Ukusuka eNingbo kuya eZhoushan kuya eNorway: Ukuthunyelwa Kwezimpahla Eziyingozi ze-IMO
Isingeniso
Ukuthumela imikhiqizo eyingozi ngolwandle kungenye yemisebenzi elawulwa kakhulu kwezentengiselwano zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Isitsha esisodwa esingahlelwanga kahle samabhethri e-lithium noma ikhemikhali ebhalwe kabi singasongela umkhumbi, abasebenzi bawo kanye nemvelo yasolwandle. Ukuthobela imithetho kunzima kakhulu uma imvelaphi kuyiNingbo-Zhoushan – ichweba elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni nge-tonnage – kanti indawo okuyiwa kuyo yiNorway, enemithetho yayo eqinile yamasiko ngaphezu kwesisindo esiphelele sezindinganiso zamakhemikhali ze-REACH ne-CLP zaseYurophu.
Lo mhlahlandlela ususa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Uma ungumkhiqizi eZhejiang othumela amakhemikhali ezimbonini kwamanye amazwe, umqhubi we-e-commerce eShenzhen othumela izimpahla ezisebenzisa i-lithium, noma umthengisi waseNorway ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi yimiphi imibhalo umhlinzeki wakho waseShayina okufanele ayinikeze, uzothola ulwazi oluqondile nolusebenzayo lapha. Sikhuluma ngohlaka lweKhodi ye-IMDG (kufaka phakathi iSichibiyelo 42-24 sika-2024 esaba yimpoqo mhla lu-1 kuJanuwari 2026), izidingo zokungenisa eziqondene neNorway, inqubo yokuthunyelwa kwempahla isinyathelo ngesinyathelo eShayina, amaphutha avamile aholela ekugcinweni kwempahla emachwebeni aseNorway, kanye nemizila yokuhamba etholakala kusukela eNingbo-Zhoushan kuya emachwebeni amakhulu aseNorway.
Siphinde sichaze ukuthi isevisi yezokuthutha yamazwe ngamazwe etholakala eShenzhen, eTopway Shipping, enesipiliyoni seminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15, isiza kanjani abathumeli ngaphandle ukuba bahambe kulolu hlobo lobunzima bokuthobela imithetho.
Kungani iNingbo-Zhoushan? Ichweba Elingemuva Kokufinyelela KweShayina Emhlabeni Wonke
Akuyona nje kuphela ichweba elimatasa kakhulu eNingbo-Zhoushan eShayina, kodwa futhi libe yichweba elimatasa kakhulu emhlabeni ngomthamo wemithwalo iminyaka eyi-17 ilandelana. Leli chweba liphathe amathani angaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-1.4 emithwalo ngo-2025, laba yichweba lokuqala ukuphula lowo mgoqo ngonyaka owodwa. Ukwanda komkhiqizo walo wama-container kudlule uphawu lwe-TEU lwezigidi ezingama-40 okokuqala, okuqinisa isimo salo phakathi kwamachweba amathathu aphezulu emhlabeni.
Ekupheleni kuka-2025, i-Ningbo-Zhoushan isivule imizila yokuthumela amakhonteyina engu-309, ixhumanisa amachweba angaphezu kuka-700 emazweni nasezindaweni ezingaphezu kuka-200. Inkomba yayo yokuxhumana kwamachweba yayibekwe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni jikelele futhi inemikhumbi yempahla engaba ngu-300 ebiza nsuku zonke. Leli zinga lokuxhumana liyinzuzo eyinhloko kubathumeli ngaphandle: kukhona izingcingo ezivamile eziya emachwebeni asezindaweni zaseYurophu okuhlanganisa iHamburg, iRotterdam kanye neBremerhaven ezihlinzeka ngokuxhumeka okuqhubekayo kwamachweba aseNorway - okwenza iNingbo-Zhoushan ibe ukukhetha okusobala kwempahla yolwandle esuka eShayina iye eNorway.
Ichweba liphinde latshala imali eningi ekuphatheni imikhiqizo eyingozi ngobuningi. “Izindawo zokugcina impahla ezikhethekile, izindawo zokugcina impahla eziboshiwe ezinekhono lokugcina impahla ye-DG kanye nohlelo lokukhipha impahla yedijithali oluhlanganiswe namapulatifomu e-General Administration of Customs (GACC) aseShayina konke kunciphisa ukungezwani kwabathumeli bempahla elawulwayo. Izingozi zokuphathwa kwe-DG zagcizelelwa emlilweni wechweba laseMeishan ka-2021 owamisa izinhlelo zokuphakelwa komhlaba wonke izinyanga, futhi ukuphoqelelwa kokuthobela imithetho echwebeni kuye kwanda kusukela lapho.
Ikhodi ye-IMDG: Incwadi Yemithetho Ongenakuyishaya indiva
Iyini Ikhodi ye-IMDG
Ikhodi Yezimpahla Eziyingozi Zasolwandle (i-IMDG), eshicilelwe yi-International Maritime Organisation (IMO), iyindinganiso ebopha ngokomthetho emhlabeni wonke yokuthuthwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi olwandle ngendlela epakishiwe. Ibopha ngokomthetho ngaphansi kweSahluko VII se-International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) futhi izidingo zayo zemvelo zihambisana ne-MARPOL Annex III. Zonke izifundazwe ezisayine i-SOLAS, okuhlanganisa ne-China ne-Norway, zibophekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyahambisana neKhodi Ye-IMDG.
Ikhodi ivela emiqulwini emibili. Umqulu 1 uqukethe izimiso ezijwayelekile, amazinga okuhlukaniswa, izimiso zokupakisha kanye nezamathangi, izinqubo zokuthumela kanye nemisebenzi yezokuthutha. Umqulu 2 uluHlu Lwezimpahla Eziyingozi, oluwuhlu oluphelele lwezinto futhi luhlanganisa inombolo yazo ye-UN, igama lokuthumela elifanele, isigaba, iqembu lokupakisha kanye nezimiso ezikhethekile.
Isichibiyelo 42-24: Okwashintsha ngo-2026
IKhodi ye-IMDG, Uhlelo luka-2024, okuhlanganisa noHlelo 42-24, yamukelwa yiKomidi Lokuphepha Kwasolwandle le-IMO emhlanganweni wayo we-108 ngoMeyi 2024. Yayiyintando yokuzithandela njengoba kwakunjalo ngomhlaka-1 Januwari 2025, futhi manje iyimpoqo njengoba kwakunjalo ngomhlaka-1 Januwari 2026. Lena yileyo esebenza kuzo zonke izimpahla ezithunyelwa eNingbo-Zhoushan eNorway ngesikhathi sokubhala lokhu.
Ushintsho olulodwa kuphela lokusebenza kwabathumeli ngaphandle kwezwe ukuhlukaniswa kabusha kwezimoto zikagesi kanye neminye imishini yokuthutha eqhutshwa ngamabhethri e-lithium. Kusukela mhla zingama-31 kuNdasa 2025 (ngesikhathi sokushintsha sezinyanga ezintathu esiqala mhla lu-1 kuJanuwari 2025), izimoto eziqhutshwa ngamabhethri e-lithium azisafanelekeli ukumenyezelwa ngaphansi kwe-UN 3171 (Imoto Eqhutshwa Ngebhethri). Kuye ngokuthi ibhethri lisebenza kanjani, manje kufanele zihlukaniswe njenge-UN 3556 (Imoto, Ibhethri Eliqhutshwa Ngebhethri le-Lithium Ion), i-UN 3557 (Imoto, Ibhethri Eliqhutshwa Ngebhethri le-Lithium Metal) noma i-UN 3558 (Imoto, Ibhethri Eliqhutshwa Ngebhethri le-Sodium Ion). Ukuhlelwa kwesigaba okudala kusetshenziswe ukulibazisa ukuthunyelwa okungena emachwebeni aseNorway - lokhu akuyona inkinga yemfundiso.
Isichibiyelo 42-24 siphinde sahlinzeka ngezicelo ezintsha ze-UN zamabhethri e-sodium-ion (ayengekho ohlelweni lwangaphambilini) futhi sanezela izidingo ezengeziwe zemibhalo yezimoto zikagesi eziqukethe idatha yokuvimbela ukusabalala kokushisa.
Amakilasi Ayisishiyagalolunye Ezimpahla Eziyingozi
Ikhodi ye-IMDG ihlinzeka ngazo zonke izimpahla eziyingozi ezigabeni eziyisishiyagalolunye ezinkulu ngezinqubo eziqondile zokupakisha, ukulebula, ukumaka kanye nokuhlukanisa. Ithebula elilandelayo libonisa izigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhweba phakathi kweShayina neNorway:
| Class | Isigaba | Izibonelo | Imfuneko Eyinhloko |
| Class 1 | Izindiza | Iziqhumane, iziqhumane | Indawo ekhethekile yokugcina impahla, akukho mikhumbi yabagibeli |
| Class 2 | Ugesi | I-LPG, umoya-mpilo ocindezelwe | Ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi, izivalo zamavalvu |
| Class 3 | Iziphuzo ezivuthayo | Upende, izinamathiseli, izinyibilikisi | Idokhumenti ye-Flashpoint |
| Class 4 | Okuqinile Okuvuthayo | Umentshisi, impuphu yensimbi | Ukupakisha kwangaphakathi okuvalwe ngokushisa |
| Class 5 | Izinto Ezikhipha I-Oxidizing | I-Peroxides, i-nitrate | Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezivuthayo |
| Class 6 | Ubuthi Nokutheleleka | Izibulala-zinambuzane, imfucuza yezokwelapha | Iphakheji eqinisekisiwe ye-UN |
| Class 7 | I-radioactive Material | Ama-isotopes ezokwelapha | Ukuvunyelwa kwegunya elifanele |
| Class 8 | Izinto ezibolayo | Ama-asidi, amabhethri (amanzi) | Ubuqotho bokupakisha kwangaphakathi |
| Class 9 | Izimpahla Eziyingozi Ezihlukahlukene | Amabhethri e-lithium, iqhwa elomile | Imikhawulo Yesimo Sokushaja kwamabhethri |
Kwabathumeli bempahla abaxubile, imikhawulo yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingahambisani - uketshezi oluvuthayo (Isigaba 3) ayikwazi ukugcinwa eceleni kwamakhemikhali akhipha i-oxidizing (Isigaba 5) - iletha ungqimba olwengeziwe lwenkinga yokuhlela izitsha oludinga ukuxazululwa ngaphambi kokubhukha.
Uhlaka Lokungenisa Izimpahla Eziyingozi lwaseNorway
I-Norwegian Customs (Tolletaten) kanye ne-EEA Chemical Regime
INorway ayilona ilungu le-EU, kodwa njengelungu le-European Economic Area (EEA) isebenzisa umthetho omkhulu we-EU, okuhlanganisa nomthetho wamakhemikhali. ENorway, uMthethonqubo we-REACH (Ukubhalisa, Ukuhlola, Ukugunyazwa kanye Nokuvinjelwa Kwamakhemikhali) usetshenziswa ngeSivumelwano se-EEA futhi ufakiwe kuMthethonqubo kazwelonke we-REACH eNorway. UMthethonqubo we-CLP (Ukuhlelwa, Ukubhala Amalebula kanye Nokupakisha izinto nezingxube) umthethonqubo olawula ukufakwa kwamalebula kwezinto zamakhemikhali eziyingozi nezingxube lapho kungeniswa eNorway. I-Norwegian Environment Agency iyigunya elinomthwalo wemfanelo.
Empeleni lokhu kusho ukuthi isitsha samakhemikhali ezimboni afika evela eNingbo akumele sihlangabezane nezindinganiso ze-IMDG Code zomlenze wasolwandle kuphela kodwa futhi nezindinganiso zokulebula ze-CLP endaweni yokukhishwa kwamasiko aseNorway. I-Norwegian Customs (Tolletaten) ayihloli kabusha izinto kodwa ibukeza ukuphelela kwamadokhumenti. Ukuthunyelwa kuzobanjwa uma i-SDS ingekho, uma i-SDS ihunyushwe ngendlela engafanele noma uma i-SDS ibhekisela ekuhlukanisweni kwe-CLP okudala okuye kwabuyekezwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukungena echwebeni laseNorway kwe-DG Cargo
Izimpahla eziyingozi ezingena ngolwandle emachwebeni aseNorway, okuyi-Oslo (i-Sjursoya terminal), iBergen, iStavanger kanye neKristiansand, zingaphansi kwenqubo yesaziso ngaphambi kokufika. Umthwali (noma i-ejenti yakhe) kumele amemezele noma yimuphi umthwalo we-DG osebhodini egunyeni lechweba ngaphambi kokufika komkhumbi. Lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokuthumela imiyalezo ze-Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), ngokuvamile nge-ejenti yechweba yomthwali.
Iziphathimandla zechweba laseNorway zihlola i-manifest yempahla ngokumelene ne-IMO Dangerous Goods Declaration (DGD) ukuze zibone ukuthi iklasi, inombolo ye-UN, iqembu lokupakisha kanye nokuhambisana nokuhlukanisa. Izitsha ezikhethiwe ukuze zihlolwe zizohlolwa ngokomzimba yiNorwegian Customs noma iNorwegian Maritime Authority (Sjøfartsdirektoratet). Isigaba 1 (iziqhumane) kanye neSigaba 7 (izinto ezikhipha imisebe) zihlolwa kaningi, njengoba kunjalo nanganoma yikuphi ukuthunyelwa okunemibhalo ebonakala ingahambisani noma ingaphelele.
Abangenisi bezimpahla kufanele futhi baqaphele ukuthi iziphathimandla zaseNorway zidinga izimvume zokungenisa noma izaziso ngaphambi kokungenisa izinhlobo ezithile zezinto eziyingozi. Amakhemikhali ambozwe yi-Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants adinga isitifiketi sokukhululwa noma ukusetshenziswa okugunyaziwe ngaphambi kokuba avunyelwe ukungeniswa.
Isinyathelo Ngesinyathelo: Inqubo Yokuthobela Umthetho Ngaphambi Kokuthunyelwa Evela eShayina
Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokwabiwa kwenombolo ye-UN
Uhambo lwakho lokuthobela imithetho luqala ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ubhuke. Umthumeli (noma umthumeli wakhe wezimpahla) unesibopho sokuhlukanisa impahla ngendlela efanele ngokwe-Dangerous Goods List ku-IMDG Code. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukukhethwa kwenombolo efanele ye-UN, igama elifanele lokuthumela, isigaba sengozi kanye neqembu lokupakisha. Ngezingxube zamakhemikhali ezingahlukaniswanga ngokwehlukana, isisekelo sokuhlukanisa kufanele sibe yindlela enikezwe ku-IMDG Code Chapter 2 edinga ulwazi lwezingxenye ngazinye kanye nobuningi bazo.
Iphutha elivamile ukusebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba okwakulungile ngaphansi kohlelo lwangaphambilini lwe-IMDG. Isichibiyelo 42-24 sengeze izinombolo ezintsha ze-UN futhi sashintsha imibandela ekhethekile yamakhemikhali athile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngemikhiqizo yebhethri le-lithium, njengoba isimo sokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo sishintshe kakhulu kusukela ngo-2025 kuya ku-2026, futhi abathumeli ngaphandle abangazange babuyekeze izizinda zabo zangaphakathi basengozini yokusebenzisa izinombolo ezindala ze-UN.
Isitifiketi Sokupakisha Izimpahla Eziyingozi
Amasiko aseShayina, ngaphansi komthetho we-GACC, adinga ukuthi abathumeli bamazwe ngamazwe bathole isitifiketi sokupakishwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi (危险品包装证书) ukuze ukuthunyelwa kwe-DG kuthunyelwe kwamanye amazwe. Lena inqubo enezinyathelo ezimbili. Okokuqala, umenzi wokupakisha kumele ahlolwe futhi aqinisekiswe yinhlangano yokuhlola eqashelwa yi-GACC. Okwesibili, umthumeli wamazwe ngamazwe kumele athole isitifiketi esiqinisekisa ukuthi ukupakisha okuthile okusetshenziselwe ukuthunyelwa okuthile kuhlolwe futhi kwavunyelwa ukusetshenziswa nalelo klasi lezimpahla eziyingozi. Lesi sitifiketi kufanele sihambisane nesimemezelo sokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.
Kumabhethri e-lithium, kudingeka imibhalo eyengeziwe esigabeni sokuthumela ngaphandle eShayina: umbiko wokuhlolwa we-UN 38.3 ovela elabhorethri egunyaziwe okhombisa ukuthi amabhethri aphumelele zonke izivivinyo eziyisishiyagalombili zokuphepha eziphoqelekile (ukulingisa ukuphakama, ukuhlolwa kokushisa, ukudlidliza, ukushaqeka, i-external short circuit, umthelela, ukushaja ngokweqile kanye nokukhishwa ngenkani). Noma yimaphi amabhethri angenawo umbiko we-UN 38.3 ngeke amukelwe ukuze avunyelwe ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eNingbo-Zhoushan noma kunoma yiliphi elinye itheku laseShayina.
Ukuqedela Isimemezelo Sezimpahla Eziyingozi ze-IMO
Isimemezelo Sezimpahla Eziyingozi (i-DGD) yidokhumenti eyinhloko ye-IMO yanoma yimuphi umthwalo wemikhumbi we-DG. Umthumeli (hhayi umthwali) unesibopho sokugcwalisa lokhu futhi afake inombolo ye-UN, igama elifanele lokuthumela, isigaba sengozi, iqembu lokupakisha, inombolo nohlobo lwamaphakheji, isisindo esiphelele nesiphelele, i-flashpoint (uma ikhona), ukuqokwa kokungcola kolwandle (uma kusebenza), kanye nempendulo ephuthumayo. contact. Isimemezelo somthumeli sizofaka isitifiketi esisayiniwe: 'Ngimemezela ngalokhu ukuthi okuqukethwe kwalesi sikhwama kuchazwe ngokugcwele nangokunembile ngenhla ngegama lokuthumela elifanele, futhi kuhlukaniswe, kupakishwe, kumakwe futhi kufakwe ilebula/kufakwe amabhodi, futhi kuzo zonke izici kusesimweni esifanele sokuthuthwa ngokwemithethonqubo kahulumeni wamazwe ngamazwe neyezwe.'
Imbangela evame kakhulu yokwenqatshwa kwempahla eNingbo-Zhoushan amaphutha ku-DGD, njengezinombolo ze-UN ezishintshiwe, ukuqokwa kwamaqembu okupakisha okungalungile, noma ulwazi lokuxhumana oluphuthumayo olungekho. Abathwali banezivivinyo zabo zokwamukelwa kwe-DG ngaphambi kokulayisha futhi uma ukubhukha kwe-DG kwenqatshwa eduze komkhawulo womkhumbi, lokhu kungadinga izinsuku noma amasonto okulinda indawo elandelayo ye-DG etholakalayo emkhunjini ofanelekile.
Nasi isifinyezo semibhalo eyinhloko oyodingayo ukuze uthuthe izimpahla zakho eziyingozi usuka eNingbo uye eNorway:
| Idokhumenti | Ikhipha Iphathi | Injongo |
| Isimemezelo Sezimpahla Eziyingozi ze-IMO | Umthumeli / Umthumeli Wezimpahla | Imemezela isigaba sempahla, inombolo ye-UN, iqembu lokupakisha |
| Ishidi Ledatha Yokuphepha Okubalulekile (MSDS/SDS) | Umkhiqizi | Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali kanye nolwazi lokuphendula eziphuthumayo |
| Isitifiketi Sokupakisha Izimpahla Eziyingozi | Amasiko aseShayina (i-GACC) | Iqinisekisa ukuthi ukupakishwa kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-IMDG |
| Umbiko Wokuhlola we-UN 38.3 (Amabhethri) | Ilebhu egunyaziwe | Kufakazela ukuthi amabhethri e-lithium aphumelele ukuhlolwa kokuphepha |
| Isitifiketi Sokupakisha | Umthumeli Wezimpahla / Umthwali | Iqinisekisa ukugcwaliswa okufanele kwesitsha |
| Ilayisense Yokuthekelisa (uma ikhona) | I-MOFCOM China | Kuyadingeka kubuchwepheshe obulawulwayo / izinto ezisetshenziswa kabili |
| Isimemezelo Samasiko SaseNorway (SAD) | Umngenisi / Umenzeli | Imvume yokungenisa echwebeni laseNorway |
Indlela Yokuhamba: Ukusuka eNingbo-Zhoushan kuya emachwebeni aseNorway
I-Ningbo-Zhoushan ayinayo isevisi yolwandle olujulile ngqo namachweba aseNorway. Inqubo evamile iwukuhamba ngesikebhe ngesikhungo esikhulu saseNyakatho Yurophu (ngokuvamile iHamburg, Rotterdam, Bremerhaven noma i-Antwerp) bese uthatha isevisi yokondla uyisa echwebeni lokuya eNorway. Lesi sakhiwo sokuthutha sinemiphumela emibi yezimpahla eziyingozi: imibhalo ye-DG kumele isebenze futhi ihambisane nomkhumbi omkhulu kanye nasemlenzeni wokuphakela. Abanye abathwali be-feeder basebenzisa imikhawulo eyengeziwe yempahla ye-DG ngaphezu kwezidingo ezincane zeKhodi ye-IMDG, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhlola ukwamukelwa kwe-DG yibo bobabili abathwali ngaphambi kokubhukha.
Ngo-Ephreli 2025, i-Ningbo-Zhoushan yaveza imodeli entsha yezokuthutha eYurophu ehlanganisa izinsizakalo zesitimela esisheshayo kanye nezinsizakalo zesitimela esisheshayo kanye nezinsizakalo zesitimela esisheshayo, kanye nomzila we-China-Europe Arctic Express ofika echwebeni lase-UK iFelixstowe ezinsukwini ezingu-18. Insizakalo yemikhumbi ye-Ningbo-Zhoushan-Wilhelmshaven China-Europe Express nayo ivule ukusebenza okujwayelekile, okunciphisa uhambo phakathi kweChina neJalimane ngezinsuku ezingaphezu kwe-10 uma kuqhathaniswa nemizila evamile. Lezi zinsizakalo zesitimela esisheshayo zinikeza ukufinyelela okusheshayo kunethiwekhi yesikhungo saseNyakatho Yurophu, futhi zinganciphisa sonke isikhathi sokuhamba ukusuka eNingbo ukuya eNorway ngezimpahla ze-DG ngezinsuku eziningana - kodwa okwamanje zilungele kakhulu izimpahla ze-DG ezingezona eze-DG noma ezinqunyelwe, ngenxa yemikhawulo yokwamukelwa kwezinkampani ezithwalayo.
| I-Origin Port | Indawo ekuyiwa kuyo | Cishe. Okokuthutha | Isevisi Ejwayelekile | Ukudluliswa |
| I-Ningbo-Zhoushan | I-Oslo (Sjursoya) | Izinsuku eziyi-28-35 | I-FCL / LCL | Hamburg noma Rotterdam |
| I-Ningbo-Zhoushan | Bergen | Izinsuku eziyi-30-38 | I-FCL / LCL | I-Hamburg noma i-Bremerhaven |
| I-Ningbo-Zhoushan | I-Stavanger | Izinsuku eziyi-32-40 | I-FCL / LCL | I-Hamburg noma i-Antwerp |
| I-Ningbo-Zhoushan | Kristiansand | Izinsuku eziyi-31-38 | I-FCL | Rotterdam |
Esinye isithiyo esisebenzayo kulo mzila wezimpahla eziyingozi zokuthunyelwa kwe-LCL (umthwalo ongaphansi kwesitsha) ukuthi izikhungo zokuhlanganisa i-LCL kumele zibe nelayisensi yempahla ye-DG, futhi akuzona zonke izikhungo zokuhlanganisa ezikhungweni zokuthutha zaseNyakatho Yurophu ezikulungele ukulayisha izimpahla ze-DG kanye nempahla evamile. Abathumeli bempahla abasebenzisa i-LCL ekuthunyelweni kwe-DG kufanele bahlole ukwamukelwa kwe-DG LCL kusenesikhathi. Amanani e-DG LCL avame ukuba ngamaphesenti angama-30 kuya kwangu-50 aphezulu kunamanani alinganayo angewona e-DG LCL, okubalwa izidingo ezengeziwe zokuphatha kanye nemibhalo.
Amabhethri e-Lithium: Isigaba se-DG Esiyinkimbinkimbi Kakhulu Ezohwebo phakathi kweShayina neNorway
Amabhethri e-lithium (i-Class 9, Okuxubile) ayinkinga yokuthobela imithetho enamandla kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimpahla eziyingozi emzileni we-Ningbo-Norway. I-China ingumkhiqizi ohamba phambili emhlabeni wamabhethri e-lithium. I-Norway, enamanye amazinga aphezulu kakhulu obunikazi be-EV ngomuntu ngamunye emhlabeni jikelele kanye nemakethe ye-elekthronikhi yabathengi ethuthukayo, iyimakethe ebalulekile yamadivayisi asebenza ngebhethri.
Isichibiyelo 42-24 senze izinguquko ekuhlukanisweni okuchazwe kuSigaba 2 ngenhla. Kodwa ubunzima bokuthobela imithetho budlulela ngale kokubuyekezwa kwenombolo ye-UN. Kusukela maphakathi no-2025, iShayina iqinise uhlelo lwayo lokulawula ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kubuchwepheshe obuxhunywe kumabhethri e-lithium. NgoJulayi 2025, i-MOFCOM ithe amalayisense okuthumela kwamanye amazwe azodinga ukudluliselwa kobuchwepheshe obuyisishiyagalombili obubalulekile obusetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwamabhethri e-EV, okuhlanganisa nezinqubo eziyinhloko zamabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Ngo-Okthoba 2025, i-MOFCOM kanye ne-GACC bamemezele ngokubambisana imithetho eqinile ezintweni ezisetshenziswa kabili ezoqala ukusebenza ngoNovemba 2025. Abathumeli bezimpahla zebhethri le-lithium eziqediwe abasebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe - noma ngabe umkhiqizo ngokwawo ungekho ohlwini lokusetshenziswa kabili - badinga ukucabangela ukuthi ilayisensi yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ingadingeka yini.
Ngasohlangothini lokungenisa lwaseNorway, kunezidingo eziningana ezisebenzayo zokuthobela iKhodi ye-IMDG yamabhethri: amabhethri e-lithium ion athunyelwa ngaphansi kwe-Class IA (UN3480, PI965 Section IA) akumele adlule isimo sokushaja samaphesenti angu-30 (SoC); wonke amaphakheji kumele abonise ilebula lebhethri le-lithium le-Class 9 elidingekayo; Isimemezelo Somthumeli kumele sihambisane nokuthunyelwa kwe-Class IA; futhi noma yimaphi amabhethri ahlanganiswe ne-EV athunyelwa njengengxenye yemoto kumele afake imibhalo yokuvimbela ukufudumala. Izikhulu zechweba laseNorway kanye namasiko aseNorway ziyaqaphela le mithetho, futhi zizohlola imibhalo ye-DG ukuze zibone ukuthunyelwa kwamabhethri ngokuphelele kuneminyaka emihlanu edlule.
Amaphutha Avamile nokuthi Ungawagwema Kanjani
Iminyaka eminingi yesipiliyoni sokusebenza ekuthunyelweni kwemikhiqizo eyingozi phakathi kweShayina neYurophu ikhombisa ukuthi izigaba ezifanayo zamaphutha zivela kaningi. Ngezansi kunethebula lamaphutha anomthelela omkhulu nokuthi ungawavimbela kanjani:
| Iphutha Elivamile | Umphumela | Prevention |
| Inombolo ye-UN engalungile ku-DGD | Impahla yenqatshwa echwebeni lokuqala | Qinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa ngohlu lwe-IMDG Vol. 2 |
| I-MSDS / SDS engekho | Imithetho yentela eNorway | Namathisela i-SDS kukho konke ukuthunyelwa kwe-DG |
| Ibhethri le-Lithium SoC > 30% (Isigaba IA) | Ukwenqatshwa kwenkampani yenethiwekhi | Ukulawula ukushaja ngaphambi kokupakisha |
| Akukho Sitifiketi Sokupakisha se-GACC | Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuvinjelwe eShayina | Faka isicelo ngelebhu enelayisensi ye-GACC ngaphambi kokubhukha |
| Inombolo ye-UN ephelelwe yisikhathi (isb. i-UN 3171 yama-EV) | Ukuboshwa kwechweba laseNorway | Sebenzisa i-UN 3556/3557/3558 kusukela ngoJanuwari 2026 |
Ngaphandle kwamaphutha amaphepha, ukufika ngesikhathi kokubhukha kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezingavinjelwa. Noma yiziphi izimpahla eziyingozi kumele zimenyezelwe kumthwali ngaphambi kokuphela kwe-DG, okuvame ukuba yizinsuku ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5 ngaphambi kosuku lokwamukelwa kwempahla yomkhumbi. Abathumeli abaningi babheka ukubhukha kwe-DG njengokubhukha okuvamile futhi bashiya ukuthunyelwa kwemibhalo ye-DG kumzuzu wokugcina. Ngenxa yalokho, umnyango we-DG womthwali awunaso isikhathi sokwenza ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa futhi ukubhukha kuyenqatshwa. Abathumeli abakhulu abaphakathi nendawo bangenza umthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni ngokubheka isikhathi sokuhola se-DG ohlelweni lokuthumela, kunokuba kube yinto yokucabanga kamuva.
8. Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kwezimpahla Eziyingozi Okusekela Ngayo Ukuthunyelwa Kwezimpahla Eziyingozi
I-Topway Shipping, etholakala eShenzhen, eShayina, ibilokhu ingumhlinzeki ochwepheshe wezixazululo ze-e-commerce logistics ezivela emingceleni kusukela ngo-2010. Ithimba elisungule lineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 yesipiliyoni kwezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokususwa kwezimpahla zamasiko, ligxile kakhulu kwezokuthutha phakathi kweShayina ne-US - kanye nezinga elifanayo lobuchwepheshe elihlanganisa amanethiwekhi ezokuhweba aseShayina Europe, kufaka phakathi umzila waseShayina Norway.
Izinsizakalo ze-Topway Shipping zimboza lonke uchungechunge lwezokuthutha: ukuthuthwa kokuqala kusuka esikhungweni kuya echwebeni, nakwamanye amazwe kugcinwa, ukuhlanzwa kwempahla yamasiko (usizo lokukhishwa kwempahla eChina kanye nokukhishwa kwempahla eNorway), kanye nokulethwa kwempahla okuhamba ibanga elide. Ikakhulukazi ezimpahleni eziyingozi, i-Topway isebenza nezinhlangano zokuhlola ezinelayisensi ye-GACC ukusiza abathumeli ukuthola isitifiketi sokupakishwa kwempahla eyingozi esigabeni sokuthunyelwa kwempahla eChina futhi isebenza namaqembu okwamukela i-DG yabathumeli ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimemezelo ze-DG zithunyelwa ngaphakathi kwefasitela elidingekayo lomthumeli.
I-Topway inikeza izinsizakalo zokuthutha ulwandle ezinemithwalo egcwele (i-FCL) kanye nemithwalo engaphansi kwemithwalo (i-LCL) kusuka eShayina kuya emachwebeni abalulekile emhlabeni jikelele, kufaka phakathi amachweba aseNorway afana ne-Oslo, iBergen kanye neStavanger. Inketho ye-FCL inikeza indlela elula kakhulu yokuhambisana nemithwalo ye-DG - isitsha esisodwa sezimpahla zomthumeli oyedwa, ngaphandle kwezinkinga zokulayisha ezihlangatshezwane ne-DG LCL. Uma i-LCL idingeka ezithwalweni ezincane ze-DG, ithimba le-Topway lithola izindawo zokugcina impahla ezihlanganisiwe zinelayisensi yokuphatha i-DG endaweni efanele yokuthutha.
Ithimba liphinde lisize amaklayenti ngesimo sokuthuthukiswa kokulawulwa kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe saseShayina. Njengoba uhlu lokulawulwa kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lwe-MOFCOM luzoshintshwa ngo-2025 ukuze kulawulwe ubuchwepheshe bebhethri nezinto ezisetshenziswa kabili, i-Topway isebenza nabeluleki bokuthobela imithetho yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukusiza abakhiqizi bamabhethri nabathumeli kwamanye amazwe ukuthi banqume ukuthi ilayisense yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe iyadingeka yini ngomkhiqizo wabo othize ngaphambi kokuba impahla ifike eNingbo-Zhoushan, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe isenzakalo esibizayo sokwenqatshwa kwempahla esangweni lechweba.
Isiphetho
Ukuthumela imikhiqizo eyingozi esuka eNingbo-Zhoushan iye eNorway kungenye yezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokuthobela imithetho ekuthuthweni olwandle kwamanye amazwe—kodwa kungenzeka ngokuphelele ngabalingani abafanele kanye nokuhlela. Isichibiyelo Sekhodi Ye-IMDG Esiyimpoqo 42-24, esaqala ukusebenza ngokugcwele mhla lu-1 kuJanuwari 2026, sibeke isisekelo esisha sokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo eziningi zemithwalo ebalulekile, kufaka phakathi izinto zebhethri le-lithium. Ngaphezu kwemithetho ye-EU REACH kanye ne-CLP, ukuhambisana kweNorway kusho ukuthi ungqimba lwesibili lokuthobela imithetho kumele luphathwe ngaphambi kokuba izimpahla zikwazi ukusula amasiko e-Oslo, eBergen, noma eStavanger.
Okubalulekile ekuthunyelweni kwe-DG okuphumelelayo kulo mzila yilezi: ukuhlukaniswa okulungile ngokweKhodi ye-IMDG yamanje; imibhalo ephelele nelungiselelwe kahle, kufaka phakathi i-DGD, i-MSDS/SDS kanye neSitifiketi Sokupakisha Izimpahla Eziyingozi ZaseShayina; ukuqwashisa ngohlelo lokulawula ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lwaseShayina lobuchwepheshe obuhlobene nebhethri; isikhathi esifanele sokubhukha ngokubheka izinqubo zokwamukelwa kwe-DG yenkampani; kanye nokukhethwa komlingani wezokuthutha onolwazi lwangempela lwe-DG kuzo zombili izigaba zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zaseShayina kanye nezokungeniswa zaseNorway.
Njengoba i-Ningbo-Zhoushan yandisa inethiwekhi yayo yemizila futhi itshala imali engqalasizinda yokuphatha i-DG, futhi njengoba isifiso saseNorway semikhiqizo esebenzisa amabhethri namakhemikhali ezimboni avela eShayina siqhubeka sikhula, inani kanye nobunzima bezimpahla eziyingozi ezihamba kulo mzila wezohwebo kuzokhula kuphela. Labo abathumeli abatshala imali emakhonweni okuthobela imithetho manje, kunokufunda ekubambezelekeni okubizayo kanye nezijeziso, bazoba sendaweni engcono kakhulu yokwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwabo ngaphandle ngempumelelo nangokuthembekile.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Q: Ingabe iKhodi ye-IMDG iyimpoqo kuzo zonke izimpahla zasolwandle ezivela eShayina ziya eNorway?
A: Yebo. IShayina neNorway zombili ziyizingxenye ze-SOLAS, okudinga ukuhambisana neKhodi ye-IMDG kuyo yonke imikhiqizo eyingozi ethuthwa olwandle. Uhlelo luka-2024 (Isichibiyelo 42-24) luzodingeka kusukela mhla lu-1 kuJanuwari 2026.
U: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-FCL ne-LCL ekuthunyelweni kwezimpahla eziyingozi?
A: I-FCL (Umthwalo Ogcwele Wesitsha) ikhombisa ukuthi umthwalo wakho uhlala esitsheni sonke, ngakho-ke azikho izinkinga zokulayisha ndawonye ngemithwalo yabanye abathumeli. Lena inketho ekhethwayo yemithwalo ye-DG. I-LCL (Umthwalo Ongaphansi Kwesitsha) ihlanganisa izimpahla zabathumeli abaningi esitsheni esisodwa. Akuzona zonke izindawo zokugcina impahla ezizothatha umthwalo we-DG futhi izindleko ze-DG LCL zivame ukuba phezulu ngo-30-50% kune-non-DG LCL.
U: Amabhethri ami e-lithium amenyezelwe ngaphambilini ngaphansi kwe-UN 3171. Ingabe kukhona engikudingayo ukushintsha?
A: Yebo–ngokushesha. Kusukela ngomhlaka-31 Mashi 2025, i-UN 3171 isebenza kuphela ezimotweni ezifakwe amabhethri angewona i-lithium (isb. i-lead acid). “Izimoto ezisebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium manje kumele zisebenzise i-UN 3556, i-UN 3557 noma i-UN 3558. Ukuhlukaniswa okudala kungaholela ekuboshweni kwempahla emachwebeni aseNorway.
Q: Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthola isitifiketi sokupakishwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi eShayina?
A: Ngokuvamile izinsuku ezi-5 kuya kweziyi-10 zebhizinisi kusukela ngesikhathi uhambisa isicelo namasampula okupakisha esikhungweni sokuhlola esaziwa yi-GACC. Lokhu kufanele kubhekwe ezikhathini zokukhiqiza kanye nokulethwa kwabathumeli ngaphandle, ikakhulukazi lapho bebhekene nezinto ezintsha noma ukucushwa okusha kokupakisha.
Q: Ingabe i-Topway Shipping iphatha ukuvunyelwa kwezimpahla zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe e-DG eShayina?
A: Impela. Ukusebenza kwe-Topway Shipping kufaka phakathi imvume yokuthumela izimpahla kwamanye amazwe e-DG emachwebeni aseShayina njenge-Ningbo-Zhoushan futhi kubambisana nezinhlangano zokuhlola ezinelayisensi ye-GACC ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukupakisha. Sinakekela amaphepha e-DG adingekayo ukuze sigcwalise izinsuku zokugcina zenkampani.
