Uthutho Oluluhlaza: Indlela Uloliwe Owoyisa Ngayo Ngobunono Indlela Yokuhamba Phakathi KweTshayina NeJamani
intshayelelo
Xa iindaba zigxila kwingxaki yoLwandle oluBomvu, ukunyuka kweendleko zokuthutha imithwalo elwandle, kunye neendawo zokungenisa iikhonteyina ezixineneyo, utshintsho oluzolileyo luye lwatshintsha indlela ephambili yorhwebo e-Eurasia. Indlela kaloliwe ephakathi kweTshayina neJamani, ehamba ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-10,000 kwiintaba, iintaba, kunye nemida yelizwe emithandathu, iba yindlela ethembekileyo, engabizi kakhulu, kwaye enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo yokuthumela iimpahla ngomoya namanzi.
Idatha ichaza ibali elinomdla kakhulu. Ngo-2024, i-China-Europe Railway Express (CR Express) yayiqhuba oololiwe abayi-19,000 kwaye yahambisa iikhonteyina eziyi-2.07 yezigidi, nto leyo eyayingaphezulu nge-10% kunonyaka odlulileyo. NgoNovemba waloo nyaka, inani lilonke leehambo lalidlule kwi-100,000, nto leyo eyayiyirekhodi yololiwe onqumla amazwekazi. IJamani iseyeyona ndawo idumileyo eYurophu, icubungula malunga ne-29% yabo bonke oololiwe abafikayo abavela eTshayina. Izibuko laseDuisburg elingaphakathi liyindawo ephambili yezothutho embindini welizwekazi.
Nangona inkulu kangaka, imithwalo kaloliwe phakathi kweTshayina neJamani akufumani ngqwalasela ingako kwiingcali zezothutho zemveli. Ayinawo umdlalo wenqanawa ebambeke kwiSuez Canal okanye ukungxamiseka kweetshathi zemithwalo yomoya ngexesha lobhubhane. Endaweni yoko, ibisenza oko iziseko zophuhliso ezilungileyo zihlala zikwenza: kuba yimfuneko ngaphandle kokwenza ingxolo. Eli nqaku lithetha ngesizathu sokuba indlela kaloliwe phakathi kweTshayina neJamani ingagcini nje ngokusinda kwindawo enokhuphiswano oluninzi, kodwa ikwaphumelela ngokwenene xa kufikwa ekuzinzeni, ukuthembeka, kunye nokubaluleka kweshishini.
Indlela Ehamba Ngamanani: Imarike Eguqukileyo
Imakethi yokuthutha impahla ngololiwe phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu yayixabisa i-$16 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2025. Kulindeleke ukuba ikhule iye kwi-$31.44 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2030, kunye nezinga lokukhula elidibeneyo lonyaka le-14.46 yeepesenti. Le ndlela ayisiyonto icingelwayo; sisiphumo samandla anzulu olwakhiwo. Oku kuquka ukukhula kotyalo-mali lweBelt and Road Initiative (BRI), intshukumo yemveliso yaseTshayina ngaphakathi elizweni, imizamo yaseYurophu yokwahluka kweendlela zokubonelela kude nokuxhomekeka kuphela kwiinqanawa, kunye neziphumo ezihlala ixesha elide zokuphazamiseka koLwandle oluBomvu okwaqala ngasekupheleni kuka-2023.
Ukubuyela umva kuka-2024 kunomdla kakhulu kuba akulingani. Emva kweminyaka emibini yokwehla okukhulu, inani lilonke leemoto zikaloliwe phakathi kweTshayina ne-EU linyuke ngama-80.2 ekhulwini laya kuma-TEU angama-380,434. Ulwalathiso oluvela eTshayina ukuya eYurophu lubone konke oko kunyuka, kunye nokwanda kwe-130.8 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-TEU angama-330,704. Kwelinye icala, ukusuka eYurophu ukuya eTshayina, ngokwenene kwehle ngama-26.7 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-TEU angama-49,730 kuphela, elona nqanaba liphantsi ukusukela ngo-2017. Oku kungafani luphawu lwengxaki enkulu yolwakhiwo: ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eTshayina kwi-EU kuyanda ngelixa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe e-EU eTshayina kuhla. Oku kwenzeka kuba abathengi baseTshayina abathengi kakhulu kwaye iindlela zorhwebo zaseYurophu ziyatshintsha.
Amanani anzima ngakumbi xa kufikwa eJamani. Ngo-2024, urhwebo phakathi kweTshayina neJamani lwaqala ukuphuhliswa kwakhona, nangona lusekwizinga eliphantsi ngokwembali—malunga ne-23,790 TEU ngokusebenzisa indlela ethe ngqo. Oku kwenza iJamani ibe lisango lesibini ngobukhulu eYurophu emva kwePoland. IDuisburg yodwa ibe nohambo olungaphezulu kwama-6,700 phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu ukusukela ngo-2023. Ngamaxesha ongxamiseko, kukho unxibelelwano olufikelela kuma-70 lololiwe ngeveki oludibanisa nezixeko ezingaphezu kwama-20 zaseTshayina, ezifana neChongqing, Xi'an, Yiwu, kunye neWuhan.
| Metric | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
| Ii-TEU ezipheleleyo zaseTshayina-ze-EU | ~ 430,000 | 211,000 | 380,434 |
| ITshayina→Ii-TEU zaseYurophu | - | 143,000 | 330,704 |
| IYurophu→Ii-TEU zaseTshayina | - | 67,800 | 49,730 |
| Uhambo Olupheleleyo Lololiwe | ~ 15,000 | ~ 17,000 | 19,000 |
| Izikhongozeli Ezithuthiweyo | ~ 1.8M | ~ 1.9M | 2.07M |
| Ixabiso leeMpahla zoNyaka | ~$55B | ~$60B | $ 66.4B |
Imithombo: I-European Rail Alliance (ERA), iChina State Railway Group, iChina Customs Authority
Ityala Eliluhlaza: Kutheni Uloliwe Uphumelela Kwindlela Ezinzileyo
Iingenelo zokusingqongileyo zempahla kaloliwe aziyondlela yokuthengisa nje kuphela; zinokulinganiswa, ziqinisekiswe, kwaye ziya zibaluleke ngakumbi kubathuthi baseYurophu ekufuneka balandele imithetho. Kwitoni nganye yekhilomitha, impahla kaloliwe inciphisa malunga ne-1/15 yesixa sekhabhoni esifunekayo. uloyiko lomoya yenza njalo kwaye i-1/7th yimali ekhutshwa yimithwalo yendlela. Oololiwe bemithwalo bakhupha malunga ne-80% ye-CO₂ ngeyunithi nganye yemithwalo ephathwayo kunezithuthi ezinkulu zemithwalo. Kumashishini ekufuneka aveze ukukhutshwa kwemithwalo eJamani, eyaziwa ngokuba yiNachhaltigkeitsbericht, ukutshintshela kwisitimela kunokuthetha ukwehla okukhulu kokukhutshwa kwemithwalo ekhutshwa yiScope 3.
I-EU iyenza ibe namandla le nzuzo ngemigaqo-nkqubo. IJamani kunye neManyano yaseYurophu zombini zinika amashishini atshintsha ukusuka kwindlela okanye emoyeni ukuya kuloliwe imali yesibonelelo semali ...
Uloliwe wokuqala wempahla ongekho carbon phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu usuke eWuhan usiya eHamburg naseDuisburg eJamani kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo. Mhlawumbi esi yayisisiganeko esibalulekileyo esibalulekileyo. IWuhan Asia-Europe Logistics kunye neDB Cargo Eurasia basebenzisana ukwenza uloliwe. Usebenza ngombane oluhlaza we-100% kwiindawo ezifakelwe umbane, kwaye naluphi na ukukhutshwa komoya ovela kwiindawo ezingezizo ezombane kuncitshiswa yimizamo yekhredithi yekhabhoni eqinisekisiweyo yiGold Standard. Njengoko abaqhubi ngokwabo besitsho, isiphumo kukungathathi cala kwekhabhoni ngokupheleleyo, okuyindlela eqhelekileyo yokuthunyelwa kololiwe ozinzileyo wamazwe ngamazwe. Le projekthi ixhasa ngokuthe ngqo amabhongo eTshayina eekhabhoni ezimbini kunye nezithembiso zaseJamani zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo, okwenza kube yimpumelelo yokwenyani yokusingqongileyo phakathi kwamazwe amabini.
I-Deutsche Bahn kunye ne-China Railway nazo zithembise ukuphinda kabini inani lezithuthi zikaloliwe eziluhlaza abazihambisayo ngo-2025. Baza kufezekisa oku ngokuthenga oololiwe bombane kunye netekhnoloji yedijithali eyenza oololiwe basebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi azithembisi ukwenza ngcono; ziinkqubo ezixhaswayo ezinezithembiso zokwakha iziseko zophuhliso.
| Imo yezoThutho | Ukukhutshwa kweCO₂ okunxulumeneyo | Ixesha lokuHamba (eTshayina-eJamani) | Ixabiso eliqikelelweyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-Air |
| Uloyiko lomoya | Isiseko (×1) | Iintsuku eziyi-3-5 | - |
| UThutho eziNdleleni | ×7 vs Rail | Ayisebenzi (kwi-intercontinental) | - |
| Imithwalo kaloliwe | I-1/15 yoMoya, i-1/7 yoNdlela | Iintsuku eziyi-13-20 | ~1/5 yoMoya |
| Ulwandle uLwandle | Ngaphantsi kunomoya | Iintsuku eziyi-30-45 | Ephantsi |
Imithombo: idatha yomsebenzisi we-China Railway Express; VIPU Logistics; Uhlalutyo lukaHeinrich Böll Stiftung
Ityala Lorhwebo: Isantya, Ixabiso, kunye Nokuthembeka Kwibhalansi
Ukuthutha ngololiwe kuya kusiba nexabiso eliphantsi kuba kukhawuleza kunokuthutha ngomoya kwaye kubiza kancinci kunokuthutha ngolwandle, kwaye kukwanokuthenjwa ngaphezu kwezo ndlela. Kuthatha phakathi kweentsuku ezili-13 ukuya kwezingama-20 ukuhamba ngololiwe ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eJamani, kuxhomekeke kwindlela kunye nendawo ovela kuyo. Kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-45 ngolwandle kwaye kuthatha iintsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-5 kuphela ngololiwe. Iindleko zikaloliwe zimalunga nesinye kwisihlanu seendleko zokuthutha ngomoya kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ziphantsi nge-8 ukuya kuma-20 ekhulwini kuneendlela ezidibeneyo zokuthutha ngololiwe kwiintlobo ezithile zeempahla.
Le ndlela yokusebenza phakathi komhlaba ibe luncedo kakhulu xa bekukho iingxaki elwandle. Ngexesha lengxaki yoLwandle oluBomvu ngasekupheleni kuka-2023 nasekuqaleni kuka-2024, ukuhamba kweekhonteyina kwiSuez Canal kwehle ngaphezulu kwama-60% kwincopho yayo. Oku kubangele ukuba amazinga e-40-foot equivalent unit (FEU) ukusuka eShanghai ukuya eRotterdam anyuke phantse ngama-78%. Kwelinye icala, amaxabiso kaloliwe ahlala engaguquguquki. Olu zinzo—ngaphezu kwamaxabiso aphantsi nje, kodwa nokuqikelelwa—lubangele ukuba inani leenqanawa zokuthutha izithuthi zikaloliwe eziya entshona phakathi kweChina ne-EU liphindeke kabini kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2024.
Iprofayili yemithwalo nayo itshintshe kakhulu. Uloliwe wawufudusa kakhulu oomatshini kunye ne-elektroniki (iikhowudi ze-HS 84 kunye ne-85, ezisakha malunga ne-30% yevolumu iyonke), kodwa ngoku ufudusa nefenitshala, izixhobo zokukhanyisa, izithuthi, kunye nezixhobo zeemoto, kunye nenani elikhulayo lempahla, amalaphu, kunye nezihlangu. Ngo-2024, ukuthunyelwa kwezithuthi kunyuke nge-192% unyaka nonyaka ukuya kwi-31,304 TEU. Icandelo lempahla kunye nelaphu libone ukukhula okukhulu ngakumbi, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kukhule nge-268.4% ukuya kwi-31,108 TEU. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuba i-corridor iyakhula kwaye inokusingatha uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto zokuthengisa kunye nezoshishino, kungekuphela nje iimpahla zobugcisa ezixabisa kakhulu.
Iindlela zoololiwe ezingaphantsi kwesikhongozeli (LCL) zivule indlela yokungena kumashishini amancinci naphakathi (ii-SME) kunye nabathengisi be-e-commerce abanqumla imida. Ezi nkampani bezingenalo ukhetho oluphakathi phakathi kokuthutha ngenqwelo moya ebizayo kunye nokuthutha ngenqanawa okulibazisekileyo. Abathumeli ngoku banokucwangcisa ngokuguquguquka kuba iinqanawa zishiya izixeko zaseTshayina ezifana neChongqing, Chengdu, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Yiwu, kunye neWuhan rhoqo, ngamanye amaxesha yonke imihla.
Uyilo lweNdlela: Iindlela ezidibanisa iTshayina neJamani
I-China ineendlela ezintathu eziphambili zoololiwe basekhaya: entshona, embindini, nasempuma. Ezi ndlela ziqhagamshela kwiindlela ezintathu ezinqamlezileyo eziqatshelwa kwihlabathi liphela, ezithi emva koko ziqhagamshelane nezixeko zesiphelo zaseYurophu. Abathumeli kufuneka bazi ngale ndlela yokwakha ukuze bakwazi ukukhetha iindlela ezilungileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba amaxesha okuhamba, iinkqubo zokuwela imida, kunye neeprofayili zomngcipheko wezopolitiko zinokuhluka kakhulu.
Indlela esemantla, edlula eRashiya naseBelarus, iseyeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo. Idibanisa iindawo ezifana neChongqing neChengdu ukuya eDuisburg naseHamburg idlula eKazakhstan, eRashiya, eBelarus, nasePoland. Indlela yeYu-Xin-Ou ukusuka eChongqing ukuya eDuisburg yi-10,987 yeekhilomitha ubude kwaye ithatha malunga neentsuku ezili-14 ukuya kwezili-18. Yeyona ndlela indala kakhulu esele ikho kwaye isaphatha uninzi lweetoni eziya entshona. Nangona kunjalo, ingxabano phakathi kweRussia neUkraine ibangele utshintsho oluthile lokusebenza kwaye yenza abanye abathuthi bathandabuza ukusukela ngo-2022.
Indlela yoThutho lwaMazwe ngaMazwe yeTrans-Caspian (TITR), eyaziwa ngokuba yiMiddle Corridor, isuka eTshayina isiya eKazakhstan, idlula uLwandle lweCaspian ngesikhephe, ize idlule eAzerbaijan, eGeorgia, naseTurkey iye eYurophu. Isakhula ngamandla ayo, kodwa itsale utyalo-mali oluninzi oluvela eTurkey, eAzerbaijan, naseUzbekistan. Ithengiswa njengendlela ekhuselekileyo kunendlela yasemantla ngokwezopolitiko. Uloliwe wokuqala wokuthutha impahla phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu wasuka eChongqing waya eIstanbul ngoFebruwari 2024. Eli yayilinyathelo elikhulu phambili ekuzinzeni korhwebo kwale ndlela.
IDuisburg yeyona zibuko likhulu eYurophu elihamba ngololiwe kwaye isebenza njengesiphelo esiphambili saseYurophu kunye nendawo yokuhambisa impahla eya eJamani. Xa impahla ifika, ithunyelwa eFransi, kumazwe aseBenelux, eScandinavia, naseYurophu eseMbindini ngolwandle, inqanawa yomlambo, ize emva koko ithunyelwe ngololiwe. IHamburg, iMunich, iNuremberg, kunye neLeipzig ziindawo zesibini ezinxibelelana neemarike ezininzi zengingqi.
| Umzila | Izixeko eziphambili zeMvelaphi | Ixesha lokuhamba | Izibuko Lokungena kwi-EU | Eyona nto iphambili yoMngcipheko |
| Emantla (ngeRashiya) | Chongqing, Xi'an, Chengdu, Zhengzhou | Iintsuku eziyi-14-18 | IBrest-Małaszewicze (eBelarus/Poland) | Umngcipheko wengxabano phakathi kweRussia neUkraine |
| Indlela Ephakathi (TITR) | Chongqing, Urumqi | Iintsuku eziyi-18-22 | Umda weTurkey/Georgia | Imida yomthamo, isikhephe saseCaspian |
| EMpuma (ngeMongolia/eRashiya) | Izixeko zaseMantla-mpuma eTshayina | Iintsuku eziyi-14-16 | IPoland/Belarus | Ifana neyaseMantla |
Iinyani Zokusebenza: Iingxaki kunye Nokwenziwayo
Kukho iingongoma ezihlala ziphikisana ecaleni kwendlela ephakathi kweTshayina neJamani apho uvavanyo olunyanisekileyo lungenakuzityeshela. IKhorgos (China-Kazakhstan) kunye neBrest-Małaszewicze (Belarus-Poland) zezona ndawo zimbini apho oololiwe kufuneka batshintshele khona ukusuka kumgangatho obanzi waseRashiya ukuya kumzila oqhelekileyo waseYurophu. Le iseyingxaki enkulu yokusebenza. Oku kulibaziseka kwenza amaxesha okuhamba angaqikeleleki kwaye kubonakaliswe ukuba kunciphisa amathuba okukhula kwendlela ngamanqaku angama-2.4 eepesenti e-CAGR.
I-China yenze utyalo-mali olukhulu kwiziseko zophuhliso ngenxa yoko. Amagosa kaloliwe enze amazibuko amahlanu abalulekileyo emideni—i-Alashankou, i-Horgos, i-Erenhot, i-Manzhouli, kunye ne-Suifenhe—amakhulu kwaye akha iTongjiang North Railway Port entsha. La mazibuko mathandathu ngoku anokulawula ukuya kuthi ga kwi-184 ii-train exchanges yonke imihla, okungaphezulu nge-45% kunango-2016. Amaqonga edijithali afana nenkqubo yase-China i-95306, enikezela ngokulandelela ngexesha langempela, amaxwebhu asekelwe kwi-blockchain, kunye nezilumkiso zokugcinwa kwangaphambili, nazo zincede ekunciphiseni ixesha elipheleleyo elithathwayo ukucima amasiko.
Ngowama-2024, isivumelwano esitsha se-UN sikaloliwe saqala inkqubo yokwenza iinkqubo zerhafu kunye namaphepha phakathi kweTshayina neJamani zihambelane ngakumbi. Injongo yayikukukhawulezisa nokwenza ukuthunyelwa okuqikelelweyo ngaphaya kwemida. Imali yaseJamani iza eDuisburg, eHamburg, naseBavaria ukuze kwakhiwe izitishi ezintsha, kusebenze ngokuzenzekelayo, kwaye kwenziwe indawo yoololiwe abaninzi abaza kungena. I-Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank ithi ngo-2030, inethiwekhi yase-Eurasia iya kufuna i-USD 38 yeebhiliyoni ekugcinweni kwendlela. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukwakha iziseko kukuzibophelela kwexesha elide, kungekhona ukufakelwa kwexesha elifutshane.
Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kweenqanawa Eziphezulu Okungena Ngayo Kule Khorido
Ukubhukisha itikiti likaloliwe akwanelanga ukuze ukwazi ukuhamba ngomzila kaloliwe ophakathi kweTshayina neJamani. Ukuze ufumane amava okwenyani anqumla imida, iqabane lezothutho lidinga okungaphezulu nje kokufikelela kwiqonga lokubhukisha. Kufuneka likwazi ukujongana nobunzima bothutho lwamazwe amaninzi, imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokulinganisa, amaphepha eerhafu agubungela iindawo ezintandathu nangaphezulu, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kokuhanjiswa kwe-first-mile kunye ne-last-mile.
I-Topway Shipping, ebisebenza ukususela ngo-2010 kwaye iseShenzhen, iphuhlise ishishini layo kule nqanaba lobunzima. Iqela labasunguli beTopway linamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 kwi-logistics yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokususwa kwempahla. Le nkampani inikezela ngezisombululo ezipheleleyo ze-e-commerce logistics ezigubungela lonke uthotho, ukusuka ekuthuthweni kokuqala ukusuka kumzi-mveliso okanye kwindawo yokugcina impahla eTshayina ukuya ekususweni kwempahla kwindawo yokuqala kunye nendawo eya kuyo, ukuya kwiindawo zokugcina impahla zaphesheya kwezilwandle kwiindawo eziphambili zaseYurophu, ukuya ekuhanjisweni komthengi wokugqibela ngemayile yokugqibela.
I-Topway inikezela ngokuthunyelwa kwemithwalo epheleleyo (i-FCL) kunye nemithwalo engaphantsi kwesikhongozeli (i-LCL) ukusuka eTshayina ukuya kumazibuko aphambili nakwiindawo zoololiwe kwihlabathi liphela. Oku kuyinyani nokuba ukuthunyelwa kwenziwa ngololiwe, ulwandle, okanye ngomoya. Imodeli yenkonzo edibeneyo ye-Topway sisisombululo esisebenzayo nesilawulwa ngobuchule kubathengisi be-e-commerce, iimpawu eziwela imida, kunye nabavelisi abafuna ukusebenzisa ixesha kunye nokonga iindleko zokuthunyelwa kwemithwalo kaloliwe ukuya eJamani ngaphandle kobunzima bokulawula ukuthunyelwa kwemithwalo emininzi yamazwe ngamazwe ngokwabo. Le nkampani ikwanolwazi oluhle ngezothutho eYurophu, ukongeza kulwazi lwayo olubanzi lokuthuthwa phakathi kweTshayina ne-US. Oku kuyenza ibe liqabane eliguquguqukayo kumashishini aneemfuno ezinzima zeendlela ezininzi.
Ukujonga Phambili: Yintoni ebanjwe yiMinyaka emihlanu elandelayo
Imbono yexesha elide yomzila kaloliwe phakathi kweTshayina neJamani ilungile kakhulu, ngenxa yezinto ezingenakwenzeka ukuba zitshintshe. Ngowama-2030, ishishini lokuthutha imithwalo kaloliwe phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu kulindeleke ukuba lixabise i-USD 31.44 yeebhiliyoni, linyuke ngesantya se-14.46 yepesenti ngonyaka. Ukuthutha imithwalo eqhelekileyo, eyenza i-72% yengeniso yendlela ngoku, kuya kuqhubeka nokuba lolona hlobo lubalulekileyo lokuthutha. Nangona kunjalo, amacandelo e-niche aphezulu ayanda. Iinqwelo ezilawulwa bubushushu zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ukuthunyelwa kokutya neziyobisi kuthuthwe ngololiwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezemali zedijithali kukhawulezisa ixesha elithathwayo ukuwela imida. Ukunyanzelwa kwee-locomotives zombane kunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya kwinethiwekhi.
Ukukhula kweMiddle Corridor kuyenza ikwazi ukumelana ngakumbi. Isicwangciso saseTshayina sokubeka i-$60 yeebhiliyoni kwinkqubo kaloliwe yaseTurkey, kuquka nomgca wesantya esiphezulu phakathi kwe-Istanbul ne-Ankara, sibonisa ukuba iBeijing ibona umqolo osezantsi njengowongezo olubalulekileyo kwindlela yasemantla, kungekhona indawo. Ezi ndlela zisebenza kunye ukunika amazwe ezothutho aphethe inethiwekhi kaloliwe ukhetho olungaphezulu, amandla angakumbi okuxoxisana, kunye noncedo olungakumbi.
Kakade ke, kukho iingxaki ezingaphaya kwamandla. Indlela yokubuya evela eYurophu ukuya eTshayina isacotha, kwaye imithwalo isezantsi kakhulu ukusukela ngo-2017. Imithwalo kaloliwe eya eMpuma ayinampahla ingako njengemithwalo eya entshona, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuqhuba imisebenzi elinganayo. Ezinye iimpahla kuye kwafuneka zithuthelwe kwiMiddle Corridor engaphucukanga kangako kwaye ebiza kakhulu ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezopolitiko eRashiya. Kwaye imfuno yaseTshayina ekhaya isephantsi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izinto zaseYurophu ebezizalisa oololiwe ababuyayo azithandwa kangako.
Kodwa ibali lokuya entshona, elilibali laseTshayina neJamani, linomdla. Ukunyuka okuthe cwaka kukaloliwe kuza kukhawuleza kuba iTshayina ithumela iimpahla ezingaphezulu kwamanye amazwe, iYurophu ifuna imithwalo engaphezulu yesantya esiphakathi, imithetho yokuzinza iya iqina, kwaye utyalo-mali kwiziseko zophuhliso lusaqhubeka. Oololiwe bafika ngexesha. Iinethiwekhi ziya zikhula. Kwaye inani lemithwalo ehamba kule ndlela—izigidi zeekhonteyina kunye namakhulu eebhiliyoni zeerandi—lingqina ukuba isuke ekubeni luvavanyo ukuya ekubeni yinxalenye yeziseko zophuhliso.
isiphelo
Uthutho lwezithuthi phakathi kweTshayina neJamani lunyuke kwinqanaba lehlabathi lothutho kungekuko ngokuba lutsha okanye oluphazamisayo, kodwa ngokubonelela ngexabiso eliqhubekayo nelikhulayo. Lunika abathumeli ixesha lokuhamba elifutshane kwiiveki ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu kunolwandle, isakhiwo seendleko esingaphantsi nge-80% kunomoya, kunye nomlinganiselo wekhabhoni okwenza abathengi baseYurophu kunye nabalawuli abakhathalela ukuzinza banikele ingqalelo. Ukubuya kuka-2024, okwabona ukunyuka kwe-80% kumthamo, oololiwe abayi-19,000, izikhongozeli ezizigidi ezi-2.07, kunye nexabiso lilonke leemveliso ngoku elidlula i-USD 450 yeebhiliyoni, asisosiganeko esingaqhelekanga sezibalo. Endaweni yoko luphawu lokuba le ndlela iba yinxalenye esisigxina yorhwebo lwase-Eurasia.
Ukwaziswa kololiwe wokuqala wezokuthutha imithwalo phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu ongenanto ekhabhoni ehlabathini ukuya eHamburg naseDuisburg kubonisa ukunyuka okusemgangathweni koko kunokunikezelwa nguloliwe: kungekuphela nje ukhetho lothutho olukhuphisanayo, kodwa olusebenzayo oluluhlaza, oluhambelana neenjongo zaseJamani zokususa igesi erhabaxa kunye neenjongo zaseTshayina zegesi erhabaxa ezimbini. Njengoko i-EU ikwenza kube nzima ukuxela ukukhutshwa komoya ovela kwiindlela zabathengisi kunye nemigaqo yehlabathi yokunyuka kozinzo lwenkampani, olu lungelelwaniso luya kuba luncedo ngakumbi kwishishini.
Kwiingcali zezothutho, abathumeli ngaphandle, abangenisi, kunye namashishini e-e-commerce aphesheya kwemida asebenza kumbindi weTshayina neJamani, umyalezo ucacile: uloliwe awuseyondlela yokucinga kuphela xa amanzi ecotha kakhulu kwaye umoya ubiza kakhulu. Yindlela ephambili enengqiqo yayo ekhethekileyo yesicwangciso, kwaye iyaphumelela ngokuthula.
FAQs
Q: Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuthutha impahla ngololiwe ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eJamani?
A: Amaxesha ohambo adla ngokuthatha iintsuku ezili-13 ukuya kwezingama-20, kuxhomekeke ekubeni iphakheji ivela phi kwaye iya phi. Umzekelo, kuthatha iintsuku ezili-16 ukuya kwezili-18 ukufika ukusuka eChongqing ukuya eDuisburg kunye neentsuku ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-14 ukufika ukusuka eXi'an ukuya eMałaszewicze (ePoland). Oku kwahlukile kwiintsuku ezingama-30–45 xa uhamba ngolwandle kunye neentsuku ezi-3–5 xa uhamba ngomoya.
Q: Ixabiso lokuthuthwa ngololiwe lithelekiswa njani nelomoya nolwandle?
A: Iindleko zikaloliwe zimalunga nesinye kwisihlanu seendleko zokuthutha ngenqwelo moya, ngoko ke yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yeempahla ekufuneka zifike apho ngokukhawuleza kodwa zingangxamisekanga. Ngokubanzi, uloliwe ubiza kakhulu kunempahla yaselwandle, nangona umahluko uba mncinci kakhulu xa kukho iingxaki elwandle, njengakwixesha lengxaki yolwandle oluBomvu ka-2024.
Q: Ingaba ukuthuthwa kwemithwalo kaloliwe ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eJamani lukhetho oluluhlaza?
A: Ewe. Imithwalo yoololiwe ikhupha i-CO₂ elingana ne-1/15th njengothutho lomoya kunye ne-1/7th njengothutho lomgwaqo kwi-toni nganye yekhilomitha. IWuhan yaqala uloliwe wokuqala wemithwalo ongekho carbon phakathi kweTshayina neYurophu ukuya eHamburg naseDuisburg ngo-2025. Yayisebenzisa umbane oluhlaza kwaye isebenzisa ii-carbon offset eziqinisekisiweyo.
Q: Ngaba amashishini amancinci angasebenzisa imithwalo kaloliwe eTshayina-eJamani?
A: Ewe. Izixeko ezinkulu zaseTshayina zibonelela ngeenkonzo zikaloliwe ze-LCL (umthwalo ongaphantsi kwesikhongozeli). Oku kuvumela amashishini amancinci naphakathi kunye neevenkile ezikwi-intanethi ukuba zithumele iipakeji ezincinci ngaphandle kokugcwalisa isitya sonke. Iinkampani zeTopway Shipping kunye nezinye iinkampani zezothutho zibonelela ngezisombululo ze-LCL ezidibeneyo ezibandakanya ukususwa kwempahla kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla okukhawulezileyo.
Q: Zeziphi iingozi eziphambili zokuthutha uloliwe phakathi kweTshayina neJamani?
A: Iingozi eziphambili kukulibaziseka kwimida yaseKhorgos naseBrest-Małaszewicze, iingxaki zezopolitiko ezikwindlela esemantla yeRussia-Belarus, kunye notshintsho lweshedyuli ngamanye amaxesha ngenxa yokulungiswa kweziseko zophuhliso. I-Middle Corridor, edlula eTurkey kwaye ikhula, yindlela eyahlukileyo yabathuthi abafuna ukutshintsha iindlela zabo.
