Izithethe zaseSerbia Zichongiwe: Oko Wonke Umthengisi Wempahla WaseTshayina Amele Akwazi Ngaphambi Kokuthunyelwa
intshayelelo
Kwabathumeli bamazwe baseTshayina abafuna iimarike zaseYurophu, iSerbia isenokungabi lilizwe lokuqala eliza engqondweni, kodwa la manani abonisa umfanekiso owahlukileyo. ISerbia ithenge izinto ezixabisa i-USD 5.55 yeebhiliyoni eTshayina ngo-2024, kuquka izixhobo zombane, oomatshini, ifenitshala kunye neempahla. Eli lizwe likwindawo edibana kuyo iYurophu eseMbindini neMpuma, lijikelezwe ngamalungu e-EU kwaye libonakala liyindlela yokungena kwiBalkans ngokubanzi.
Kodwa inkqubo yerhafu yaseSerbia iseseyibhokisi emnyama kubathengisi abaninzi baseTshayina nabathumeli beempahla. Imithetho icacile ngakumbi kunesakhelo esicacileyo se-EU, ingakumbi ngoku ekubeni iSivumelwano soRhwebo oluKhululekileyo saseTshayina neSerbia (i-FTA) siqale ukusebenza ngoJulayi 1, 2024, isivumelwano esiphambili esiguqula uqoqosho lweendleko zokungenisa iimpahla ezivela eTshayina kule marike.
Esi sikhokelo senza kube lula ukuntsonkotha. Nokuba ungenisa izinto ze-elektroniki nge-FCL ocean freight, udibanisa i-LCL load kumthengisi waseSerbia okanye unikezela nge-intanethi ephuma kumda ukuya eBalkans, ukwazi indlela esebenza ngayo izithethe zaseSerbia kuya kukongela ixesha, imali kunye neengxaki ezininzi kumda.
Indawo yeSiko laseSerbia: Umfanekiso oMkhulu
ISerbia ayiyonxalenye yeManyano yaseYurophu. Le nyaniso inye yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwindlela amasiko asebenza ngayo apha. ISerbia inomgaqo wayo werhafu, ngokungafaniyo namazwe angamalungu e-EU. Ulawulo lwerhafu yaseSerbia (Uprava carina) loMphathiswa wezeMali lulawula olu lawulo. Isiseko somthetho nguMthetho werhafu, oye wahambelana kakhulu neKhowudi yerhafu yase-EU, nangona kunjalo kukho umahluko omkhulu obamba abathumeli ngaphandle kwerhafu.
Kodwa iSerbia inelungelo lokungena kwi-EU kwaye iinkqubo zayo zerhafu zakhiwe kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwindlela yokusebenza ye-EU. UMthetho woTywala lweRhafu yeMpahla uhambelana noMthetho woTywala oluHlanganisiweyo lwe-EU (CN), ohlaziywa minyaka le. Urhulumente waseSerbia wamkele uMgaqo woHlolwaniso lweRhafu yeRhafu yeMpahla ...
Izinga lerhafu ye-MFN yaseSerbia limalunga ne-12% kwaye liqala kwi-0-30% ngodidi lwemveliso. Abangenisi banoxanduva lokuhlawula iRhafu yeXabiso eloNgeziweyo rhoqo (i-VAT) ye-20% okanye izinga elincitshisiweyo le-10% kwiindidi ezithile, ezifana nokutya namayeza, ukongeza kwiindleko zerhafu. Iirhafu ze-excise nazo zihlawuliswa kwizinto ezithile, ezifana notywala, icuba, ipetroli. Ukususela nge-1 kaJulayi 2024, abathumeli-mpahla baseTshayina abaneSatifikethi seMvelaphi esifanelekileyo banokonwabela amaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu phantsi kolawulo lwe-FTA.
Isivumelwano soRhwebo olukhululekileyo phakathi kweTshayina neSerbia: Oko Sikutshintshayo
Isivumelwano se-FTA phakathi kweTshayina neSerbia, esavunyelwana ngo-Okthobha ka-2023, saza saqala ukusebenza ngomhla woku-1 kuJulayi ka-2024, sisivumelwano sokuqala sorhwebo olukhululekileyo saseTshayina nelizwe elikuMbindi okanye eMpuma Yurophu kwaye simele utshintsho olukhulu kubathengisi baseTshayina. Oko kwenza iSerbia ibe liqabane lama-29 lorhwebo olukhululekileyo lwaseTshayina kwihlabathi liphela kwaye esi sivumelwano sigubungela ububanzi obukhulu beempahla.
I-FTA ihlela iimpahla ngokweendlela zokukhululeka ngokwesantya sokususwa kwerhafu. Ngomhla wokuqala kwesivumelwano, iirhafu zasuswa ngokukhawuleza kwiimpahla ezingaphezulu kwama-60% ezikwi-tariff line. Umnqweno wokugqibela wokugubungela kukuba zingabi narhafu malunga nama-95% exabiso lokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe kumacala omabini. Nantsi indlela ezisebenza ngayo iindidi zokupheliswa kwerhafu:
| udidi | Indlela yokuphuma kweSigaba | umda | Ireyithi yoMsebenzi wokuphela |
| A0 | Ukususwa kwangoko ngoJulayi 1, 2024 | >60% yemigca yerhafu | 0% |
| A5 | Kuncitshiswe izigaba ezilinganayo zonyaka ezingaphezu kwe-5 | Khetha iimpahla zabathengi | Iyancitshiswa minyaka le |
| A10 | Kuncitshiswe izigaba ezilinganayo zonyaka ezingaphezu kwe-10 | Iimpahla zoshishino ezinobuzaza | Iyancitshiswa minyaka le |
| A15 | Kuncitshiswe izigaba ezilinganayo zonyaka ezingaphezu kwe-15 | Izinto zezolimo kunye nezicwangciso | Iyancitshiswa minyaka le |
Itheyibhile 1: Iindidi zokuKhululwa kweeRhafu ze-FTA zaseTshayina-eSerbia
Kwabathumela kwamanye amazwe baseTshayina, impembelelo ebonakalayo inkulu kakhulu. Iimveliso zodidi lwe-A0, kuquka uninzi lwezinto ze-elektroniki, oomatshini, isinyithi kunye nentsimbi, kunye nezinto zoshishino, ngoku zingena eSerbia ngaphandle kwerhafu. Ngaphambili, ezi mveliso beziza kujongana neentlawulo ze-5%-15%, kodwa ngoku zinokuwela umda ngesibhengezo serhafu esingenaxabiso, ngokubonelela ngamaxwebhu afunekayo eFomu yoMvelaphi.
Kodwa ayizizo zonke iimveliso ezizuza ngokulinganayo. Iindlela ezicothayo ze-A5, A10 kunye ne-A15 ziquka izinto zolimo, ukutya okucutshungulwayo kunye neendidi ezininzi ezibuthathaka. Ezi ndidi ziya kususwa kancinci kancinci kwiminyaka emi-5, 10 okanye eli-15 ngokulandelelanayo. Abathengisi bokutya baseTshayina okanye abavelisi beempahla abajolise kubathengi baseSerbia kufuneka baqaphele ukuba imveliso yakho yeyiphi indlela ngaphambi kokuba benze iskimu samaxabiso.
Amaxabiso eMirhumo yokungenisa impahla ngokweCandelo leMveliso
Nangona i-FTA inciphisa irhafu kuzo zonke iindidi zemveliso, amaxabiso erhafu awalingani kuzo zonke. Izithethe zaseSerbia zisebenza kudidi lwe-HS-code. Ixabiso lomthwalo wakho liya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwemveliso kunye nokuba uyakufanelekela na unyango olukhethekileyo lwe-FTA. Apha ngezantsi kukho isishwankathelo seentlobo eziqhelekileyo zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eTshayina eSerbia:
| Udidi lweMveliso | Ixabiso loMrhumo weMFN | Ixabiso le-FTA (eTshayina) | VAT |
| Izixhobo zoMbane neze-Eletroniki | 0-5% | 0% * | 20% |
| Oomatshini kunye neebhoyila | 0-5% | 0% * | 20% |
| Umqhaphu & Isinxibo | 10-20% | 5-10% | 20% |
| Ifanitshala kunye nezibane | 10-15% | 5% | 20% |
| Iiplastiki & Irabha | 5-10% | 0–5%* | 20% |
| Zokudlala & Imidlalo | 5-10% | 0–5%* | 20% |
| Izithuthi & nezahlulo | 10-30% | 5-15% | 20% |
| Ukutya kunye neeMveliso zezoLimo | 10-30% | Iyahluka (A5–A15) | 10% (ehlisiwe) |
| Iimveliso zentsimbi kunye nentsimbi | 5-15% | 0% * | 20% |
| Imichiza ephilayo | 0-5% | 0% * | 20% |
| * Amaxabiso e-0% e-FTA kwiimveliso zodidi lwe-A0 phantsi kweSivumelwano soRhwebo oluKhululekileyo saseTshayina neSerbia (esiqala nge-1 kaJulayi 2024). Soloko ujonga iishedyuli zerhafu ezisemthethweni zeRhafu yeSiko laseSerbia. | |||
Itheyibhile 2: Amaxabiso eMirhumo yeRhafu emele iiMpahla zaseTshayina ezingena eSerbia (2025)
Ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo: Okokuqala, ixabiso elinenzuzo elinikezelwa phantsi kwe-FTA lifumaneka kuphela xa unikezela ngeSatifikethi seMvelaphi esisemthethweni (uhlobo lweMvelaphi) esikhutshwe liqumrhu elifanelekileyo laseTshayina - rhoqo yiBhunga laseTshayina lokuKhuthazwa koRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (CCPIT) okanye i-General Administration of Customs. Okwesibini, i-VAT yaseSerbia isoloko ibalwa kwixabiso le-CIF (Cost + Insurance + Freight) yeemveliso, nokuba akukho rhafu. Abangenisi abaninzi bayamangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba nokuthunyelwa okungenarhafu kusenentlawulo ye-VAT ye-20% ekungenisweni.
Okwesithathu, ukungavisisani malunga nokuhlelwa kweerhafu akuxhaphakanga. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abahloli berhafu baseSerbia banokuhlela kwakhona izinto ukuba ikhowudi ye-HS ebhengeziweyo ayihambelani novavanyo lomzimba. Ukuhlelwa gwenxa akukhokeleli nje kuphela ekulibazisekeni kodwa kukhokelela nasekuhlawulweni kwemisebenzi kunye nezohlwayo. Nakweyiphi na impahla ngaphandle kwezinto eziqhelekileyo ezinexabiso eliphantsi, kuyacetyiswa kakhulu ukuba kusebenze nomthengisi werhafu onelayisenisi eSerbia.
Amaxwebhu afunekayo oKucocwa kweRhafu
Izithethe zaseSerbia zineseti echanekileyo yamaxwebhu afunekayo kwimpahla nganye engeniswayo yorhwebo. Ukuzifumana zilungile ngaphambi kokuba impahla yakho ihambe eTshayina kulula kakhulu kunokuzama emva kokuba ikhonteyina ibekwe emdeni ukuze ihlaziywe. Nantsi uluhlu olupheleleyo lwazo zonke izinto oza kuzifuna:
| Uxwebhu | iinkcukacha | Ku funeka? |
| I-invoyisi yentengiso | I-invoyisi ebhalwe ngokweenkcukacha ebonisa ixabiso leyunithi, ixabiso lilonke, ikhowudi ye-HS, ilizwe lemvelaphi | Kunyanzelekile |
| Uluhlu lokupakisha | Ubunzima, ubukhulu, inani leepakeji, umxholo kwibhokisi nganye | Kunyanzelekile |
| IBill of Lading / AWB | Ulwandle B/L (imithwalo yolwandleokanye i-Air Waybill (uloyiko lomoya) | Kunyanzelekile |
| Isatifikethi semvelaphi | Kufuneka ukuba ufune amaxabiso akhethekileyo e-FTA phantsi kwe-China-Serbia FTA | Ngeenzuzo ze-FTA |
| Isibhengezo sokungenisa impahla (i-JCI) | Jedinstvena Carinska Isprava – Uxwebhu olukhethekileyo lweSiko laseSerbia | Kunyanzelekile |
| Isiqinisekiso sococeko lwendalo/sokuvalelwa ecaleni. | Iyimfuneko ekutyeni, kwizityalo, kwimveliso yezilwanyana | Imveliso ethile |
| Ilayisensi yokungenisa elizweni | Iyimfuneko kwiimpahla ezithile ezilawulwayo okanye ezithintelweyo | Imveliso ethile |
| Amaxwebhu oBugcisa/oKuhambelana | Uphawu lokuvumelana neSerbia (3A) lweemveliso zoshishino ezilawulwayo | Imveliso ethile |
Itheyibhile 3: Iimfuneko zamaxwebhu zokungenisa iimpahla eSerbia ezivela eTshayina
IJedinstvena Carinska Isprava (JCI) — uXwebhu oluKhethekileyo lweSiko laseSerbia — yeyona fomu iphambili yokubhengeza apho zonke iinkqubo zokungenisa ziqhutywa khona. Ngokwenyani, oku kufakwa nge-elektroniki ngenkqubo ye-IT yeSiko laseSerbia, nokuba ngumthengisi weSiko onelayisenisi okanye umthengisi ovunyiweyo onenombolo yobhaliso elingana ne-EORI. Ababoneleli baseTshayina abafaki olu xwebhu; luxanduva lomngenisi waseSerbia okanye iarhente yakhe.
Uxwebhu olunye olusoloko lungajongwa ngabathengisi bangaphandle baseTshayina yiSatifikethi seMvelaphi. Ukuze uzuze kwizinga lokukhetha le-FTA, iSatifikethi seMvelaphi kufuneka sikhutshwe kwifomathi ethile evunyiweyo phantsi kweprotocol ye-FTA yaseTshayina-Serbia. Isatifikethi se-CCPIT esiqhelekileyo sisenokunganeli - jonga kumthumeli wempahla okanye umcebisi wokuthobela imithetho yorhwebo ukuba loluphi uhlobo oluthile lwemvelaphi olufunekayo kwiimpahla zakho kunye nendawo oya kuyo.
Ngokutya, iimveliso zezolimo, kunye nantoni na ephuma kwizilwanyana okanye kwizityalo, kufuneka isatifikethi sococeko lwezityalo okanye sezilwanyana, kwaye iimpahla ziya kuhlolwa ziiarhente zaseSerbia zokuvalelwa zodwa phantsi koMphathiswa wezoLimo. Olu hlolo lunokongeza iintsuku ezininzi kwixesha lokukhululwa, ngoko ke yakha oku kwisicwangciso sakho sexesha lokukhululwa.
IiMfuno zokuFakwa kweeLebhile kunye nokuMakisha
Nangona iSerbia ingekabi lilungu le-EU, imithetho yayo yokubhala iilebheli ifana kakhulu nemigangatho ye-EU. Oku kuluncedo kakhulu kubathumeli bangaphandle baseTshayina abasele bevelisa ukupakisha okuvumelana ne-EU - uninzi lwayo luya kuzalisekisa nemithetho yaseSerbia - kodwa kukho ezinye iikhrayitheriya ezithile zaseSerbia ezifanele ukukhankanywa.
Zonke iimpahla ezingenisiweyo kufuneka zibonise igama lemveliso, idilesi yomvelisi okanye umngenisi kunye nelizwe lemvelaphi. Ubunzima okanye umthamo opheleleyo, izithako (zempahla yokutya), imiyalelo yokugcina kunye nolwazi lonke lokhuseleko kunye newaranti kufuneka luvezwe. Ingongoma ephambili yeSerbia kukuba lonke ulwazi olukwiilebhile kufuneka lube ngolwimi lwaseSerbia ngaphambi kokuba kugqitywe ukuvunyelwa kwempahla. Oko kuthetha ukuba abathumeli bangaphandle baseTshayina kufuneka balungiselele ukupakishwa kweelwimi ezimbini ngombhalo waseSerbia, okanye umngenisi waseSerbia kufuneka ancamathisele iilebhile ngesiSerbia ngaphambi kokuba impahla icoce inkcubeko.
Incwadi yeMithetho malunga nokuBhengeza, ukuLayibha kunye nokuThengisa ukutya (iGazethi ye-RS Official Gazette No. 19/17 kunye ne-16/18) ifuna iitafile ezipheleleyo zesondlo kunye nazo zonke iinkcukacha zokutya ngesiSerbia kwiimveliso zokutya. Ide igqitywe inkqubo yokungena kwi-EU, iSerbia iya kubeka uphawu lwayo lokuvumelana - uphawu lwe-3A - kwiimveliso zoshishino ezigutyungelwe yimiyalelo yobugcisa ye-EU. Oku kuquka izixhobo ze-elektroniki, oomatshini kunye nezinto zokudlala. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo sokulinda ukuthunyelwa kukungabi namaxwebhu afanelekileyo okuvumelana.
Amanqaku okungena: Apho Impahla Yakho Iwela Khona Umda
Njengoko ililizwe elingangeni ndawo, yonke imithwalo yaselwandle evela eTshayina kufuneka ifike kwizibuko lelizwe lesithathu kuqala ize idlule emhlabeni iye eSerbia. Olu hambo lweendlela ezininzi lubalulekile ekuphuculeni iindleko kunye nokucwangcisa irhafu.
Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuthutha impahla yaselwandle yeFCL kunye neLCL evela eTshayina idlula kwiPort of Koper (Slovenia), iPort of Rijeka (Croatia) okanye iPort of Bar (Montenegro), apho impahla ithuthwa khona ukuya eSerbia ngendlela okanye ngololiwe. Okanye, izikhongozeli zingathunyelwa kumazibuko amakhulu aseMntla Yurophu afana neHamburg okanye iRotterdam zize zithuthwe empuma ngendlela okanye ngololiwe. Iindawo ezicetyiswayo zokungena kummandla werhafu yaseSerbia zezi:
| Indawo yokungena | uhlobo | ifashoni | Amanqaku aphambili |
| IBelgrade (iBatajnica ICD) | Indawo yokugcina iikhonteyina ngaphakathi elizweni | Indlela/Isiporo | Eyona ndawo inkulu yokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe; uninzi lweempahla zaseTshayina zifika apha |
| I-Subhotica | Ukuwela umda (eHungary) | Indlela/Isiporo | Isango elivela kwi-EU; liqhelekile kwiimpahla ezidlula eHungary |
| UHorgoš | Ukuwela umda (eHungary) | indlela | Ukungena kwelori eninzi kakhulu ukusuka kwikhorido ye-EU |
| Šid | Ukuwela umda (eCroatia) | Indlela/Isiporo | Indlela eseNtshona; iqhagamshela kwiPort of Rijeka (eCroatia) |
| Gradina | Ukuwela umda (eBulgaria) | indlela | Indlela yaseMpuma; iqhagamshela kwizibuko zoLwandle oluMnyama |
| Batrovci | Ukuwela umda (eCroatia) | indlela | Indawo yokungena yePan-European Corridor X |
Itheyibhile 4: Iindawo Eziphambili Zokungena Kweempahla Ezingena eSerbia
Iziko eliphambili lokucoca uninzi lwezinto zorhwebo ezivela eTshayina yiBatajnica Inland Container Depot (ICD) yaseBelgrade. Le yindawo ebotshelelwe kwirhafu apho izikhongozeli zinokuhlolwa, zihlolwe kwaye zicocwe ngaphambi kokuba zisiwe kulowo uthunyelweyo wokugqibela. Uninzi lwabangenisi baseSerbia abaziwayo baphuma kwindawo yokuwela umda yaseBatajnica, kunokuba bangene kwindawo yokuwela umda, nto leyo ebavumela ukuba baqokelele amaxwebhu ngokulula kwaye baphephe ukuxinana kwiindawo zomda womhlaba.
Zonke iimpahla zomoya ezingeniswayo ukuze zithunyelwe ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nezomoya zicutshungulwa ngeBelgrade Nikola Tesla Airport apho ukuvunyelwa kwerhafu kwenziwa khona kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya. Amaxesha okuhamba ukusuka kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezinkulu zaseTshayina ukuya eBelgrade adla ngokuba ziintsuku ezi-3-5 zokusebenza kwimpahla eqhelekileyo yomoya kunye neentsuku ezi-1-2 zeenkonzo zokuthumela ngesantya esiphezulu.
Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ezenziwa ngabathumeli bamanye amazwe baseTshayina - kunye nendlela yokuziphepha
Emva kweminyaka yokuphatha iimpahla zaseTshayina naseSerbia, kukho iindlela ezithile zokungachaneki ezivela rhoqo. Iimpazamo ezibiza kakhulu azifane zihambelane nomthwalo ngokwawo kodwa zinxulumene nemicimbi yoxwebhu kunye nokuhlelwa kwezinto ezinokuguqula uthutho olulula lube yingxaki enkulu yempahla.
Iikhowudi ze-HS ezingachanekanga okanye ezingangqinelaniyo
Ikhowudi ye-HS echazwe kwi-invoyisi yeshishini lakho kufuneka ihambelane nekhowudi ye-HS yeempahla ezikhoyo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nendawo yerhafu kwishedyuli yerhafu yaseSerbia. Ukungafani kubandakanya ukuhlelwa ngokutsha, ukulibaziseka kunye mhlawumbi nezohlwayo. Ungaze uphinde iinombolo ze-HS kwiimpahla zangaphambili ngaphandle kokujonga - amagosa aseSerbia alungisa amagama abo erhafu minyaka le ukuze ahambelane nophuhliso lwe-EU.
Ukungaxabisi Iimpahla Ngeenjongo Zerhafu
Imirhumo yerhafu kunye ne-VAT zibalwa ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-CIF yiSerbian Customs. Phantsi komthetho waseSerbia, ukubhengeza amaxabiso aphantsi ngobuqhetseba kwii-invoyisi zorhwebo, okucetywayo ngamanye amaxesha njengecebo lokuphepha ukuvezwa kwirhafu, bubuqhetseba berhafu kwaye bunokubangela ukubanjwa kweempahla, iintlawulo kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamalungelo okungenisa impahla. Lo ngumngcipheko ongafanele ukuwuthatha kunye neempahla ezininzi ngoku ngerhafu ye-zero phantsi kwe-FTA.
Isatifikethi semvelaphi esingekhoyo okanye esingachanekanga
Ukungaphumeleli ukubonelela ngeSatifikethi seMvelaphi esifanelekileyo kuya kubangela ukuba iimveliso zakho zivavanywe ngamaxabiso erhafu ye-MFN nokuba bezifanelekela ukuphathwa ngokukhetha i-FTA. Oku kukungafakwanga okubizayo njengoko izinga le-MFN kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo liyi-10-30% xa kuthelekiswa ne-0% phantsi kwe-FTA. Ngaphambi kokuba ulayishe, qiniseka ukuba iSatifikethi sakho seMvelaphi sikhutshwe ngendlela efanelekileyo kwaye sigubungela iimpahla ezithile ezithunyelweyo.
Ukungahoywa kweeMfuno zokuLebhelisha ulwimi lwaseSerbia
Abathumeli baseSerbia banokujamelana neengxaki zokubhalwa kwelebheli ngesiNgesi kuphela okanye ngesiTshayina kuphela kwizinto ezithunyelwa ngababoneleli baseTshayina abafuna ukuba abathumeli bajongane noku. Ukuba amasimi afanelekileyo kwimpahla awaphawulwanga ngesiSerbia, iimpahla ziya kugcinwa kwirhafu zilinde ukubhalwa kwakhona kwelebheli. Oku kwandisa ukuvunyelwa ngeentsuku kwaye kudla ngokubandakanya iindleko zokugcina impahla. - Ukuthobela ukubhalwe kwelebheli kwimizi-mveliso, kungekhona kumda.
Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Kweenqanawa Eziphezulu Okuyenza I-Serbia Ibe Lula Ngayo I-Logistics
Ukujongana nemeko yerhafu yaseSerbia, ingakumbi ngenxa yobunzima obongezelelekileyo be-FTA entsha, utshintsho lwerhafu yonyaka kunye nemigaqo yendlela yokuhambisa izinto ezininzi kunzima kakhulu ngaphandle kwenkxaso yobuchwephesha bezothutho kwicala laseTshayina. Kulapho ke iTopway Shipping ingena khona.
Yasekwa ngo-2010 kwaye ikwiShenzhen, iTopway Shipping yinkampani eyaziwayo yobungcali ethengisa nge-e-commerce kunye nempahla yamazwe ngamazwe. Iqela labasunguli linamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 kwimisebenzi yokuhambisa impahla yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokususwa kwempahla, kunye nobuchule obukhulu bokuphatha inxalenye yokuthunyelwa kwempahla enzima yamazwe amaninzi evela eTshayina.
I-Topway ibonelela ngeenkonzo ezipheleleyo zothutho lwezothutho kuquka ukuthuthwa kwecandelo lokuqala ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kwizibuko lokuthumela ngaphandle laseTshayina, nakwamanye amazwe ukugcina (kubandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kokuthunyelwa kwe-LCL), ukulungelelaniswa kokususwa kwempahla yerhafu kunye nolawulo lokuhanjiswa kwempahla oluhamba ngesantya esiphezulu. Iinkonzo zeTopway zokuthutha ulwandle eziguquguqukayo ze-full-container-load (FCL) kunye ne-less-than-container-load (LCL) ezivela eTshayina ukuya kumazibuko amakhulu ehlabathi zisisombululo esifanelekileyo solwakhiwo lwexabiso kunye neendleko, nokuba i-container ye-FCL ithunyelwa ngqo kumthengisi waseSerbia okanye i-LCL consolidated load ngokusebenzisa amazibuko aseYurophu.
Okubalulekileyo kukuba, iqela leTopway liyaziqonda iimfuno zamaxwebhu ezenza okanye eziphula imvume yerhafu kwiimarike ezifana neSerbia. Abaququzeleli babo bezothutho banokukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ii-invoyisi zakho zorhwebo, uluhlu lokupakisha kunye neeSatifikethi zeMvelaphi zilungiselelwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuphathwa ngokukhetha i-FTA - ukuphepha ukuvezwa kwexabiso le-MFN elibizayo elibamba abathumeli abangenamava bengalindelanga. Kwabathumeli bangaphandle baseTshayina abafuna ukuqala okanye ukukhulisa indawo yabo kwimarike yaseSerbia, akuyonto ilula ukusebenza nomnikezeli wezothutho owaziyo icala lokuthumela ngaphandle laseTshayina kunye neemfuno zerhafu ezisezantsi kwiimarike zendawo ekuyiwa kuzo. Yinto ebalulekileyo yokhuphiswano.
Uluhlu Lokujonga Olusebenzayo Ngaphambi Kokuthunyelwa Kwakho Kokuqala eSerbia
Qhuba la manqanaba abalulekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ugqibezele ukuthunyelwa eSerbia. Okokuqala, qiniseka ukuba unekhowudi ye-HS efanelekileyo yeempahla zakho enezinombolo ezili-10, ngokweSihlomelo seeRhafu zeSiko laseSerbia (ehlaziywa minyaka le kwaye ihambelana neSihlomelo seeRhafu esiDibeneyo se-EU). Okwesibini, qinisekisa ukuba imveliso yakho igutyungelwe phantsi kodidi lwe-A0, A5, A10 okanye i-A15 FTA kwaye ukuba iSatifikethi seMvelaphi siyafuneka na ukuze ubange ixabiso elikhethwayo.
Okwesithathu, hlola ukuba kukho na amanyathelo angengowomrhumo akhoyo kudidi lwemveliso yakho (umz. iilayisenisi zokungenisa, iziqinisekiso ze-phytosanitary okanye iikhrayitheriya zokuhambelana nobuchwepheshe baseSerbia (uphawu lwe-3A)) kwaye uqalise loo nkqubo ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuze igqitywe ngaphambi kokuba ufune ukuthumela. Okwesine, jongana nomthengi wakho waseSerbia ukuba unenombolo yobhaliso elingana ne-EORI kwaye balungiselele ukuba umthengisi werhafu afake i-JCI. Abathengisi baseTshayina abafaki izibhengezo zerhafu zaseSerbia, ngumsebenzi wabangenisi kodwa ulungelelwaniso lwamaxwebhu lolwakho.
5. Zonke iilebheli kufuneka zibandakanye umxholo wolwimi lwaseSerbia ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yodidi lwemveliso. Cwangcisa oku kwinqanaba lesityalo ukuze uphephe ukubambezeleka kwemida. Okokugqibela, khetha indlela yokuthutha impahla eqwalasela imeko yaseSerbia evaliweyo – ngeKoper, iRijeka okanye iBar – kwaye ibandakanye ixesha lokuhamba ukusuka kwizibuko ukuya kwiziko lokucoca impahla laseBelgrade xa uhambisa amaxesha okuhambisa impahla kumthengi wakho waseSerbia.
isiphelo
ISerbia ngokuzolileyo ibe yenye yezona ndawo zinomdla kakhulu kubathengisi baseTshayina abathumela impahla kwamanye amazwe kwi-European corridor. Ingqiqo yorhwebo icacile, nge-USD 5.55 yeebhiliyoni ekuthunyelweni kwempahla evela eTshayina ngo-2024 kunye nesivumelwano sorhwebo olukhululekileyo esisandula ukwenziwa esisusa iirhafu kwinani elikhulu leempahla. Kodwa imeko yezerhafu ayilula, umxube weenkqubo ezihambelanayo ze-EU kunye nomthetho othile waseSerbia, ukulebhelwa kolwimi lwaseSerbia olugunyazisiweyo, ubunzima kwindlela yokuhambisa impahla ngeendlela ezininzi kunye neemfuno zoxwebhu ezahluka ngodidi lwemveliso.
Abathumeli-mpahla kunye nababoneleli bezothutho abaphumelelayo kweli shishini ngabo baceba kwangethuba, bahlele ngokuchanekileyo, barekhode ngokuchanekileyo kwaye basebenzisane neengcali zeempahla ezinamava. I-FTA yaseTshayina-Serbia sele itshintshe uqoqosho lwemisebenzi ukuze ixhase abathumeli-mpahla baseTshayina - inyathelo elilandelayo kukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zakho zothutho kunye nokuthobela imithetho ziphucukile ngokwaneleyo ukuba zisebenzise loo nzuzo ngokwenene.
Ukuba uzimisele ngokuthunyelwa eSerbia, ngoku lixesha lokuphuhlisa ulwazi lwakho ngempahla yakho – ngaphambi kokuba isitya sokuqala siphume eShenzhen, eGuangzhou okanye eShanghai.
FAQs
Q: Ngaba i-FTA yaseTshayina-Serbia isebenza ngokuzenzekelayo kuzo zonke iimpahla zaseTshayina?
A: Hayi. Ukuze ufanelekele amazinga erhafu anenzuzo ye-FTA, kufuneka unikezele ngeSatifikethi seMvelaphi esisebenzayo kwifomathi echazwe yi-FTA. Ngaphandle kwayo, izinto ziphantsi kwamazinga e-MFN, anokuba phezulu kakhulu kwiindidi ezithile.
Q: Ingakanani irhafu ye-VAT kwiimpahla ezingeniswa eSerbia?
A: Izinga eliqhelekileyo le-VAT yi-20%. Ezinye iindidi, kuquka ukutya kunye namayeza, ziphantsi kwezinga eliphantsi le-10%. I-VAT ibalwa kwixabiso le-CIF leemveliso (kubandakanya izinto kunye ne-inshurensi kumda neSerbia).
Umbuzo: Ingaba iSerbia lilungu le-EU? Ngaba umthetho werhafu ye-EU uyasebenza?
A: ISerbia ayilolungu le-EU, kodwa ngumgqatswa wokungena kwi-EU. Ineshedyuli yayo yolawulo lwerhafu kunye neshedyuli yerhafu ezimeleyo ngokusemthethweni kodwa ehambelana kakhulu ne-EU Combined Nomenclature.
Q: Yintoni na iJedinstvena Carinska Isprava (JCI)?
A: I-JCI luXwebhu oluKhethekileyo lweSiko laseSerbia – ifomu yesibhengezo esisisiseko sazo zonke iinkqubo zokungenisa impahla zorhwebo. Ifakwa nge-elektroniki ngumthengisi wempahla waseSerbia okanye umthengisi wempahla ofanelekileyo, kungekhona ngumthengisi wempahla waseTshayina.
Q: Ihlala ithatha ixesha elingakanani imvume yerhafu eSerbia?
A: Ngomthwalo obhalwe kakuhle, oko kuthetha ukuba amaxwebhu agqityiwe, unokulindela ukuba ukuvunyelwa kwempahla ngokwesiqhelo kuya kugqitywa kwiintsuku ezi-1-3 zomsebenzi kwiBatajnica ICD eBelgrade. Ukuhlolwa ngokwasemzimbeni, ukuhlelwa ngokutsha okanye izatifikethi ezongezelelweyo ezifunekayo ekuthunyelweni kungathatha ixesha elide kakhulu.
Q: Ndingayisebenzisa iSatifikethi seMvelaphi seCCPIT ngokubanzi kwinzuzo ye-FTA?
A: Akunjalo ngokuyimfuneko. I-FTA ifuna uhlobo oluthile lokuqinisekiswa kwemvelaphi. Qiniseka ukuba uqinisekisa kumboneleli wakho wezothutho okanye ingcali yokuthobela imithetho yorhwebo ukuba yeyiphi ifomathi yeSatifikethi seMvelaphi efunekayo kwimveliso yakho nakwizibuko oya kulo eSerbia.
