Kutumiza Katundu Woopsa kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal: Malamulo ndi Zofunikira
Introduction
Kutumiza zinthu zoopsa kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zovuta kwambiri kuchita pankhani yokhudza kayendetsedwe ka zinthu padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zili pa mgwirizano wa malamulo otumiza katundu ku China, malamulo apanyanja padziko lonse lapansi, komanso malamulo okhwima a European Union otumiza katundu kunja. Magawo onse atatu awona kusintha kwakukulu mu 2024 ndi 2025. Ngati mutachita zinthu molakwika, katundu wanu akhoza kukodwa pa Port of Sines, mutha kulandira zidziwitso za chilango kuchokera ku miyambo ya ku Portugal, kapena choipa kwambiri, katundu wanu akhoza kubwezedwa kwa inu pa ndalama zanu.
Pa 1 Marichi, 2025, Unduna wa Zamayendedwe ku China (MOT) unakhazikitsa Lamulo Losintha pa Kuyang'anira ndi Kusamalira Chitetezo cha Zombo Zonyamula Magalimoto Zabwino ZoopsaMtundu watsopanowu walowa m'malo mwa mtundu wa 2018 ndipo ukuwonjezera zofunikira zina kuti otumiza katundu alengeze. Kusintha kwa Khodi ya IMDG ya International Maritime Organisation 42–24, komwe kumaphatikizapo mabatire, manambala atsopano a UN, malangizo atsopano opakira, ndi zosintha zina zoposa 300, kumakhala kosankha pa Januware 1, 2025, ndipo kudzafunika pa Januware 1, 2026. Portugal ikutsatira malamulo a mankhwala a EU REACH, General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR) yomwe idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2024, ndi malamulo wamba a EU pamayendedwe ake akuluakulu a zotengera.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zonse: momwe zinthu zoopsa zimagawidwira m'magulu, zomwe akuluakulu aku China amafunikira katundu asananyamuke padoko, zomwe dongosolo la IMDG limafuna panyanja, ndi zomwe miyezo ya ku Portugal ndi EU imanena pankhani yofika. Ikufotokozanso za mavuto omwe amafala kwambiri okhudzana ndi kutsata malamulo komanso momwe kugwirizana ndi kampani yogulitsa katundu monga Topway Shipping kungathandizire kuti unyolo wanu wopereka katundu ukhale woyenda bwino popanda kuchedwa kwina kulikonse.
Kodi N’chiyani Chimaonedwa Ngati Chinthu Choopsa?
Njira ya United Nations yogawa zinthu zoopsa m'magulu imaika zinthuzo m'magulu asanu ndi anayi kutengera momwe zilili zoopsa. Aliyense amene akugwira ntchito mumsewu wochokera ku China kupita ku Portugal, kuyambira akuluakulu a doko la ku China mpaka akuluakulu a kasitomu a ku Portugal mpaka mkulu wa katundu woopsa wa sitimayo, amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi ngati chilankhulo chawo chofala.
| Maphunziro | Mtundu Wowopsa | Zitsanzo Zofananira |
| 1 | Kuthamanga | Zida zozimitsira moto, zipolopolo, zida zoyeretsera moto |
| 2 | Mafuta | Ma Aerosol, LPG, helium, zozimitsira moto |
| 3 | Zamadzimadzi Zoyaka | Utoto, zomatira, zonunkhira, ethanol, acetone |
| 4 | Zolimba Zoyaka | Machesi, ufa wachitsulo, zinthu zodzichitira zokha |
| 5 | Oxidizers / Organic Peroxides | Hydrogen peroxide, bleach, feteleza zina |
| 6 | Poizoni ndi Matenda Opatsirana | Mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala oyeretsera, zinyalala zachipatala |
| 7 | Zida Zamagetsi | Ma isotopu azachipatala, ma gauge a mafakitale |
| 8 | Zowononga | Mabatire a lead-acid, sulfuric acid, zotsukira |
| 9 | Zina Zambiri | Mabatire a Lithium, ayezi wouma, zipangizo zamaginito, ma EV |
Gulu 9 ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri wa kutumiza kwa opanga zamagetsi ndi ogulitsa kunja pa intaneti. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion ndi lithiamu-metal amagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi chipangizo chilichonse chogula chomwe chimachokera ku mafakitale aku China. IMDG Amendment 42-24 yawonjezera manambala atsopano a UN pamabatire a sodium-ion ndi magalimoto omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu- kapena sodium. Izi zikuwonetsa momwe gawo ili la msika likusinthira mwachangu. Ngati malonda anu ali ndi selo yotha kubwezeretsedwanso yamtundu uliwonse, chigwiritseni ntchito ngati chinthu choopsa kuyambira nthawi yomwe mwasungitsa, osati ngati chinthu chomwe mwaganiza kale.
Mndandanda wa GB 12268 wa Katundu Woopsa ndi mndandanda wovomerezeka wa katundu woopsa ku China. Udasinthidwa mu Marichi 2025 ndipo udzalowa m'malo mwa mtundu wa 2012 pa Okutobala 1, 2025. Kusinthaku kukupangitsa kuti dongosolo la kugawa katundu ku China likhale ngati UN Model Regulations Revision 23. Ogulitsa kunja ayenera kuyang'ana zinthu zawo poyerekeza ndi GB 12268 yatsopano komanso Mndandanda wa Katundu Woopsa wa IMDG nthawi imodzi. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kusiyana pang'ono pa momwe zinthu zimagawidwira ku China ndi momwe zimagawidwira m'maiko ena kungayambitse mavuto pochotsa katundu wochokera ku China kudzera mu misonkho kapena poyang'ana katundu wochokera ku Portugal.
Ndondomeko Yoyang'anira Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja ku China
Katundu asananyamuke ku doko ku China, ayenera kukwaniritsa zosowa za akuluakulu osiyanasiyana aku China omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi. Gawo loyamba popanga njira yotumizira katundu kunja yomwe ikutsatira malamulo ndikudziwa yemwe akuyang'anira zomwe zikuchitika.
Lamulo la Chitetezo cha Panyanja la 2024 (Kuyambira pa 1 Marichi, 2025)
Lamulo la 2024, lomwe ndi kusintha kofunikira kwambiri kwaposachedwa ku China, ndi lamulo latsopano lokhudza momwe mungayang'anire ndikuwongolera zombo zomwe zimanyamula katundu woopsa. Pa Marichi 1, 2025, linatenga malo a kope la 2018. Nkhani 23 ndi kusintha kofunikira kwambiri kwa ogulitsa kunja. Kuphatikiza pa mtundu, kuchuluka, ndi chidziwitso cha chilengedwe choopsa chomwe chinali chofunikira kale, ogulitsa ayeneranso kupatsa kampani yawo dzina lovomerezeka la zinthu zoopsa komanso njira zodzitetezera zomwe ziyenera kutengedwa ngati pachitika ngozi. Mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe muyenera kulengeza wakula kwambiri.
Lamulo la 2024 linapangitsanso kuti nthawi yomaliza yochitira zinthu ikhale yovuta kwambiri. Bungwe la Maritime Safety Administration (MSA) tsopano lili ndi masiku asanu ogwira ntchito, m'malo mwa masiku asanu ndi awiri, kuti lisankhe kulengeza katundu woopsa pa sitima nthawi ndi nthawi. Ndipo pa zolakwa zokhudzana ndi mankhwala oopsa, zilango tsopano zimachokera ku Malamulo Okhudza Kuyang'anira Chitetezo cha Mankhwala Oopsa m'malo mwa malamulo oyendetsera mayendedwe okha. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo chindapusa chachikulu.
Akuluakulu aku China ndi Ntchito Zawo
| Ulamuliro | Role |
| Utsogoleri wa Chitetezo cha Panyanja (MSA) | Amavomereza zilengezo za DG wa sitima; amafufuza momwe doko la China limatsatira malamulo |
| Utsogoleri Waukulu wa Kasitomu (GAC) | Chilolezo cha kutumiza kunja; chilolezo cha mankhwala otumiza kunja |
| Unduna wa Zamayendedwe (MOT) | Ikutulutsa ndikusintha malamulo a mayendedwe, kuphatikizapo Lamulo la 2024 |
| Ntchito Zoyendetsa Ndege ku China (CAAC) | Amalamulira katundu wonyamulira DG pansi pa CCAR-276-R2, kuyambira mu Julayi 2024 |
| SAMR / AQSIQ | Kuyang'anira ndi kutsimikizira khalidwe la chinthu |
Lipoti Lowunikira Mkhalidwe Woopsa wa Katundu Woyendera
Ichi ndi chikalata chomwe chili cha ku China kokha, ndipo ogulitsa katundu ambiri oyamba kutumiza katundu sadziwa za izi mpaka kampani yonyamula katundu kapena malo otumizira katundu isatenge katundu wawo. Lipoti la Appraisal, lomwe limachokera ku mabungwe ovomerezeka oyesa katundu monga CCIC kapena SGS China, likutsimikizira mwalamulo kuti katundu wanu akukwaniritsa miyezo yachitetezo cha mayendedwe ndipo likutsimikizira gulu la UN ndi Dzina Loyenera Lotumizira (PSN). Popanda ichi, makampani onyamula katundu aku China ndi malo ambiri akuluakulu otumizira katundu sadzatumiza katundu woopsa. Kukonza nthawi zambiri kumatenga masiku asanu mpaka khumi amalonda chitsanzocho chitatumizidwa, kotero muyenera kuyitanitsa nthawi yayitali musanabwereke sitima.
Ndondomeko Yapadziko Lonse Yapamadzi: Khodi ya IMDG
Malamulo a International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) ndi lamulo la kuyenda kwa nyanja katundu akachoka ku doko la China. Izi ndizofunikira malinga ndi International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) ndipo zimagwira ntchito pa zombo zonse zamalonda, zomwe zimapanga zombo zamalonda zoposa 99 peresenti padziko lonse lapansi ndi matani ambiri.
Mtundu wofunika pakali pano ndi Amendment 42-24. Unali wopezeka kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito mwaufulu pa Januwale 1, 2025, ndipo udzakhala muyezo wokhawo wofunikira pa Januwale 1, 2026. Pamenepo, kope la 2022 silidzakhalanso loyenera kutsatira malamulo. Kusinthaku kumapanga zosintha zoposa 300, monga zosintha zoposa 60 pa Mndandanda wa Zinthu Zoopsa, manambala atsopano 11 a UN (mwachitsanzo, mabatire a sodium-ion ndi magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi mabatire), zosintha zoposa 50 pa malangizo opakira, ndi malamulo atsopano olembera zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa utsi. Ngati wotumiza akufuna kutumiza katundu mu Januwale 2026 kapena mtsogolo, ayenera kutsatira malamulo omwe ali mu Amendment 42-24 pakali pano kuti apewe kuthamanga kwa mphindi yomaliza.
Khodi ya IMDG imakuuzaninso momwe mungasungire zinthu ndikuzisiya padera. Zinthu zolimba zoyaka moto siziyenera kukhudzana ndi zowononga. Simuyenera kusunga zinthu zowononga pafupi ndi zinthu zoopsa. Kusintha 42-24 kunaphatikizapo code yatsopano yosungiramo zinthu, SW31, yomwe imati mankhwala ena omwe amatulutsa mpweya woopsa akakhala onyowa ayenera kukhala kutali ndi magwero a moto m'sitimayo. Oyang'anira oyang'anira doko m'madoko aku Portugal ali ndi ufulu wokwera sitimayo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malamulowa akutsatiridwa. Ngati chidebe sichikutsatira malamulo, chikhoza kupatulidwa, kuchotsedwa m'sitimayo, kapena kubwezedwa komwe chinali choyambirira.
Zolemba: Mndandanda Wonse Wofufuza
Nthawi zambiri, kutumiza zinthu zoopsa kumalephera chifukwa cha mapepala. Sikokwanira kungokhala ndi mafomu oyenera; amafunikanso kudzazidwa molondola, nthawi zonse, komanso m'njira yogwirizana. Malamulo a Portugal ndi doko amafufuza zikalata motsatira ndondomeko. Ngati pali kusiyana pakati pa kufotokoza kwa invoice yamalonda ndi kulengeza katundu woopsa, katunduyo akhoza kuyimitsidwa nthawi yomweyo.
| Ndemanga | Zimene Zimaphimba | Yemwe Amakonzekera Izo |
| Dangerous Goods Declaration (DGD) | Nambala ya UN, PSN, gulu la zoopsa, gulu lolongedza, kuchuluka | Wotumiza / Wotumiza |
| Pepala la Deta la Chitetezo cha Zinthu (SDS/MSDS) | Kapangidwe ka mankhwala, zoopsa, kuyankha mwadzidzidzi; ayenera kutsatira GHS; mtundu wa Chingerezi wovomerezeka | wopanga |
| Lipoti Lowunikira Mkhalidwe wa Mayendedwe a DG | Zapadera ku China: zimatsimikizira kuti malonda akukwaniritsa miyezo ya chitetezo cha mayendedwe a DG | CCIC, SGS China, kapena labu yovomerezeka |
| Inivoyisi yamalonda | Iyenera kufanana ndi mafotokozedwe a malonda a DG ndendende | katundu |
| Mndandanda wazolongedza | Amazindikira ma phukusi omwe ali ndi DG; amatchula manambala a DGD | katundu |
| Bill Yotsogolera (B / L) | Iyenera kukhala ndi zolemba za DG, ma code ogwiritsira ntchito, ndi ma reference a DGD | Wonyamula / Wotsogolera |
| Satifiketi Yolongedza Chidebe | Imatsimikizira kuti DG yayikidwa bwino ndikutetezedwa mu chidebe | Wonyamula / Wotumiza |
| Chilengezo cha Port DG (MSA) | Kutumizidwa ku MSA yapafupi sitima isananyamulidwe pa doko la ku China | Wothandizira Kutumiza |
| Zilolezo Zotumiza / Kutumiza Kunja | Zofunikira pa mankhwala enaake olamulidwa kapena zinthu zolamulidwa | Miyambo ya ku China / Chipwitikizi AT |
Chaputala 5.4 cha IMDG Code chikunena kuti Dangerous Goods Declaration ndi Container Packing Certificate zitha kuphatikizidwa mu Multimodal Dangerous Goods Form imodzi. Iyi ndi njira ina yothandiza yomwe imachepetsa chiwerengero cha zikalata komanso mwayi wolakwitsa pakati pa ziwirizi. Multimodal DG Form ndi mtundu womwe anthu ambiri onyamula katundu amayembekezera pa sitima zapamadzi.
SDS iyenera kuyang'aniridwa bwino. Opanga aku China ayenera kupanga mitundu yomwe ikukwaniritsa zofunikira za Globally Harmonised System (GHS) komanso zofunikira za GB/T. Pa kutumiza kunja, mtundu wa Chingerezi umafunika. Kasitomu wa ku Portugal sangavomereze SDS yomwe imangotanthauza miyezo ya dziko la China ndipo ilibe kapangidwe koyenera ka gawo la GHS, mawu ofotokozera, zoopsa komanso mawu odzitetezera. Izi zitha kutanthauza kuti zinthuzo ziyenera kulembedwanso padoko, zomwe zingawononge ndalama zambiri.
Zofunikira Pakuyika ndi Zolemba
Katundu wonse woopsa wotumizidwa ndi sitima yapamadzi ayenera kukhala m'mapaketi ovomerezedwa ndi UN. Izi zikutanthauza kuti makontenawo ayesedwa ndi munthu wina ndipo alembedwa ndi code ya UN yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti akukwaniritsa miyezo ya magwiridwe antchito a gulu lolongedza ndi gulu la zoopsa lomwe alimo. Oyang'anira amatha kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo ngati phukusilo lavomerezedwa kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mankhwala omwe ali mkati mwawo poyang'ana code yomwe ili pamenepo. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimachititsa kuti katundu abwerere ku malo olongedza katundu aku China ndikuti phukusilo silili ndi zizindikiro zoyenera za UN kapena silikusoweka konse.
Magulu opakira zinthu amaika mulingo wa ngozi: Gulu I ndi la ngozi yayikulu, Gulu II ndi la ngozi yapakati, ndipo Gulu III ndi la ngozi yapakati. Mapaketi ayenera kuyesedwa kuti ndi a gulu loyenera. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la zinthu zowononga la Gulu I limafuna kusungidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa chinthu china cha Gulu III. Kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri pakutumiza mankhwala, pomwe kugawa kwa gulu lopakira sikumveka bwino nthawi zonse kuchokera ku kufotokozera kwa malonda kokha.
Zolemba zomwe zili kunja kwa phukusi ziyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo ya IMDG ndipo zikhale zosavuta kuziwona kuchokera mbali imodzi paulendo wonse. Zolemba za gulu la zoopsa zooneka ngati diamondi zimauza ogwira ntchito, ogwira ntchito m'sitima, ndi ogwira ntchito zadzidzidzi mtundu wa chiopsezo chomwe akukumana nacho. Ngati pali chilichonse choipa pa chilengedwe, chimafunika dzina la Marine Pollutant. Kusintha 42-24 kwapangitsanso kuti zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa utsi kukhala ndi zilembo zoopsa zopumira kapena zapoizoni zikafunika. Zikwangwani za lalanje zokhala ndi nambala ya UN ziyenera kumangiriridwa kunja kwa ziwiya zomwe zimalemera makilogalamu oposa 4,000.
Zofunikira Zochokera ku Portugal ndi EU
Kuwerengera Magulu a Misonkho ndi Kuwerengera Misonkho
Monga membala wathunthu wa EU, Portugal iyenera kutsatira mitengo yakunja ya EU ya katundu wochokera ku China, yomwe imachokera ku gulu la ma code a HS. Otumiza katundu asanatumize, ayenera kuyang'ana ma code awo a HS mu database ya EU TARIC. Izi zili choncho chifukwa misonkho yotsutsana ndi kutaya katundu imagwira ntchito m'magulu osiyanasiyana azinthu zaku China ndipo ingakhudze kwambiri mtengo wofika. Portugal imagwiritsa ntchito njira ya CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight) kuti idziwe kuchuluka kwa misonkho yolipira msonkho. Maziko okhometsa msonkho amaphatikizapo mtengo wa katunduyo, mtengo wotumizira katundu, ndi mtengo wa inshuwalansi mpaka kumalire a Portugal. Onyamula katundu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zowonjezera za DG pa katundu woopsa wotumizidwa. Izi zimakweza mtengo wa CIF, womwe umakwezanso msonkho wa msonkho ndi VAT zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa katunduyo akafika. Otumiza katundu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mitengo ya FOB kuti adziwe ndalama zofika nthawi zonse amanyalanyaza kuchuluka kwa msonkho womwe ali nawo.
REACH ndi Malamulo Oyendetsera Chitetezo cha Zogulitsa
Kutumiza mankhwala ochokera kunja omwe amabwera ku Portugal ayenera kutsatira malamulo a EU a REACH. Ngati mubweretsa mankhwala opitilira tani imodzi ku EU chaka chilichonse, mungafunike kulembetsa pasadakhale kapena kulembetsa mokwanira ku European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Ngati simukulembetsa, simungathe kugulitsa mankhwalawo ku EU konse. General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR), yomwe idayamba kugwira ntchito mokwanira mu 2024, ikunenanso kuti opanga omwe si a EU, monga omwe ali ku China, ayenera kutchula Munthu Wodalirika kapena Wogwira Ntchito Zachuma wochokera ku EU pamagulu ambiri azinthu zomwe zimalamulidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ogulitsa ambiri aku China ayenera kulemba ntchito woimira kapena wogulitsa yemwe amakhala ku Portugal kapena EU ndipo ali ndi udindo wovomerezeka pa zikalata zotsatirira malamulo a malonda ndi ntchito zowunikira msika.
Doko la Sines ndi Doko la Leixoes
Doko la Sines lomwe lili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ku Portugal ndiye malo olowera magalimoto ochokera ku Asia. Limayendetsa sitima zambiri zamadzi akuya.katundu wapanyanja pakati pa China ndi Portugal. Doko la Leixoes, lomwe lili pafupi ndi Porto, limayendetsanso magalimoto ambiri, makamaka kumpoto kwa Portugal ndi Spain. Madoko onsewa amafunika kuuzidwa pasadakhale za katundu woopsa sitima ikafika, ndipo ali ndi njira zapadera zoyendetsera DG. Oyang'anira zowongolera za boma amatha kukwera sitima zomwe zikubwera kudoko kuti atsimikizire kuti zikutsatira malamulo a IMDG. Ngati apeza zinthu zoopsa zomwe sizinanenedwe kapena zomwe sizinalembedwe bwino, zitha kuchotsedwa, kukakamizidwa kukonza vutoli, kapena kubwezedwa komwe zidachokera, ndi ndalama zonse zomwe zimalipidwa kwa wobweretsa katundu.
Kulephera Kodziwika Bwino Kotsatira Malamulo - ndi Momwe Mungapewere
Zolakwika zomwezo zimachitikabe panjira yochokera ku China kupita ku Portugal. Choyipa kwambiri ndi kuganiza kuti zikalata zakale zimagwira ntchito pa gulu latsopano la zinthu kapena kapangidwe ka chinthu chosinthidwa. Malamulo a EU amati chinthu chilichonse chiyenera kukhala ndi kuwunika kwake kogwirizana. Udindo wa DG kuchokera ku chitsanzo chakale susintha kukhala kapangidwe kamene kali ndi mphamvu ya batri yosinthika kapena kapangidwe ka mankhwala.
Kusalinganiza zikalata kumawononga ndalama zomwezo. Machitidwe a kasitomu nthawi yomweyo amaletsa kutumiza pamene invoice yamalonda ikunena kuti "compound yoyeretsa" ndipo DGD ikunena kuti "madzi owononga, acidic, inorganic, nos, UN1760, Class 8, Packing Group II." Ngakhale kuti chikalata chilichonse chili ndi cholinga chosiyana chalamulo, onse ayenera kugwirizana pa dzina la chinthucho. N'zosavuta kukonza: mukatumiza mapepala anu otumizira, yang'anani onse pamodzi ngati gulu, osati chimodzi ndi chimodzi.
Kutumiza mabatire a lithiamu kumabweretsa mavuto ambiri okhudzana ndi kutsata malamulo kuposa kutumiza kwina. Anthu nthawi zambiri samvetsa kusiyana pakati pa mabatire "omwe ali muzipangizo" (UN3481), mabatire "odzaza ndi zida" (UN3481, koma okhala ndi zofunikira zosiyana zolongedza), ndi mabatire odziyimira pawokha (UN3480). Iliyonse ili ndi zoletsa zosiyana pa maola a watt, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zingalowe m'bokosi, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimafunika, ndi malamulo a momwe angawapakire. Kuyambira mu 2024, onyamula katundu akhala akuyang'ana kwambiri katundu wa DG wochokera ku China asanatumizidwe. Ngati kutumiza batire sikukwaniritsa zofunikira, wonyamula katunduyo adzakana pamene akusungitsa.
Pomaliza, anthu ambiri otumiza katundu kunja saganizira mokwanira za nthawi yomwe zingatenge kuti apeze Lipoti la DG Transport Condition Appraisal Report. Ngati musungitsa sitima musanalandire lipotili, katunduyo adzakhala okonzeka kutumizidwa, koma malo ofikira ku doko la ku China sadzatenga nthawi. Pa gawo ili lokha, muyenera kuwonjezera masiku osachepera khumi ogwira ntchito pa ndondomeko yanu yotumizira katundu musanatumize katundu.
Kugwira ntchito ndi Topway Shipping
Makonzedwe a nthawi yochepa si njira yabwino yotsatirira malamulo atatu omwe amafanana: malamulo otumiza katundu ku China, malamulo apanyanja a IMDG, ndi ziletso zotumiza katundu ku EU. Ikufuna mnzake woyendetsa katundu yemwe wasuntha katundu woopsa kudutsa mu unyolo wonyamulira katundu ndipo amadziwa komwe kuopsa kwake kuli kwakukulu.
Kuyambira mu 2010, Topway Shipping yakhala kampani yodziwika bwino yogulitsa zinthu pa intaneti yomwe ili ku Shenzhen. Gulu loyambitsa kampaniyi lili ndi zaka zoposa 15 zokumana nazo zenizeni pa ntchito yochotsa katundu m'makhothi komanso zotumiza katundu m'maiko ena. Topway imadziwika ndi kutumiza katundu kuchokera ku China kupita ku US, koma imathanso kutumiza katundu kuchokera ku madoko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi kuphatikizapo Port of Sines ndi Port of Leixoes ku Portugal. Kampaniyo imagwira ntchito iliyonse, kuyambira kutenga katundu kuchokera ku fakitale kupita ku doko lonyamukira, kusunga katunduyo kunja kwa dziko, kuchotsa katundu ku China ndi dziko lomwe akupita, ndipo pamapeto pake imamupereka kwa womaliza kutumiza katunduyo.
Topway imapereka ntchito zonse ziwiri za FCL (full container load) ndi LCL (less-than-container-load) zonyamula katundu woopsa. Gululi limayang'anira kukonza mapepala omwe katundu wa DG amafunikira. Izi zikuphatikizapo kugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe oyesa aku China ovomerezeka kuti apeze Lipoti la Transport Condition Appraisal Report, kuonetsetsa kuti Dangerous Goods Declarations ikukwaniritsa miyezo ya IMDG, kuwona ngati zikalata za SDS zikukwaniritsa miyezo ya GHS, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mapepala onse otumizira ndi ogwirizana asanapite ku doko. Njira yophatikizana iyi imachotsa chiopsezo chogwirizana ndi broker wa misonkho, mlangizi wotsatira malamulo, ndi wotumiza katundu yemwe aliyense amayang'anira magawo osiyanasiyana a njirayi. Izi ndizothandiza makamaka kwa ogulitsa pa intaneti kapena opanga omwe ndi atsopano ku magulu azinthu zolamulidwa monga zodzoladzola zokhala ndi mowa, zamagetsi zamagetsi okhala ndi maselo a lithiamu, kapena mankhwala amafakitale.
Malamulo a China a 2024 ndi IMDG Amendment 42-24 onse akusintha miyezo yotsatirira malamulo nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa nthawi ino kukhala yovuta kwambiri. Popeza Topway amadziwa bwino njira zonse ziwirizi, makasitomala sayenera kuthana ndi kusintha malamulo kawiri nthawi imodzi popanda thandizo la akatswiri.
Mndandanda Wotsatira Malamulo Asanayambe Kutumizidwa
Musanagulitse sitima yotumiza zinthu zoopsa kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal, onetsetsani kuti mwatsatira njira zonse zomwe zili pansipa. Chifukwa chofala kwambiri cha kuchedwa kwa madoko ndi zilango pa msewu wamalonda uwu ndi kusatenga chinthu chilichonse.
| # | Ntchito Yofunika | Gulu Loyenera |
| 1 | Tsimikizirani nambala ya UN, PSN, ndi gulu la zoopsa motsutsana ndi GB 12268 (mtundu wa 2025, kuyambira Okutobala 2025) ndi Mndandanda wa Zinthu Zoopsa wa IMDG | Wotumiza / Wopanga |
| 2 | Lipoti la DG Transport Condition Appraisal Review kuchokera ku bungwe lovomerezeka la mayeso la ku China - lolani masiku osachepera 10 ogwira ntchito | Wotumiza / Wotumiza |
| 3 | Konzani SDS ya zilankhulo ziwiri (Chitchaina GB/T + Chingerezi GHS); onetsetsani kuti mtundu wa Chingerezi uli ndi mawu olondola a chizindikiro, mawu owopsa, ndi mawu odzitetezera | wopanga |
| 4 | Tsimikizirani kuti phukusi lovomerezeka ndi UN lasankhidwa kuti likhale la gulu loyenera la zoopsa komanso gulu lonyamula katundu | Wopanga / Wonyamula |
| 5 | Ikani zilembo za IMDG zoopsa; onjezani chizindikiro cha Marine Pollutant pamene pakufunika; ikani zikwangwani za lalanje za UN ngati kulemera konse kwa chidebecho kupitirira 4,000 kg | Chonyamula |
| 6 | Chilengezo Chokwanira cha Katundu Woopsa (ndi Satifiketi Yolongedza Chidebe, kapena Fomu Yophatikizana ya Multimodal DG yonyamula katundu panyanja) | Wotumiza Zamagalimoto |
| 7 | Tumizani Chidziwitso cha Katundu Woopsa wa Padoko ku MSA yapafupi sitima isananyamulidwe — yankho likuyembekezeka mkati mwa masiku 5 ogwira ntchito motsatira Lamulo la 2024. | Wothandizira Kutumiza |
| 8 | Onaninso mawu a invoice yamalonda ndi mndandanda wa zonyamula katundu poyerekeza ndi DGD kuti muwonetsetse kuti mafotokozedwe azinthu akugwirizana. | katundu |
| 9 | Tsimikizani momwe EU REACH ikulembetsera; sankhani Munthu Woyang'anira wa EU pansi pa GPSR ngati pakufunika kutero | Wotumiza Zinthu Kunja/Wothandizira Kutsatira Malamulo |
| 10 | Tumizani chidziwitso cha DG pasadakhale ku Port of Sines kapena Port of Leixoes sitima isanafike, monga momwe njira zoyendetsera DG zimafunira. | Wonyamula / Wotsogolera |
Kutsiliza
Kutumiza zinthu zoopsa kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal kumafuna kugwira ntchito motsatira malamulo atatu osiyanasiyana omwe akusintha pakadali pano. Lamulo la 2024 ku China lapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa otumiza katundu kulengeza katundu wawo padoko lochokera. Kuyambira Januwale 2026, IMDG Amendment 42-24 idzasintha malamulo olongedza, kulemba zilembo, ndi kugawa katundu m'magulu a sitima. Ndipo njira za GPSR ndi REACH za EU zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa makampani omwe si a EU kutsatira malamulowo kumapeto kwa ulendo.
Mafelemu onsewa ndi ofunikira, ndipo palibe chomwe chimagwira ntchito chokha. Kungoti mwakwaniritsa zofunikira zotumizira kunja ku China sizikutanthauza kuti mwakwaniritsa miyezo ya IMDG, ndipo kungoti mwakwaniritsa miyezo ya IMDG sizikutanthauza kuti kasitomu ya ku Portugal idzachotsa katundu wanu popanda vuto lililonse. Otumiza kunja omwe nthawi zonse amasamutsa katundu wolamulidwa popanda vuto lililonse ndi omwe adawononga ndalama pakulongedza bwino, kugawa m'magulu molondola, kulemba zikalata zonse komanso zogwirizana, komanso bwenzi lothandizira anthu lomwe likudziwa momwe angagwirire ntchito zinthu zoopsa pagawo lililonse la unyolo woyendera. Mu malo ovuta awa, kukonzekera si kutaya nthawi; ndi njira yopitira patsogolo pa mpikisano.
Ibibazo
Q: Kodi zinthu zomwe zili ndi mabatire a lithiamu nthawi zonse zimawerengedwa ngati zinthu zoopsa?
A: Inde. Mabatire a lithiamu, kaya ndi osiyana, omwe ali mu phukusi limodzi ndi zida zina, kapena omangidwa mu chipangizo china, amaonedwa kuti ndi zinthu zoopsa za Gulu 9 ndi IMDG Code. Kapangidwe kalikonse kali ndi nambala yake ya UN ndi malangizo ake opakira. Ngati chinthu chanu chili ndi selo ya lithiamu, muyenera kuchiwona ngati kutumiza kwa DG kuyambira pachiyambi.
Q: Kodi IMDG Amendment 42-24 ndi yovomerezeka kale pa kutumiza katundu kuchokera ku China kupita ku Portugal?
A: Sizikudziwikabe, koma ziyamba pa Januwale 1, 2026. Otumiza katundu angagwiritse ntchito Amendment 41-22 kapena Amendment 42-24 mu 2025. Makampani ayenera kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito 42-24 nthawi yomweyo m'malo moyembekezera mpaka nthawi yomaliza chifukwa pali zosintha zambiri, monga zosintha zoposa 300 zomwe zikuphatikizapo manambala atsopano a UN ndi malangizo atsopano opakira katundu.
Q: Zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti mupeze lipoti la DG Transport Condition Appraisal Report ku China?
Yankho: Nthawi zambiri, zimatenga masiku asanu mpaka khumi ogwira ntchito mutatumiza zitsanzo za zinthu ndi zambiri zaukadaulo ku bungwe lodziwika bwino loyesa monga CCIC kapena SGS China. Musasungitse malo m'sitima mpaka lipotili litatsimikizika; malo ofikira sitima sangatenge katundu popanda izo.
Q: Ndi doko liti la ku Portugal lomwe limanyamula katundu woopsa wochokera ku China?
A: Doko la Sines lomwe lili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ku Portugal limalandira magalimoto ambiri ochokera ku Asia, kuphatikizapo katundu woopsa. Doko la Leixoes, lomwe lili pafupi ndi Porto, ndi chisankho chachiwiri chabwino. Onse awiri ayenera kulandira zidziwitso za DG pasadakhale ndikutsatira malamulo ena okhudza kusamalira katundu woopsa.
Q: Kodi kampani imodzi yotumiza katundu ingathe kuthana ndi malamulo oyendetsera katundu ku China komanso chilolezo cha EU pa katundu wotumizidwa ndi DG?
A: Inde, ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zoopsa. Pamene magulu osiyanasiyana akugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za katundu yemweyo, pali kuthekera kosagwirizana kwa zikalata. Kugwiritsa ntchito kampani imodzi yolumikizidwa monga Topway Shipping popereka katundu woyamba, mapepala a DG, chilolezo cha misonkho mbali zonse ziwiri, komanso kutumiza katundu wa mtunda womaliza kumachotsa chiopsezochi.
