtengo kwa ogula aku Norway kuti atumizidwe ku Bergen, ndipo adzawapatsa mitengo ya CIF kuphatikiza iyi.
