Chifukwa Chake Ogulitsa Zinthu Zakunja Ambiri Akusiya Kutumiza Katundu Wapanyanja Kuchokera ku China Kupita ku Austria
Introduction
Kusintha mwakachetechete kukuchitika m'njira zoyendera katundu pakati pa China ndi Central Europe. Ogulitsa katundu ambiri, makamaka omwe amatumiza katundu ku Austria, akuwunikanso kudalira kwawo katundu wa panyanja ndikusintha kupita ku netiweki ya sitima yapamadzi pakati pa China ndi Europe. Iyi si njira yongoyesera yokha yomwe ingasokoneze. Ndi njira yoganizira bwino, yothandizidwa ndi deta yamsika, ndalama zoyendetsera zomangamanga, ndi zokumana nazo zopweteka zazaka zaposachedwa.
Vuto la Red Sea lomwe linayamba kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2023 mpaka 2025 linapangitsa kuti zombo ziyende njira yayitali ya Cape of Good Hope, zomwe zinawonjezera nthawi yoyendera kuchokera ku China kupita ku madoko aku Europe ndi masiku opitilira 45. Kenako panali kuchulukana kwa zombo padoko, kuyenda popanda anthu komanso kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zowonjezera. Kwa ogulitsa katundu omwe anali omasuka ndi katundu wapamadzi, izi sizinali vuto. Koma maunyolo awo ogulitsa katundu adawonekera. Ndi pamenepa, China-Europe Railway Express, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti CR Express kapena New Silk Road, idayamba kugwira ntchito osati ngati njira yachiwiri yabwino kwambiri, koma ngati njira ina yotheka komanso yopikisana nayo.
China-EU katundu wa njanji Ma voliyumu adabweranso kwambiri mu 2024. Chaka chatha, ma TEU okwana 380,434 adagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zidakwera ndi 80.2% kuchokera mu 2023. Ma voliyumu opita kumadzulo (ku China kupita ku Europe) adakwera ndi 130.8% kufika pa ma TEU okwana 330,704. Austria ili pamalo abwino kwambiri mkati mwa msewu womwe ukukulawu, ndi njira zolowera ku South Terminal ya Vienna komanso maukonde a sitima ndi misewu yamkati kuchokera ku zipata zazikulu zaku Europe zomwe zimatumikira dzikolo nthawi yomweyo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza chifukwa chake ogulitsa zinthu kunja akuchita izi, komanso ngati njanji ndi yabwino kwa katundu wanu.
Mkhalidwe wa Katundu Wapanyanja: Chifukwa Chake Ogulitsa Zinthu Zakunja Akukhumudwa
Pa maulendo amalonda pakati pa China ndi Austria, katundu wa panyanja wakhala njira ina yokhazikika. Zachuma ndizodziwikiratu. Zombo zazikulu zonyamula makontena zimapereka mphamvu zambiri pamtengo wotsika pa unit iliyonse ndipo pa katundu wolemera wosafunikira mwachangu, manambala nthawi zambiri amakomera nyanja. Koma "pafupifupi nthawi zonse" akuchita ntchito yambiri mu chiganizo chimenecho.
Zaka ziwiri zapitazi zakhala phunziro lokhudza kufooka kwa katundu wapamadzi. Kusokonezeka kwa Suez Canal kunapangitsa kuti zombo zisinthe njira kuzungulira Africa, zomwe zinawonjezera masiku 10 mpaka 14 kuti ziyende pakati pa Asia ndi Europe. Mitengo ya katundu inakwera mwadzidzidzi, ndipo otumiza katundu anagundidwa ndi $1,500 pa ndalama zowonjezera za TEU pa maulendo opita ku EU. Kuthekera kwa kutsekedwa kwa Hormuz kukupitirirabe kudalira kutumiza katundu wapamadzi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2026, pomwe mitengo ya msika ikadali yosatsimikizika.
Austria ikuwonjezera mavutowa. Monga dziko lopanda malo, zinthu zomwe zimafika m'madzi ziyenera kufika kaye ku doko la ku Europe (monga Hamburg, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Koper kapena Trieste) kenako n’kutumizidwa mkati mwa dzikolo ndi galimoto kapena sitima yotumizira katundu. Izi zikutanthauza masiku ena awiri mpaka asanu ndi mgwirizano wina womwe ungalephereke. Kuchedwa kwa doko ku Hamburg kumabweretsa kuchedwa kwa katundu wamkati mwa dzikolo, malo osungiramo katundu omwe sanasungidwe komanso mwina kutha kwa katundu. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yoyendera katundu wapamadzi kuchokera ku China kupita ku Austria nthawi zambiri imakhala masiku 35-45 ndi zina zambiri ngati pali chisokonezo.
Kwa anthu otumiza katundu wambiri, kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zanyengo kapena kupanga zinthu zomwe zimabwera nthawi yomweyo, kusadziwikiratu kwamtunduwu sikungokhala kovuta - kumawononga ndalama zambiri. Ndalama zosungira katundu nthawi zambiri zimakhala 20% mpaka 35% ya mtengo wa katundu pachaka. Choncho sabata iliyonse katundu akamatumizidwa, ndalama zimatuluka mobisa kuchokera pamtengo wotsika.
Njira Yabwino Yoyendera Sitima: Momwe Sitima Yapamtunda ya China-Europe Imagwirira Ntchito
Sitima yapamtunda ya China-Europe Railway Express (CR Express) yapita patsogolo kwambiri kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2013. Poyamba inali pulojekiti ya zomangamanga yolimbikitsidwa ndi ndale yokhala ndi sitima zothandizidwa kwambiri komanso nthawi zina zopanda anthu ambiri, tsopano ndi njira yoyendetsera zinthu yodalirika. Pofika mu 2024, maulendo apachaka adakwera kufika pa 19,000, kuwonjezeka kwa maulendo 10.4 kuchokera maulendo 1,702 mu 2016, ndi chiŵerengero cha pafupifupi 100% cha zotengera zodzaza.
Netiwekiyi imalumikiza njira ziwiri zazikulu zolumikizira malo ofunikira opangira zinthu aku China monga Xi'an, Chengdu, Chongqing, Zhengzhou, Yiwu ndi ena ndi malo aku Europe. Njira ya Kumpoto imadutsa ku Kazakhstan, Russia ndi Belarus kupita ku EU, makamaka kudzera pamalire a Malaszewicze ku Poland. Middle Corridor, kapena Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), ndi njira yayitali koma yotetezeka kwambiri pandale yomwe imachokera ku Kazakhstan, kudutsa Nyanja ya Caspian, kudutsa Azerbaijan ndi Georgia ndikulowa ku Turkey ndi Central Europe. South Terminal ya Vienna ndi malo akuluakulu olandirira katundu wopita ku Austria, komwe OBB Rail Cargo Group, kampani yachiwiri yayikulu yonyamula katundu wa sitima ku Europe, ikuyembekeza kuti kuchuluka kwa katundu kudzakwera kwambiri mu 2024 ndi 2025.
Zosankha Panjira ndi Nthawi Yoyenda
Nthawi yoyendera imadalira kwambiri mzinda wochoka ku China, njira yosankhidwa komanso liwiro la kuchotsedwa kwa sitima zapakhomo. Ichi ndi chithunzithunzi cha 2025-2026.
| njira | Khonde | Nthawi Yoyendera (Kuchokera pa Terminal kupita pa Terminal) | zolemba |
| Xi'an → Vienna | Kumpoto (kudzera ku Russia) | Masiku 14-18 | Zodziwika kwambiri; chiopsezo china cha ndale |
| Chongqing → Vienna | Kumpoto (kudzera ku Russia) | Masiku 16-20 | Kuchoka pafupipafupi |
| Yiwu → Vienna | kumpoto | Masiku 18-22 | Zotchuka kwa katundu wogula |
| Xi'an → Vienna | Pakati (kudzera ku Caspian) | Masiku 20-26 | Amapewa Russia; kukula kwa mphamvu |
| Shanghai / Shenzhen → Vienna (kudzera panyanja + njanji) | Njanji ya Nyanja + Yamkati | Masiku 30-45 | Njira yachikhalidwe; yotsika mtengo pa kg |
Kutumiza katundu khomo ndi khomo ku mizinda ya ku Austria monga Vienna, Graz kapena Linz nthawi zambiri kumawonjezera masiku awiri kapena anayi ku kuchedwa kwa terminal mpaka terminal. Pa magulu ambiri azinthu, sitima imabweretsa katundu ku nyumba zosungiramo katundu ku Austria mkati mwa masiku 16 mpaka 25 - pafupifupi theka la nthawi yonyamula katundu panyanja.
Kuyerekeza Mtengo: Kugawa Manambala
Chithunzi cha mtengo wa sitima poyerekeza ndi katundu wa panyanja ndi chovuta kwambiri kuposa kungoyerekeza mitengo. Pogwiritsa ntchito chidebe, sitima imakhala yokwera mtengo - nthawi zina kawiri kapena katatu kuposa mtengo wa tikiti ya sitima. Koma mukaganizira mtengo wonse wotera, kusiyana kumatseka kwambiri.
| Njira Yotumiza | Nthawi Yoyenda (Khomo ndi Khomo) | 40ft FCL Rate (China–Austria) | Mtengo wa LCL | kudalirika |
| Zonyamula Panyanja (FCL) | Masiku 35-45 | $ 2,835- $ 3,465 | $85/cbm | Pakati (zosokoneza zofala) |
| Sitima Yonyamula katundu (FCL) | Masiku 18-28 | $ 6,048- $ 7,392 | $210–$280/cbm | Mtengo wapamwamba (90% + pa nthawi yake) |
| Kutumiza kwa Air | Masiku 5-10 | $3.8–$5/kg (~$30k+ pa FCL equiv.) | N / A | Kwambiri Kwambiri |
Gwero: Sino-Shipping (Mar 2026), Goodhope Freight (2025), deta yamsika yosonkhanitsidwa ndi gulu lofufuza za Topway Shipping. Mitengo ndi yodziwikiratu ndipo ingathe kusintha nyengo.
Koma monga momwe mukuphatikizira ndalama zosungira katundu, chithunzicho chimasintha. Pa kutumiza kwa $200,000, masiku ena 20 owonjezera a nthawi ya panyanja amakhala ndi mtengo woyerekeza wa pafupifupi $2,700 mpaka $3,800 (poganiza kuti mtengo wapachaka wa 25%). Onjezani mtengo wowonjezera wa chiopsezo chobweretsa mochedwa: kukwezedwa, kutha kwa katundu, kubwezeretsanso katundu mwadzidzidzi—ndipo mtengo wonse wotera wa katundu wa panyanja nthawi zambiri umaposa mtengo wotchulidwawo ndi malire akuluakulu.
Sitima ikadali ndi phindu pamtengo kuposa ndege lomwe ndi lofunika kwambiri. Ngati zingatenge masiku 40, sitima ndi njira ina yachilengedwe yogulira chilichonse chomwe sichingathe kudikira ndipo sichiyenera kulipira ndalama zokwana $5 pa kilogalamu iliyonse—zotsika mtengo pafupifupi 60–70% kuposa katundu wa ndege pa unit iliyonse. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zida zamagetsi, zovala, zida zamagalimoto ndi katundu wamtengo wapatali zafika panjira ya sitima.
Ndi Katundu Uti Woyenera Kwambiri Sitima?
Kutumiza kwina sikoyenera pa sitima. Njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito njirayi ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pa nthawi yonyamula katundu panyanja koma sizili zofunikira kwambiri kapena zotsika mtengo pa kilogalamu kuti zigwirizane ndi mpweya. Mwachidule, izi zikuphatikizapo madera osiyanasiyana komanso ochulukirachulukira.
Zipangizo zamagetsi ndi zida zina — ma circuit board, ma screen, mafoni a m'manja, ndi ukadaulo wa ogula — zakhala m'gulu la oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito sitima, chifukwa chakuti mtengo wake ndi kulemera kwake zimapangitsa kuti katundu wa pandege akhale wokwera mtengo kwambiri koma nthawi yawo yosungiramo katundu ndi nthawi yomwe amafunikira zimapangitsa kuti maulendo apanyanja a masiku 40 akhale oopsa. Makina ndi zida zamagetsi (HS codes 84 ndi 85) zinali gulu lalikulu kwambiri pamayendedwe a sitima yopita kumadzulo mu 2024 pa 30 peresenti.
Kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi zida zamagalimoto kunakwera kwambiri mu 2024, ndipo kunakula ndi 192% kufika pa 31,304 TEUs. Zinthu zotsatsira malonda monga mipando, zofunda ndi zida zowunikira zinakwera ndi 182.7% pa khonde lomwelo, zolemera, zamtengo wapatali. Zovala zinali m'gulu lomwe likukula mwachangu kwambiri pa sitima yapamtunda ya China-Europe, ndipo zinakula ndi 268.4% mu 2024. Zovala ndi nsalu ziyenera kugulitsidwa m'mawindo a nyengo.
| Cargo Category | Kukula kwa Sitima ya 2024 YoY (China → EU) | Chifukwa Chake Sitima Imagwira Ntchito |
| Makina ndi Zipangizo Zamagetsi | ~130% (yomwe ili pamwamba pa 30% ya voliyumu) | Mtengo wapamwamba, wokhudzidwa ndi kuchedwa |
| Magalimoto ndi Zigawo Zamagalimoto | + 192% mpaka 31,304 TEUs | Zofunikira pakupanga JIT |
| Zovala, Nsalu ndi Nsapato | + 268.4% | Mawindo a nyengo, mtengo wapakati |
| Mipando, Zofunda ndi Zowunikira | + 182.7% | Yolemera; imaposa mtengo wa mpweya kwambiri |
| Zida Zamankhwala & Zamankhwala | Kukula (magaleta olamulidwa ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa akupezeka) | Zofunikira pakutsatira malamulo + liwiro |
Zipangizo zopangira, zinthu zazikulu zamafakitale ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe sizigwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, zomwe mtengo wake ndi wotsika mtengo ndipo nthawi yogulitsira si vuto, zimagwirizana bwino ndi katundu wapamadzi. Ubwino wa katundu wapamadzi ndi waukulu kwambiri moti sungathe kuthetsedwa.
Geopolitics ndi Infrastructure: Chifukwa Chake Kudalirika kwa Sitima Kukukula
Kuyamba kwa nkhondo ya Russia ndi Ukraine mu 2022 kunabweretsa chiopsezo cha ndale monga kudalira dziko la Russia ndi Belarus, chimodzi mwa zifukwa zakale za sitima yapamadzi pakati pa China ndi Europe. Imeneyo inali mantha enieni ndipo inachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha sitimayi chichepe kwambiri mu 2022 ndi 2023. Koma msika wachitapo kanthu mogwira mtima: chitukuko chachangu cha Middle Corridor.
Mayiko onse oyendera aika ndalama zambiri mu msewu wa Trans-Caspian, womwe umadutsa ku Kazakhstan, Nyanja ya Caspian, Azerbaijan, Georgia ndi Turkey. Turkey, Azerbaijan ndi Uzbekistan ayika ndalama zambiri pakukweza zomangamanga. OBB Rail Cargo Group, yomwe yakhala ikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi China kuyambira 2008, yasinthanso kuyang'ana kwake ku Middle Corridor pambuyo pa zovuta chifukwa cha Ukraine ndipo yanena kuti kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kukuwonjezeka kawiri mu 2024 ndi 2025. Kampaniyo ikukonzekeranso kuwonjezera mphamvu zogwirira makontena ku South Terminal ya Vienna pofika chaka cha 2027, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri akudalira kufunikira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mphamvu ya madoko akumalire kumbali ya China yawonjezeka kwambiri. Madoko asanu akuluakulu odutsa - Alashankou, Horgos, Erenhot, Manzhouli ndi Suifenhe - tsopano akhoza kusinthana sitima mpaka 184 patsiku, zomwe zakwera ndi 45% kuchokera pamlingo wa 2016. Dongosolo latsopano la madoko a digito likutanthauza kuti mapepala a msonkho akhoza kukonzedwa pasadakhale sitima zisanafike kumalire, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri nthawi yotuluka. Zotsatira zake ndi msewu womwe wakhala wodalirika kwambiri, komanso wosatetezedwa ndi mtundu wa kusokonekera kwa malo amodzi komwe kudachitika m'zaka zapitazo.
Msika wa sitima zapamtunda wapakati pa China ndi Europe uli ndi mtengo wa $16 biliyoni mu 2025 ndipo ukuyembekezeka kufika $31.44 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2030, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kukula kwa sitima zapamtunda kwa 14.46% pachaka sikuli kolowera komwe kukubwera. Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yoyendetsera sitima ndipo ikukula mofulumira.
Kukhazikika: Nkhani Yokhudza Chilengedwe cha Sitima
Kunyamula katundu pa sitima kumakhala ndi phindu lalikulu pa chilengedwe kuposa mtengo ndi liwiro lomwe likukulirakulira kwa otumiza katundu ochokera kunja omwe akugwira ntchito motsatira malangizo a ESG kapena kupereka kwa ogula aku Europe omwe amafufuza za carbon footprints. Pa mtunda wofanana, sitima imapanga CO2 yochepa kwambiri pa tani-kilomita kuposa katundu wamlengalenga kapena wapamadzi. Pa unit imodzi.
Makamaka kwa ogulitsa ochokera ku Austria, chisankho chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito sitima m'malo mwa ndege si njira yochepetsera mpweya woipa wokha, komanso nthawi zambiri ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa bizinesi. Umembala wa Austria ku EU ukutanthauza malamulo omwe akubwera okhudza kuulula mpweya woipa ndipo Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) ipitiliza kukweza mavuto pakupanga zisankho zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Makampani omwe angasonyeze kuti pali unyolo wochepa wa mpweya woipa adzakhala ndi mwayi wopikisana pa kugula zinthu za B2B komanso malo omwe ogula akuyang'ana. Sitima ndi yotsika mtengo kale kuposa mpweya komanso yachangu kuposa nyanja, komanso ikukhala chisankho chobiriwira pamsika chomwe chimapindulitsa kwambiri kusiyana kumeneku.
Momwe Kutumiza kwa Topway Kumathandizira Njira Ya Sitima Yochokera ku China kupita ku Austria
Kupeza malo pa sitima yonyamula katundu kuti mugwiritse ntchito njanji ya China-Europe sikukwanira. Kutsatira malamulo a misonkho m'madera angapo, kugawa bwino ma code a HS motsatira malamulo a misonkho a EU, kuyika malamulo a misonkho ndi zofunikira za EORI, komanso kugwirizanitsa bwino katundu mkati mwa Austria ndi zinthu zambiri zosuntha. Kusayang'anira bwino izi kungapangitse kuti katundu asamayende bwino. Apa ndi pomwe mnzanu wodalirika wa 3PL amachita nawo gawo.
Kuyambira pomwe idatsegulidwa mu 2010, Topway Shipping yomwe ili ku Shenzhen yadzipangira mbiri yake chifukwa cha ukadaulo wamtunduwu. Topway idakhazikitsidwa ndi gulu lomwe lakhala ndi zaka zoposa 15 pantchito yokonza zinthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchotsera misonkho, ndipo limamvetsetsa bwino zikalata, kutsatira malamulo, komanso ubale wa onyamula katundu womwe ndi maziko opambana pantchito zonyamula katundu pakati pa China ndi Europe.
Kampani ya China-US yakhala ikugwira ntchito yaikulu ya Topway Shipping. Luso la kampaniyo limafikira msika wa ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo kutumiza katundu koyamba, malo osungira katundu padziko lonse lapansi, kuchotsa katundu wa pa kasitomu ndi kutumiza katundu womaliza. Topway imapereka mayankho osinthika kwa ogulitsa katundu aku Austria omwe ali ndi katundu wa panyanja wa FCL ndi LCL kuchokera ku China kupita ku madoko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka zipata zofunika kwambiri zaku Europe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo oyendera katundu ku Austria. Gulu lawo likhoza kupanga mayankho osiyanasiyana: sitima kuchokera ku China kupita ku likulu la ku Ulaya kenako n’kukonza kutumiza katundu ku Vienna, Graz kapena Linz.
Ogulitsa katundu ku Topway amakumana ndi kusokonekera kwa mitengo yowonekera bwino (palibe ndalama zobisika zamafuta kapena mitengo yodabwitsa ya komwe akupita) komanso kulankhulana mwachangu za momwe katundu alili pamene akudutsa malire. Kwa makampani atsopano ku China-Europe, luso la Topway pankhani za misonkho ndilofunika kwambiri, Austria ikutsatira malamulo a misonkho a EU ndipo kupeza HS code, mtengo wa misonkho ndi zilengezo za VAT zolowera kunja koyambirira ndiko kusiyana pakati pa chilolezo chosavuta ndi kuchedwa kokwera mtengo.
Kutsiliza
Kusintha kwa sitima zapamadzi kupita ku sitima zapamadzi zogulira zinthu zochokera ku China ndi Austria si chizolowezi chochokera ku zinthu zatsopano. Iyi ndi yankho lomveka bwino pakusintha kwa kapangidwe kake: kusinthasintha kosalekeza kwa katundu wa panyanja, zomangamanga za sitima zabwino komanso kudalirika, kukulitsa magulu azinthu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mbiri ya mtengo wa sitima, komanso kufunika kowonjezereka kwa kudziwiratu kwa unyolo wogulira zinthu kwa makampani aku Austria omwe akupikisana pamsika wa EU.
Kunyamula sitima kuchokera ku China kupita ku Austria sikungatheke pa katundu aliyense wotumizidwa. Kutumiza sitima zapamadzi mtsogolomu kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri komanso zinthu zosafunikira mwamsanga. Kupatula zida zamagetsi, zovala, zida zamagalimoto, ndi zinthu zomwe ogula amagwiritsa ntchito komwe nthawi ndi mitengo ya ndege ndi yokwera kwambiri, sitima ya China-Europe Railway Express ndi chisankho chosangalatsa kwambiri, chomwe chikukula chaka chilichonse pamene zomangamanga zikukhwima komanso mphamvu zikukulirakulira.
Zoona za msika zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro ili. Si umboni wokwanira, popeza ma TEU 380,434 adachitika pa njanji ya China-EU mu 2024. Uku ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 80.2% pachaka ndipo lipoti la OBB lachulukitsa kawiri kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamsewu wa Vienna wokha. Msewu wa New Silk Road si mawu andale okha, komanso ndi njira yogwirira ntchito yomwe ogulitsa aku Austria angagwiritse ntchito masiku ano.
Kaya ndinu kampani yoyamba kutumiza katundu kunja yomwe ikuyang'ana njira zina zomwe mungasankhe kapena manejala wodziwa bwino ntchito yokonza zinthu amene akuwunikiranso momwe zinthu zilili poganizira mavuto aposachedwa a sitima yapamadzi, sitima yochokera ku China kupita ku Austria ndiyofunika kuiganizira kwambiri. Ngati mnzanu woyenera wonyamula katundu athetsa mavutowa, izi zitha kuwonjezera mphamvu zanu zogulira katundu, kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe mumapeza komanso kutumiza katundu wanu pamsika mwachangu.
Ibibazo
Q: Kodi katundu wa sitima kuchokera ku China kupita ku Austria amatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji, khomo ndi khomo?
A: Ulendo wopita ku siteshoni nthawi zambiri umatenga masiku 14 mpaka 22 kutengera mzinda wochoka ndi ulendo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kutenga katundu ku China ndi kutumiza komaliza mkati mwa Austria. Konzani masiku 18-28. Izi ndi zabwino kuposa masiku 35-45 pa sitima yapamadzi nthawi zonse komanso masiku opitilira 45 ngati nyanja yasokonekera podutsa Cape of Good Hope.
Q: Kodi katundu wa sitima wochokera ku China kupita ku Austria ndi wokwera mtengo kuposa katundu wa panyanja?
A: Inde, mtengo wa katundu wa panyanja wa FCL ndi wowirikiza kawiri kapena katatu, pa chidebe chilichonse. Koma mukawonjezera ndalama zosungira katundu, ndalama zolipirira kuchedwa kwa katundu wa panyanja, komanso ubwino wosafunika kuuluka m'galimoto zadzidzidzi, mtengo wonse wa sitima nthawi zambiri umakhala wopikisana pa katundu wofunika nthawi kapena wamtengo wapatali.
Q: Ndi katundu uti amene ali woyenera kwambiri pa msewu wa sitima pakati pa China ndi Austria?
Yankho: Zipangizo zamagetsi, zovala, zida zamagalimoto, mipando yanyengo kapena yotsatsira malonda ndi zinthu zomwe ogula amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyenera. Sitima yapamtunda imakhala yokongola makamaka ngati chinthucho chili chamtengo wapatali kwambiri kapena chosavuta kutumizidwa panyanja, koma chosakwanira pa kilogalamu imodzi kuti chigwirizane ndi mtengo wa katundu wa pandege.
Q: Kodi mkangano wa Russia-Ukraine umakhudza kutumiza sitima pakati pa China ndi Austria?
Yankho: Njira ya Kumpoto kudzera ku Russia ikadali yotseguka, koma makampani ena a inshuwalansi akugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti pakhale chiopsezo cha nkhondo. Middle Corridor kudutsa Kazakhstan, Nyanja ya Caspian ndi Turkey sizikuyenda bwino ku Russia konse ndipo yakhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa magalimoto kuyambira 2022. Zonsezi zilipo ndipo kampani yanu yonyamula katundu ingakupatseni malangizo pa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chiopsezo chanu.
Q: Ndi zofunikira ziti za kasitomu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa katundu wofika ku Austria ndi sitima?
A: Kodi Austria imatsatira malamulo a kasitomu a EU? Inde, Austria ikutsatira malamulo a Union Customs Code a EU. Otumiza katundu kunja amafunika nambala ya EORI, gulu lolondola la HS code, chilengezo cholondola cha mtengo wa kasitomu ndi fayilo ya VAT yolowera katundu kunja. Kugwirizana ndi kampani yotumiza katundu yodziwa bwino ntchito yomwe imayang'anira kuchotsedwa kwa kasitomu ku EU, monga Topway Shipping, kumachepetsa kuchedwa ndi zilango zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zolakwa za kampani yotumiza katundu koyamba.
