Zolakwika za HS Code Zomwe Zimawononga Anthu Otumiza Zinthu ku Germany Ambiri
Introduction
Chaka chilichonse, ogulitsa katundu ochokera ku Germany amataya ndalama zambiri, osati chifukwa chakuti msika ndi woipa kapena ogulitsa awo alephera, koma chifukwa cha manambala angapo pa chilengezo cha kasitomu. Khodi ya Harmonized System (HS) ndi nambala yokhazikika yomwe imaperekedwa ku mtundu uliwonse wa katundu wogulitsidwa. Ndiwo maziko a momwe mitengo ya kasitomu, kutsatira malamulo, ndi njira zoletsa kutaya katundu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Ngati muchita bwino, zinthu zanu zidzapambana popanda vuto lililonse. Ngati simuchita bwino, mutha kukumana ndi zilango zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira kulengezanso pang'ono mpaka kuwunika kwa ndalama zisanu, kuchedwa kutumiza, komanso milandu yaupandu chifukwa cha chinyengo cha kasitomu m'milandu yoopsa kwambiri.
Germany imakonza zinthu zambiri zogulitsa kunja kuposa dziko lina lililonse la EU. Mtengo wa katundu wobwera mdzikolo ndi woposa €1.3 thililiyoni pachaka. Bundeszollverwaltung ndiye bungwe la kasitomu la dzikolo, ndipo lili ndi malo okhwima kwambiri otsatira malamulo ku Europe. Limatsatira malamulowa kudzera mu Union Customs Code (UCC) ya EU, database ya TARIC, ndi njira yodziwika bwino yochotsera katundu ya digito yotchedwa ATLAS. Kuyambira mu 2024, malamulowa akhala okhwima kwambiri. Kuletsa ntchito za European Commission pa magalimoto amagetsi aku China, Combined Nomenclature yatsopano yomwe imayamba kugwira ntchito mu Januwale 2025, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwathunthu kwa ICS2 Gawo 3 zonse zapangitsa kuti njira yovuta yogawa magalimoto ikhale yovuta kwambiri.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za zolakwika zofala komanso zodula kwambiri pa HS code zomwe otumiza katundu ku Germany amachita. Ikufotokozanso momwe dongosolo la chilango limagwirira ntchito motsatira malamulo aku Germany ndi EU ndipo imapereka malangizo othandiza a momwe mungapewere kusokoneza magulu. Mwachitsanzo, imati kugwira ntchito ndi mnzanu wodziwa bwino ntchito zoyendetsera katundu ndi zotumiza katundu kungapangitse kusiyana kwakukulu.
Kumvetsetsa Khodi: Ma Sub-Code a HS, CN, TARIC, ndi German
Ogulitsa kunja nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka chifukwa mawu akuti “HS code” satanthauza nambala imodzi yapadziko lonse, koma mndandanda wa zigawo. Bungwe la World Customs Organisation (WCO) limasunga Harmonized System, yomwe ndi nambala ya manambala asanu ndi limodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayiko oposa 200 ndipo imakhudza mitundu yoposa 5,000 ya katundu. Mukagulitsa, manambala asanu ndi limodzi oyamba adzakhala omwewo kaya mukutumiza katundu kuchokera ku Shanghai kapena kubweretsa ku Hamburg.
Dzina Lophatikizana (CN), lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa misonkho ndi ziwerengero m'maiko onse a EU, limawonjezera manambala ena anayi pa izi. Misonkho Yogwirizana ya EU, kapena TARIC, imawonjezera manambala ena awiri, khumi, kuti ikwaniritse njira zina zamalonda monga zolipiritsa zoletsa kutaya katundu, njira zotsutsana, ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa katundu wolowa. Germany ikhoza kuwonjezera manambala khumi ndi limodzi pazinthu monga VAT coding ndi zoletsa zina zolowera zomwe zili za dzikolo zokha. Zimapanga kusiyana kwakukulu: simungangokopera khodi ya HS ya munthu waku China yokhala ndi manambala asanu ndi limodzi pa chilengezo cha kulowetsa katundu ku Germany. Chilengezocho chimafuna khodi ya TARIC yovomerezeka yokhala ndi manambala khumi. Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito khodi yaifupi kapena ina, fayiloyo si yovomerezeka.
Zigawo Zinayi za Magulu Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito ku Germany
| Chigawo cha Makhodi | Kujambula | Bungwe Lolamulira | kuchuluka |
| HS Code | 6 | World Customs Organisation (WCO) | Yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayiko opitilira 200 |
| Combined Nomenclature (CN) | 8 | mgwirizano wamayiko aku Ulaya | Misonkho ndi ziwerengero za EU yonse |
| Malingaliro a kampani TARIC | 10 | Commission European | Malamulo a EU (oletsa kutaya zinthu, ndi zina zotero) |
| Kachidindo kakang'ono ka dziko la Germany | 11 | Bundeszollverwaltung | Kulemba VAT, zoletsa za dziko lonse |
Mayina Ophatikizana a EU adasinthidwa mu Januwale 2025 ndipo adasindikizidwa ngati Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2522. Adawonjezera mitu yatsopano ku mitu ingapo, monga tomato watsopano (wosankhidwa malinga ndi kukula ndi mtundu wa zomwe akuwonetsa), chimanga cholimidwa mwachilengedwe, mafuta achilengedwe, zipsepse za shaki, ndi mpweya wosowa. Ogulitsa kunja omwe sanasinthe ma database awo azinthu pofika pa Januwale 1, 2025, tsiku lomwe malamulo atsopano adayamba kugwira ntchito, adapeza kuti zomwe adalengeza sizinalinso zogwira ntchito kuyambira tsiku loyamba la chaka chatsopano. Izi sizongoganizira chabe; pamene makina oyeretsa amagetsi a ATLAS aku Germany apeza ma code olakwika kapena akale, amawakana nthawi yomweyo, zomwe zimayambitsa kuchedwa ndipo zingayambitse kuwunika.
Zolakwika Zambiri za HS Code - ndi Zomwe Zimawonongadi
Zolakwika pakupanga zinthu zimachitika nthawi zambiri. Zina zimachokera ku mfundo yakuti mayinawo ndi ovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, chinthucho chingagwirizane ndi mitu iwiri kapena kuposerapo, ndipo njira yoyenera imadalira kudziwa Zolemba Zofotokozera za WCO ndi Malamulo Otanthauzira. Zina zimachitika chifukwa cha nthawi yochepa, kudalira kwambiri ma code operekedwa ndi ogulitsa, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma database akale amkati. Gulu locheperako koma lalikulu kwambiri limaphatikizapo kusokoneza mwadala katundu kuti apewe kulipira misonkho, zomwe miyambo ya ku Germany imawona ngati mlandu.
| Mtundu Wolakwika | Zochitika Zofananira | Zachuma | Chiwopsezo Chowonjezera |
| Kusankha mitu kolakwika | Kugawa gulu lanzeru kunyumba chipangizocho ngati 'chipangizo chamagetsi' m'malo mwa 'chipangizo chotumizira wailesi' | Kusiyana kwa ntchito: 0%–14% | Kuwonetsedwa kwa ndalama zowonjezera zotsutsana ndi kutaya zinthu |
| Kugwiritsa ntchito HS ya manambala 6 m'malo mwa TARIC ya manambala 10 | Kutumiza HS yotumiza kunja kwa China pa chilengezo cha EU chotumiza kunja | Chilengezo sichili cholondola; mtengo wokonzanso chilolezo €500–€2,000+ | Kutumiza katundu kwasungidwa padoko |
| Kunyalanyaza ntchito zoletsa kutaya zinthu/zotsutsana ndi malamulo | Zigawo za EV zaku China zomwe zagawidwa pansi pa mutu wamba | Misonkho yobwezera + mpaka 35.3% ya msonkho wotsutsana | Kutumiza munthu ku mlandu ngati mwadala |
| Kusintha kwa code yakale pambuyo pa mayina | Kugwiritsa ntchito khodi ya CN ya 2022 pambuyo pa kusinthidwa kwa Januwale 2025 | Chilengezo chosalondola; chindapusa kuyambira €1,000 | Chizindikiro cha kafukufuku pa mbiri ya otumiza kunja |
| Kunyoza mwadala gulu la ntchito yotsika | Kutcha zovala za nsalu kuti 'zitsanzo za nsalu' | Chindapusa mpaka 100% ya misonkho yomwe mwaipewa (muyezo wa EU) | Kuzenga mlandu wachinyengo pa misonkho |
Chimodzi mwa zolakwika zofala komanso zodula kwambiri ndi ukadaulo. Ma speaker ambiri amakono opanda zingwe ali ndi cholandirira wailesi, motero cholankhulira cha Bluetooth chokhala ndi chimodzi mwa izi chimakhala pansi pa gulu la 8527 (chida chowulutsa wailesi) m'malo mwa 8518 (maikolofoni, zokuzira mawu, ndi ma amplifiers). Kusiyana kwa mitengo ya msonkho kuli kochepa poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka, koma nkhawa yayikulu ndi mbendera yophwanya malamulo a msonkho, yomwe ikuwonetsa mbiri ya wobweretsa katundu kutsatira malamulo ndipo zikutanthauza kuti kutumiza mtsogolo kudzayang'aniridwa mosamala. Mlandu wa 2025 wokhudza wogulitsa zovala wochokera ku EU ukuwonetsa kukula kwa vutoli: kusokoneza zovala zomalizidwa ngati nsalu kunapangitsa kuti alandire chindapusa cha €28,000 pambuyo poti kafukufuku adapeza njira yomweyo pa katundu wotumizidwa angapo.
Pambuyo poti kafukufuku wa European Commission wotsutsa thandizo la ndalama zothandizira magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi mabatire ku China utatha mu Okutobala 2024, malo osungira magalimoto amagetsi adakhala malo ofunikira kwambiri. Mitengo yotsutsana, yomwe imayambira pa 7.8% mpaka 35.3% kutengera wopanga, imagwira ntchito pamitu ina yaing'ono yokha. Ngati wogulitsa katundu wakunja molakwika ayika zida za EV zaku China pansi pa mutu wa zida zonse zamagalimoto m'malo mwa mutu wolondola wa BEV, akhoza kuthawa chilango chotsutsana kwa kanthawi kochepa, koma adzayenera kubweza cholakwikacho chikapezeka. Chiwopsezo chachuma pa chidebe chimodzi cha zida za EV chikhoza kupitirira €50,000 mosavuta.
Chilango cha ku Germany: Kodi Chingakhale Choopsa Motani?
Germany imalanga anthu omwe amaswa malamulo a kasitomu pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo osiyanasiyana a EU, makamaka Union Customs Code, ndi German Customs Act (Zollgesetz) ndi Fiscal Penal Code (Abgabenordnung). Zilangozo zimasiyana malinga ndi momwe munthuyo alili wolakwa, zomwe ndi mfundo zomwe zimachokera ku EU koma zimayendetsedwa molimba mtima monga momwe zimakhalira ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko la Germany.
Muyezo wa EU wa zilango zachuma pamilandu yolakwika ndi 100% ya ndalama zomwe zinapewedwa. Ndipotu, malamulo aku Germany amagwiritsa ntchito njira yofanana: cholakwika choyamba choyang'anira chomwe sichimawonongera kampaniyo ndalama chingayambitse kufunikira kokonza ndi chilango chochepa, koma kunyalanyaza zinthu zambiri zomwe zimatumizidwa kumabweretsa kuwunika kwa ntchito ndi ndalama zowonjezera. Chinyengo cha misonkho ndi pamene anthu amaika zinthu m'magulu molakwika kuti apewe kutayira katundu. Izi zingayambitse milandu yaupandu, chindapusa cha €500,000 kapena kuposerapo, komanso kutaya ufulu wina wolowetsa katundu kunja.
| Mulingo Wolakwa | Tanthauzo | Chilango Chachizolowezi (EU / Germany) | Njira Yobwezeretsa |
| Cholakwika cha abusa / oyang'anira | Cholakwika cha manambala amodzi okha, kufalitsa uthenga wabwino | Chenjezo; kukonza kumafunika; chindapusa cha €1,000–€5,000 chikhoza kuperekedwa | Kusintha kwa chiphaso pambuyo pa chilolezo (Art. 173 UCC) |
| Zoyipa | Kusasankhidwa molakwika mobwerezabwereza, palibe zowongolera zamkati | Malipiro obwerera + 50–100% yowonjezera | Kuulula zinthu mwaufulu musanafufuze kumachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu |
| Kunyalanyaza kwakukulu | Kunyalanyaza maudindo odziwika bwino a magulu | Misonkho yobwezera + mpaka 100% ya ndalama zomwe sizinapezeke; kuyimitsidwa kwa kutumiza kunja | Zochepa; kuulula koyambirira ndikofunikira |
| Chinyengo / kuzemba mwadala | Kusawerengera bwino zinthu kapena khodi yolakwika kuti mupewe kutaya zinthu | Kuimbidwa mlandu; chindapusa mpaka €500,000+; kuletsa kutumiza kunja | Palibe njira yothetsera mavuto a utsogoleri; loya wa zamalamulo akufunika |
Kukhazikitsa kwa ICS2 Gawo 3, komwe kudatha mu Epulo 2025, kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kwa anthu omwe ali mu EU kuti aone zolengeza za katundu. Onyamula katundu ayenera kutumiza Chidziwitso Chonse cha Entry Summary Declaration (ENS) katunduyo asanafike, chomwe chiyenera kuphatikizapo HS code ya manambala asanu ndi limodzi pa ma master air waybills ndi nambala ya CN ya manambala asanu ndi atatu pa ma house waybills. Izi zikutanthauza kuti makasitomala tsopano angapeze zolakwika pamagulu a malonda asanafike kwa ogulitsa aku Germany. Izi zichotsa nthawi yosungira yomwe inkalola kuti kusintha kuchitike mwakachetechete katunduyo atafika. Ngati khodi yolakwika ibwera pagawo la ENS, kutumizako kungatchulidwe kuti kufufuzidwe, komwe kungawonjezere masiku awiri kapena atatu kuti katunduyo atulutsidwe ndikupanga chinthu chowongolera zoopsa pa mbiri ya wotumiza katunduyo.
Magulu a Zogulitsa Zoopsa Kwambiri kwa Ogulitsa Zinthu ku Germany Ochokera ku China
Si mitundu yonse ya zinthu zomwe zili ndi chiopsezo chofanana cha kugawa. Ngati mayina a zinthu ali okwanira ndipo mitengo ya msonkho imasiyana kwambiri pamitu yaying'ono yoyandikana nayo, kapena pamene EU yawonjezera njira zambiri zamalonda ku ma code ena, chiopsezo cha kusagawa molakwika chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri. Nkhani zambiri zazikulu za ma code a HS pakati pa ogulitsa aku Germany ndi ogulitsa aku China zimagwera m'magulu awa:
| Chigamulo cha mankhwala | Msampha Wodziwika Wosasankhidwa | Chifukwa Chake Ndi Chokwera Mtengo ku Germany / EU |
| ogula zamagetsi | Ma speaker a Bluetooth (8518) poyerekeza ndi chipangizo chowulutsa wailesi (8527) | Kukwera kwa chiwongola dzanja cha msonkho ndi 0%–3.7%; kuthekera kwa kusatsatira malamulo aukadaulo kungachitike |
| Magalimoto amagetsi ndi zida zake | Mutu wa mabatire a EV poyerekeza ndi mutu waung'ono wa BEV | Misonkho yotsutsana ndi 7.8–35.3% (chigamulo cha EU, 2024) |
| Zovala & zovala | Machaputala a zovala zomalizidwa ndi nsalu | Chiwongola dzanja cha msonkho ndi 12% poyerekeza ndi 12% kuphatikiza kuletsa kutaya zinthu zina zochokera ku China |
| Zinthu zachitsulo ndi aluminiyamu | Mutu wachitsulo wamba poyerekeza ndi mutu waung'ono wa alloy | Misonkho ndi ziwongola dzanja za chitetezo cha EU zimagwira ntchito pa ma code enaake |
| Chakudya ndi zinthu zaulimi | Gulu latsopano poyerekeza ndi lokonzedwa; mitu yaying'ono ya kukula kwa phwetekere (ma code atsopano a 2025) | Mankhwala osiyanasiyana okhudza ukhondo, VAT, ndi msonkho |
| Mankhwala osakaniza | Mutu wa 'zokonzekera' wamba poyerekeza ndi malamulo enieni a mankhwala | Kutsatira malamulo a REACH, zilolezo zolowera kunja, njira zowongolera kugwiritsa ntchito kawiri |
Chitsulo ndi aluminiyamu n'zovuta kumvetsa. Chitetezo cha EU pa kutumiza zitsulo chimagwira ntchito pa mitu ina yazinthu zokha, ndipo kugawa kwa quota kumasintha chaka chilichonse. Ngati wogulitsa kunja agwiritsa ntchito mutu waukulu wa "zinthu zachitsulo ndi zitsulo" m'malo mwa mutu weniweni wa alloy ndi mawonekedwe, angayambitse njira zotetezera zomwe sizinakonzedwe, kapena angaphonye kugawa kwa quota komwe kungakhale ndi msonkho wotsika. Kasitomu waku Germany wakhala ndi mbiri yayitali yoyang'anira ogulitsa zitsulo ndi aluminiyamu, ndipo chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kosalekeza kwa dziko kuti aziyang'anira katundu waku China m'magulu awa, kukakamiza kwakhala kokhwima kwambiri.
Momwe Mungapewere Zolakwika Zokwera Mtengo
Lemberani Zambiri Zokhudza Misonkho Yogwirizana (BTI)
Kutsimikiza kwa Bundeszollverwaltung's Binding Tariff Information (BTI) ndi njira yovomerezeka komanso yovomerezeka yotsimikizira kuti chinthu chagawidwa bwino ku Germany. BTI ndi chisankho chovomerezeka cha kasitomu chomwe chimakhazikitsa khodi yoyenera ya TARIC ya katundu wina ndipo chimatenga zaka zitatu. Ngati chinthucho chikhalabe chimodzimodzi, wogulitsa kunja yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito khodi ya BTI ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira chalamulo motsutsana ndi vuto lililonse la mtsogolo la kusinthidwa kwa zinthu. Zimatenga miyezi ingapo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito, ndipo nthawi zambiri muyenera kutumiza mafotokozedwe athunthu azinthu, tsatanetsatane waukadaulo, komanso zitsanzo za chinthucho. Zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zomveka bwino pazinthu zamtengo wapatali komanso zokwera mtengo pomwe pali chisokonezo chokhudza kugawidwa kwawo. Komabe, ndi ndalama zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalipira zokha pazotumiza zingapo.
Chitani Ma Audit A pachaka
Chaka chilichonse pa Januwale 1, Mayina Ogwirizana a EU amalandira mtundu watsopano. Dongosolo Logwirizana la WCO limasinthidwa zaka zisanu zilizonse, ndipo kusintha kwakukulu kotsatira kudzachitika mu 2027. Komabe, kusintha kumachitika chaka chilichonse pamlingo wadziko lonse komanso wa EU. Pofika chaka cha 2025, kabukhu kazinthu komwe kanasankhidwa molondola mu 2023 kangakhale ndi ma code olakwika, ngakhale kuti zinthuzo sizinasinthe. Ndondomeko ya msonkho wa chaka chatsopano isanayambe kugwira ntchito, njira yokhayo yodzitetezera ndiyo kuyang'ana ma code onse ogwira ntchito poyerekeza ndi database ya TARIC yomwe ilipo chaka chilichonse. Iyi ndi ntchito yayikulu kwa ogulitsa omwe ali ndi ma SKU mazana ambiri, koma ayenera kuchita izi.
Musakopere Khodi ya HS ya Wogulitsa Kutumiza Zinthu
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe malembo olowera ku Germany nthawi zambiri amakhala olakwika ndichakuti anthu amaika code ya HS yotumizira katundu ku China pa chilembo chotumizira katundu ku EU osaganizirapo. Dongosolo la kugawa katundu ku China limachokera ku dongosolo lomwelo la WCO la manambala asanu ndi limodzi, koma limagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera za manambala asanu ndi atatu ndi khumi kuposa CN ndi TARIC za EU. Kuphatikiza pa kusiyana kwa chiwerengero cha manambala, ogulitsa aku China ali ndi zifukwa zawo zotsatirira malamulo omwe sangagwirizane ndi gulu labwino kwambiri la ogulitsa ku Germany. Mwachitsanzo, kapangidwe ka kubwezera katundu ku China kangapangitse mutu umodzi wa manambala asanu ndi limodzi kukhala wokopa kwambiri kwa ogulitsa, ngakhale si gulu loyenera la EU lotumizira katundu. Ogulitsa ku Germany ali ndi udindo wonse pa malembo awo otumizira katundu; sangagwiritse ntchito mapepala a ogulitsa kuti agawa katunduyo ngati chitetezo.
Momwe Kutumiza kwa Topway Kumakuthandizireni Kupeza Magulu Oyenera
Ogulitsa katundu ochokera kumayiko ena omwe amagula katundu kuchokera ku China, kaya ndi ogula mafakitale okhazikika kapena makampani ogulitsa pa intaneti omwe akukula kwambiri, amafunikira mnzanu wodziwa zambiri zokhudza misonkho, osati kungotumiza zinthu zokha.
Topway Shipping yakhala ikukhazikika ku Shenzhen ndipo ikuchita zinthu zapadziko lonse kuyambira mu 2010. Gulu loyambitsa kampaniyo lili ndi zaka zoposa 15 zokumana nazo zenizeni pa ntchito zoyendetsa katundu zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zochotsa katundu pamisonkhano, lodziwa zambiri zokhudza mayendedwe aku China ndi US komanso kupezeka komwe kumakula komwe kumathandiza malonda pakati pa China ndi Europe. Kuti mutsatire malamulo a HS, muyenera kudziwa momwe magulu otumizira katundu aku China akugwirizanirana ndi zofunikira za EU ndi Germany komanso komwe machitidwe awiriwa amasiyana. Uwu ndi luso lapadera lomwe limachokera pakuchita ntchitoyi kwambiri, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu, kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ntchito za Topway zimaphimba unyolo wonse wa zinthu, kuyambira fakitale kapena nyumba yosungiramo katundu ku China mpaka doko lotumizira katundu kunja, kuchokera kumayiko akunja. kuwuza Kumalo ogawa katundu ku Europe monga Germany mpaka kuchotsera msonkho komwe kumachokera ndi komwe kukupita, ndipo potsiriza kutumizira katunduyo mtunda wautali ku Europe konse. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti kugawa ma code a HS kumachitika ngati gawo la ntchito imodzi, osati ngati lingaliro lomaliza pa invoice yotumizira. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa mabizinesi amalonda apaintaneti omwe amadutsa malire.
Kampaniyo imaperekanso ntchito zosinthira zonyamula katundu wa m'nyanja wa full-container-load (FCL) ndi less-than-container-load (LCL) kuchokera ku China kupita ku madoko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zimathandiza makasitomala kusintha kuchuluka kwa katundu amene amanyamula popanda kusintha ogwirizana nawo pa logistics kapena ma frameworks. Pamene gulu lomwelo la logistics likugwira ntchito zonse ziwiri mapepala a mbali yoyambira ndi chilolezo cha msonkho cha mbali yopitako, kuthekera kwa HS yotumiza katundu ku China kukopedwa mosasamala mu EU import declaration kumachepetsedwa ndi kapangidwe ka njira osati mwangozi. Kwa makampani omwe kale anali ndi ma audit a post-clearance audits kapena requirements audits, kugwira ntchito ndi Topway kumawapatsa chidziwitso cha mabungwe ndi njira yolembera mapepala yomwe amafunikira kuti asonyeze kuti akutsatira mfundo zabwino. Ichi ndi chinthu chofunikira kuganizira momwe miyambo ya ku Germany imasankhira kuchuluka kwa chindapusa chawo.
Chochita Ngati Mwapanga Kale Cholakwika cha Gulu
Ndikofala kwambiri kuposa momwe ziyenera kukhalira kupeza kuti china chake chasonkhanitsidwa molakwika pambuyo poti chadutsa kale miyambo ya msonkho. Yankho ndi lofunika kwambiri monga momwe cholakwikacho chilili. Malinga ndi Nkhani 173 ya EU Union Customs Code, woitanitsa katundu akhoza kupempha kusintha chikalata cha msonkho pambuyo poti chatulutsidwa ngati zofunikira zina zakwaniritsidwa. Ngati cholakwikacho chapezeka akuluakulu a misonkho asanayambe kafukufuku kapena kukakamiza, woitanitsa katundu nthawi zambiri amalipira ngongole yoyenera komanso chiwongola dzanja chilichonse chomwe chingagwire ntchito, popanda ndalama zina zowonjezera. Choyamba kuchita ndikutsatira njira iyi yosinthira pambuyo pa chilolezo.
Ngati cholakwikacho chikupezeka panthawi ya kafukufuku wa misonkho, zomwe Bundeszollverwaltung imachita mwachisawawa kapena motsatira zoopsa, zotsatira zake zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuthekera kosonyeza kufunitsitsa kunena cholakwikacho ndi kuyesetsa kolimba mtima kuti chikonze. Lamulo la misonkho la ku Germany, lomwe limatsatira malamulo a EU, limasiyanitsa bwino pakati pa ogulitsa omwe amagwira ntchito ndi kukonza ndi omwe sakugwirizana nawo kapena kuwabisa. Akatswiri odziwa za malamulo amalonda onse amagwirizana pa njira yabwino yochitira: mukangolandira chidziwitso cha kafukufuku, lembani loya wodziwa bwino za misonkho kapena mlangizi wodziwa za malamulo amalonda, musatumize zikalata zina mpaka zitawunikidwa ndi katswiri, ndipo sungani zolemba zanu zonse zamkati, mosasamala kanthu za zomwe akuwonetsa.
Kutsiliza
Kugawa magalimoto pogwiritsa ntchito HS code sikuti ndi njira yokhazikika yomwe magulu okonza zinthu angapereke ku chikalata chonyamula katundu cha ogulitsa. Mu dongosolo la kasitomu la Germany, lomwe lili ndi malamulo okhwima, njira yolipirira yomwe imagwira ntchito kumayiko onse a EU, ndi mitengo yomwe imasintha mwachangu, kusokoneza magulu kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa zachuma zomwe zimapitirira kutumiza kamodzi kokha komwe kwakonzedwa. Kusintha kwa Mayina Ophatikizana a Januwale 2025, zofunikira pakulengeza kwa digito kwa ICS2 Phase 3, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito misonkho yotsutsana ndi magalimoto amagetsi aku China zonse zapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunika kwambiri kuposa kale lonse kugawa zinthu moyenera komanso kuyang'aniridwa bwino kuposa zaka zingapo zapitazi.
Ogulitsa abwino kwambiri omwe amakumana ndi zoopsazi onse amachita chimodzimodzi: amaona kuti kugawa katundu m'magulu ndi ntchito yopitilira yotsatira malamulo m'malo mongogwira ntchito kamodzi kokha. Amapempha zisankho za BTI pazinthu zovuta, amafufuza ma database awo a ma code kamodzi pachaka, samabwerezanso ma code otumizira katundu m'malembo a EU, ndipo amangolankhula ndi ogwirizana nawo za mayendedwe omwe luso lawo lochotsa katundu m'makhothi ndi labwino ngati maukonde awo otumizira katundu. Kusiyana pakati pa bizinesi yomwe imadutsa m'makhothi aku Germany ndi yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kuwunika kwa ntchito ndi zizindikiro zowunikira nthawi zambiri ndi njira izi komanso kusankha mnzanu woyenera kuti azichita.
Ibibazo
Q: Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa khodi ya HS, khodi ya CN, ndi khodi ya TARIC?
A: WCO imatsatira malamulo a HS, omwe ndi gulu la manambala asanu ndi limodzi padziko lonse lapansi. Mayina Ophatikizana a EU (CN) amawonjezera manambala awiri ku gulu la manambala asanu ndi atatu lomwe mayiko onse omwe ali mamembala amagwiritsa ntchito. TARIC imawonjezera manambala ena awiri pa izi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwerengero chonse chifike khumi. Ikuphatikizanso mfundo zamalonda zomwe zili za EU zokha, monga misonkho yoletsa kutaya katundu. Khodi ya TARIC ya manambala khumi imafunika pakulengeza za kutumiza kunja kwa dziko la Germany.
Q: Nanga bwanji ngati katundu wotumizidwa ku Germany wapezeka wolakwika?
A: Ngati cholakwika cha kalaliki chichitika koyamba, zotsatira zake zingakhale zochepa ngati chilango chokonza zinthu ndi chindapusa chaching'ono. Ngati munthu wanyalanyaza, zotsatira zake zingakhale kuphatikizapo kubweza ndalama zolipirira ntchito komanso ndalama zowonjezera za 100% ya ndalama zomwe zinapewedwa. Ngati munthu wachita chinyengo mwadala, zotsatira zake zingakhale milandu yaupandu ndi kuletsa kutumiza katundu kunja. Yankho la wotumiza katundu, makamaka ngati agwirizana ndikugawana zambiri pasadakhale, limakhudza kwambiri zotsatira zake.
Q: Kodi ndingagwiritse ntchito HS code ya wogulitsa wanga waku China pa chikalata cha ku Germany chololeza kutumiza kunja?
A: Ayi. China ili ndi zowonjezera zake za manambala asanu ndi atatu ndi khumi za kugawa kwake kwa katundu wotumizidwa kunja zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi ma code a EU CN ndi TARIC. Ogulitsa ku Germany ali ndi udindo pamalamulo pazolengeza zawo ndipo sangatchule code ya wogulitsa yotumizira kunja ngati chitetezo. Nthawi zonse gawani nokha pogwiritsa ntchito database ya TARIC yomwe ilipo.
Q: Kodi EU imasintha kangati mayina ake a msonkho?
A: Mayina Ophatikizana a EU amalandira chidziwitso chatsopano pa Januwale 1 iliyonse. Kusintha kwaposachedwa, komwe kunayamba kugwira ntchito pa Januwale 1, 2025, kunawonjezera mitu yatsopano yazinthu monga mafuta achilengedwe, zakudya, ndi mpweya wosowa. Dongosolo Logwirizana la WCO limasinthidwa zaka zisanu zilizonse, ndipo kusintha kwakukulu kotsatira kudzachitika mu 2027.
Q: Kodi Topway Shipping ingathandize bwanji kutsatira malamulo a HS pa katundu wochokera ku China kupita ku Germany?
A: Yankho lathunthu la zinthu za Topway Shipping limaphatikizapo kusamalira mbali zonse za kuchotsera katundu wa katundu, monga kuonetsetsa kuti katunduyo wagawidwa bwino kuchokera komwe adachokera (China) ndi komwe akupita (Germany/EU). Topway imaonetsetsa kuti khodi yoyenera ya TARIC ifika pa chilengezo cha zinthu zamtengo wapatali za ku Germany m'malo mwa khodi yaku China yotumizira katundu kunja. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zolakwika zofala komanso zodula kwambiri pakugawa katundu m'magulu. Topway ili ndi zaka zoposa 15 zaukadaulo pa zinthu zamtengo wapatali zodutsa malire komanso chidziwitso chochuluka chokhudza zinthu zamtengo wapatali ku China ndi EU.
