Tsarin Kuɗin Shiga na 2026: Ayyuka, Sashe na 301, da Sashe na 232 An Tara

 

 

Kwantena da aka biya harajin kashi 15% a watan Janairu zai iya zuwa da kashi 40%, 60%, ko fiye kafin lokacin da za a biya harajin kwastam. Wannan ba zato ba ne ga masu jigilar kaya da masu shigo da kaya da ke aiki a layin ciniki na China da Amurka a 2026 - shine sabon tushe. Tsakanin hukuncin Kotun Koli wanda ya soke jadawalin harajin kashi na 2025, hauhawar da kuma ƙarewar ƙarin kuɗin duniya na Sashe na 122, sabon harajin tilastawa na Sashe na 301 wanda yanzu ya shafi tattalin arziki da dama, da kuma sake gina Sashe na 232 na ƙarfe da tsarin semiconductor, adadin sassan da ke motsawa a cikin lissafin farashin sauka ɗaya ya ninka. Masu shigo da kaya waɗanda har yanzu suna rage farashin jigilar kaya daga layin harajin HTS guda ɗaya, a aikace, suna tsammani.

Wannan labarin ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da tsarin farashin ƙasa kamar yadda yake aiki a yau: waɗanne shirye-shiryen jadawalin kuɗin fito suka taru, waɗanne ne suka maye gurbin juna, yadda kuɗin da ke tattare da jigilar kaya da shigowar kwastam ke haɗuwa, da kuma yadda jigilar kaya ta gaske take da zarar an yi amfani da kowace hanya. Ya rufe da jagora mai amfani ga masu jigilar kaya waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin kiyaye ribar da ta dace a cikin yanayin jadawalin kuɗin fito wanda ya canza alkibla sau uku a cikin watanni goma sha biyu da suka gabata.

Dalilin da yasa lissafin kudin saukowa ya karye a shekarar 2026

A mafi yawan shekarun da suka gabata, lissafin harajin shigo da kaya ya kasance na inji: duba lambar HTS, karanta ƙimar gabaɗaya ta Shafi na 1, ninka da ƙimar kwastam, an gama. Sashe na 301 na harajin kayan China ya rikitar da wannan hoton tun daga 2018, amma lissafin har yanzu ƙari ne mai sauƙi. Abin da ya canza a 2025 da 2026 shine yawan hukumomin shari'a da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi amfani da su don sanya haraji, kowannensu yana da nasa ikon, ranar karewa, da ƙa'idar tara haraji.

Abin da ya fara fahimtar tarin kuɗin yau shi ne abin da ya faɗi. Jadawalin kuɗin fito na IEEPA na 2025, wanda ya kai kashi 145% dangane da ƙasar da aka fito, Kotun Koli ta soke shi a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2026, kuma CBP ba ta sami damar karɓar sa ba tun lokacin. A madadinsa, gwamnati ta dogara ne akan ƙarin kuɗi na duniya na Sashe na 122 mai lamba 10% - amma ikon Sashe na 122 yana da ƙayyadadden ƙa'ida na kwanaki 150, kuma wannan ƙarin kuɗin ya ƙare a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2026. An maye gurbinsa, ba tare da wani gibi ba, da sabon Sashe na 301 na tilastawa aiki na 10% ko 12.5% ​​ya danganta da matsayin bin ƙa'idar aiki na ƙasa, wanda yanzu ya shafi abokan ciniki da dama ciki har da China. Dangane da duk waɗannan, tsoffin harajin da aka yi wa Sashe na 301 na China na musamman kan kayayyaki (Jerin 1 zuwa 4A, wanda ke gudana daga 7.5% zuwa 25%) ba su taɓa ɓacewa ba, kuma shirin harajin tsaron ƙasa na Sashe na 232 - ƙarfe, aluminum, jan ƙarfe, motoci, semiconductor, da katako - ya faɗaɗa kuma an sake tsara shi sau biyu a cikin 2026 kaɗai, kwanan nan a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2026.

Sakamakon da aka samu a aikace shi ne cewa ainihin abin da za a biya na jigilar kaya ya dogara ne da tarin takardun shari'a masu zaman kansu, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun canza kwanakin a cikin shekarar kalanda ɗaya. Tsarin farashin sauka da aka gina a watan Maris na 2026 ya riga ya zama abin dogaro kafin Satumba.

Tsarin Kudin Ƙasa na Core

Duk da sarkakiyar da ke cikin tsarin bai canza ba - kawai adadin kalmomin da ke cikinsa. Kudin da aka biya shine jimlar kuɗin da aka kashe wajen ɗaukar samfurin daga benen masana'anta zuwa ƙofar mai siye, kuma kowane ɓangare yana cikin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi uku: samfurin da kansa, sufuri da inshora, da kuma kuɗin kwastam.

A takaice dai, tsarin da masu jigilar kaya ke amfani da shi don ƙididdige cikakken farashin ƙasa yana kama da haka:

Kudin Sauka = ​​(Farashin Nau'i × Adadi) + Kayayyakin Kaya na Ƙasa da Ƙasa + Inshora + (Darajar Kwastam × Jimillar Kudin Albashi) + Kudin Sarrafa Kayayyaki + Kudin Kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa + Kuɗin Dillanci + Kayayyakin Cikin Gida + Sauran Kuɗi

Babban abin da ya fi yin illa ga kasafin kuɗin 2026 shine "Jimillar Kuɗin Haraji." Wannan kalma ɗaya ba lamba ɗaya ba ce da aka cire daga jadawalin kuɗin fito - jimlar kowace shirin da ya dace da aka haɗa a kan ƙimar kwastam iri ɗaya, kuma yin kuskure ta hanyar ko da shiri ɗaya sau da yawa shine bambanci tsakanin SKU mai riba da wanda ke yin asara.

Layer by Layer: Abin da Ake Tarawa

Ba kowane shirin kuɗin fito ne ke ƙara wa juna ba. Wasu suna tarawa a kan ƙimar kwastam iri ɗaya; wasu kuma suna da alaƙa da juna kuma mafi girma daga cikinsu ne kawai ke aiki. Samun wannan bambanci daidai shine tushen kurakuran farashin ƙasa da muke gani a Topway Shipping lokacin da muke duba takardar kuɗin sabon abokin ciniki.

Aikin Tushen MFN

Kowace shigo da kaya har yanzu tana farawa ne da ƙimar ƙasa mafi soyuwa da aka buga a cikin Shafi na 1 na Jadawalin Harajin Haraji Mai Haɗaka. Wannan shine tushen da ya wanzu tsawon shekaru da yawa, tun daga rashin haraji akan kayan masarufi da yawa zuwa kashi 30% ko fiye akan wasu kayan da aka gama kamar takalma da tufafi. Duk wani shiri a cikin wannan labarin ya taru a saman, ba maimakon, wannan ƙimar tushe ba.

Sashe na 301 — Jerin sunayen da aka bari a China

Matakin farko na Sashe na 301 a kan China, wanda ya shafi Jerin Lambobi na 1 zuwa 4A, har yanzu yana aiki sosai kuma yana ɗauke da farashi daga 7.5% zuwa 25% dangane da samfur da jerin. Wani haraji na Sashe na 301 daban da ya shafi fentanyl, wanda aka rage daga 20% zuwa 10% a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Nuwamba 2025 tsakanin Washington da Beijing, shi ma yana ci gaba da aiki ga yawancin kayayyakin asalin China. Duk waɗannan layukan suna ƙara kai tsaye ga ƙimar MFN.

Sashe na 301 — Sabon Tsarin Harajin Aiki na Tilas

Tun daga ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2026, USTR ta kammala wani sabon mataki na Sashe na 301 wanda ya shafi tilasta yin aiki a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki, inda ta yi amfani da harajin kashi 10% ko 12.5% ​​a cikin ƙasashe kusan sittin dangane da matsayin bin ƙa'ida na kowace ƙasa. Wannan jadawalin kuɗin fito ya maye gurbin ƙarin kuɗin Sashe na 122 da ya ƙare kuma, ba kamar wanda ya gabace shi ba, ba shi da ranar ƙarewa a ciki. Ya yi daidai da jerin sunayen China na baya da jadawalin kuɗin fito na fentanyl na kayayyakin da suka fito daga ƙasar Sin, amma bai yi daidai da harajin Sashe na 232 ba - inda wani samfuri ya ƙunshi ƙimar sashe na Sashe na 232, wanda ya maye gurbin ƙimar ƙasar da aka tilasta yin aiki maimakon ƙara shi.

Sashe na 232 — Ayyukan Sashe

Ana tantance harajin sashe na 232 ta fannin samfura maimakon ƙasar da aka samo asali, kuma bayan sake fasalin watan Afrilun 2026 da Yunin 2026, yanzu suna aiki ga cikakken ƙimar kwastam na wani abu da aka rufe - ba kawai ƙimar abun da ke cikin ƙarfe ba, kamar yadda yake a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar hanyar. Karfe, aluminum, da yawancin kayan jan ƙarfe suna da ƙimar kashi 50%; babban saitin abubuwan da ke ɗauke da ƙarfe yana ɗauke da kashi 25%; kuma ƙimar canji ta kashi 15% ya shafi wasu kayan aikin masana'antu da wutar lantarki masu amfani da ƙarfe har zuwa ƙarshen 2027. Masu amfani da Semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ci gaba da lissafi sun ɗauki ƙarin harajin kashi 25% na Sashe na 232 tun daga Janairun 2026, kuma motoci, manyan motoci, da katako mai laushi kowannensu yana ɗauke da nasa ƙimar takamaiman fannin. Dokar da ke bayyana Sashe na 232 ita ce gabaɗaya ba ta cika da ƙimar ƙasa ta tilasta wa aiki ko ƙarin kuɗin Sashe na 301 (wanda yanzu ya ƙare) Sashe na 122 - ƙimar sashen kawai ke ɗaukar nauyi. Duk da haka, yana kan gaba a kan duk wani haraji na Sashe na 301 na jerin sunayen China wanda ya shafi wannan samfurin.

Kuɗaɗen da Suka Shafi Duk da Matsayin Aiki

Kuɗaɗen gwamnati guda biyu sun shafi kusan kowace shigarwa ta hukuma ba tare da la'akari da tarin kuɗin fito ba. Kuɗin Sarrafa Kayayyaki shine 0.3464% na ƙimar da aka shigar, wanda ya shafi aƙalla $31.67 da iyaka na ɗaruruwan daloli a kowace shigarwa; yana aiki ga jigilar kaya ta sama da ta teku. Kuɗin Kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa, wanda ke da kashi 0.125% na ƙimar kaya, ya shafi jigilar kaya da ke isowa ta jiragen ruwa na teku kawai. Kuɗaɗen dillanci da jigilar kaya ta cikin gida ko jigilar kaya daga tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa ma'ajiyar kaya kuɗin kasuwanci ne maimakon kuɗin gwamnati, amma suna cikin layin farashin ƙasa ɗaya saboda ba makawa ne don jigilar kaya da aka riga aka shirya, aka kawo.

Yadda Layers Ke Haɗuwa: Teburin Takaitawa

Teburin da ke ƙasa ya taƙaita yadda kowane shirin kuɗin fito na 2026 yake aiki - ko yana da ƙarin fasali tare da sauran ko kuma yana maye gurbin ƙimar da ta dace.

 

shirin	Yawan Mahimmanci (2026)	Ya shafi Zuwa	Ɗabi'ar Tarawa
Aikin Tushen MFN	0% - 30% +	Duk shigo da kaya	Layer na tushe; komai yana ƙarawa a sama
Sashe na 301 Jerin Gado (China)	7.5% - 25%	Kayayyakin asali daga China a cikin Jerin 1–4A	Ƙari tare da MFN da fentanyl duty
Sashe na 301 Fentanyl Duty	10%	Kayayyakin asali na China	Ƙari tare da MFN da jerin gado
Sashe na 301 Aikin Tilasta	10% ko 12.5%	~ Kasashe 60 sun haɗa da China	Ƙarin kuɗi tare da ayyukan China na baya; an maye gurbinsa da ƙimar Sashe na 232 inda duka biyun suka shafi
Sashe na 232 Karfe (ƙarfe/aluminum/tagulla)	10% / 15% / 25% / 50%	Kayan ƙarfe da abubuwan da aka ƙera	Yana maye gurbin ƙimar ƙasar da ake tilasta yin aiki; yana da tarin abubuwa da Sashe na 301 na baya
Sashe na 232 Semiconductors	25%	Cibiyoyin AI masu ci gaba da abubuwan da aka samo asali	Takamaiman sashe; duba keɓancewa
Kudin Gudanar da Kayayyaki	0.3464% (ƙananan ~$31.67)	Duk takardun shiga na hukuma	Kuɗi, ba haraji ba ne; yana aiki koyaushe
Kudin Maintenance Harbor	0.125%	Jirgin ruwan teku kawai	Kuɗi, ba haraji ba ne; yana aiki koyaushe

 

Misali Mai Aiki: Kayan Lantarki na Karfe daga China

Lambobin sun sa ƙa'idodin tattarawa su zama na gaske. Yi la'akari da jigilar kayan lantarki na asali na China na dala $20,000 tare da ginin ƙarfe wanda aka rarraba a matsayin kayan da aka samo asali na Sashe na 232, ana jigilar su ta hanyar jigilar kaya ta teku tare da dala $850 na jigilar kaya ta cikin gida a gefen Amurka.

 

Bangaren Kuɗi	Rate	Adadin (USD)
Farashin samfur	-	$20,000.00
Aikin Tushen MFN	8.5%	$1,700.00
Sashe na 301 Aikin Jerin Gado	25%	$5,000.00
Sashe na 232 Aikin Karfe Mai Kama da Kaya	25%	$5,000.00
Kudin Gudanar da Kayayyaki	0.3464%	$69.28
Kudin Maintenance Harbor	0.125%	$25.00
Motocin Cikin Gida	-	$850.00
Jimlar Kudin Ƙasa	-	$32,644.28

 

Lura cewa ƙimar ƙasa ta Sashe na 301 ta tilasta yin aiki ba ta bayyana a cikin wannan tebur kwata-kwata ba - saboda an rufe gidan ƙarfe da harajin sashe na Sashe na 232, dokar maye gurbin ta shafi kuma an ware ƙimar aikin tilas a gefe. Mai shigo da kaya wanda ya ƙara ƙimar aikin tilas a kan ƙimar Sashe na 232 a nan zai ƙara farashin filin da kusan $2,500 kuma ya yi kuskuren ambaton abokin ciniki; wanda ya manta ƙimar Sashe na 232 saboda ya duba Sashe na 301 kawai zai rage shi da $5,000. Kurakurai biyun sun zama ruwan dare, kuma duka su ne ainihin dalilin da ya sa rarrabuwar HTS ta samfura-da-samfura, ba ƙimar ƙasa gabaɗaya ba, dole ne ya haifar da ƙimar.

Inda Abokin Hulɗa na Kawo Kaya ke Canza Sakamakon

Lissafin da ke sama ya ɗauka cewa rarrabuwa, takaddun asali, da cancantar shirin duk daidai ne - kuma wannan zato shine inda yawancin abubuwan mamaki na farashi suka samo asali. Lambar HTS guda ɗaya na iya zama a mahadar jerin Sashe na 301 na gado, ƙarin bayani na Sashe na 232, da kuma ƙayyadadden ƙasar da ake tilastawa aiki a lokaci guda, kuma sanin wane haɗin da ya shafi yana buƙatar duba jagorar CBP ta yanzu akan takamaiman samfurin, ba teburin ƙimar gabaɗaya ba. Wannan shine ainihin gibin da aka gina mai jigilar kaya mai iya aiki don rufewa.

Tun daga shekarar 2010, Topway Shipping, wacce hedikwatanta ke Shenzhen, China, ta kasance ƙwararriyar mai samar da hanyoyin jigilar kayayyaki ta yanar gizo tsakanin ƙasashen waje. Ƙungiyar da ta kafa ta kawo fiye da shekaru 15 na ƙwarewa a fannin jigilar kayayyaki da kwastam na ƙasashen duniya, tare da mai da hankali sosai kan layin China da Amurka - ainihin hanyar da Sashe na 301 da Sashe na 232 ke yin illa ga masu shigo da kaya waɗanda ba su shirya ba. Ayyukan Topway sun haɗa da cikakken tsarin jigilar kayayyaki, gami da jigilar kayayyaki daga masana'antun China, ajiyar kaya a ƙasashen waje a kasuwar da za a je, share kwastam, da isar da kaya zuwa ga abokin ciniki na ƙarshe, tare da ayyukan jigilar kaya na cikakken kwantena (FCL) da ƙananan kwantena (LCL) daga China zuwa manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a duk duniya.

Ga masu shigo da kaya da ke bin tsarin harajin shekarar 2026, wannan sawun ƙafa daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe yana da mahimmanci ta hanya mai ma'ana: mai jigilar kaya wanda kuma ke kula da izinin kwastam zai iya nuna rarrabuwar Sashe na 232 ko kuma ƙasar da aka tilasta wa aiki kafin kwantena ta bar China, maimakon bayan ta isa kuma an riga an gyara lissafin harajin. Haɗa daidaiton rarrabuwar HTS tare da daidaitaccen haɗin hanyar FCL da LCL, ajiyar kaya na ƙasashen waje don daidaita lokacin kaya, da kuma isar da kaya na ƙarshe yana ba wa masu jigilar kaya damar yin samfurin farashin sauka tare da lambobi na gaske maimakon zato na kwata na ƙarshe - wanda, idan aka yi la'akari da sau nawa ƙa'idodin suka motsa a 2026, shine bambanci tsakanin jigilar kaya da ke kare iyaka da wanda ke goge shi a hankali.

Dabaru Masu Amfani Don Gudanar da Tarin 2026

Bitar sake rarrabawa ita ce hanya ta farko kuma mafi arha wacce yawancin masu shigo da kaya ba su cire ba. Saboda ƙarin bayani na Sashe na 232 da jerin abubuwan da ba a cirewa na Sashe na 301 duk suna da takamaiman samfura maimakon na rukuni, SKU guda biyu kusan iri ɗaya za su iya sauka a jimillar kuɗin haraji daban-daban dangane da ainihin rarrabuwar kuɗin fito, matakin abun ciki na ƙarfe, ko takaddun shigarwar asali daga Amurka. Binciken rarrabuwa akan ƙarin bayani na yanzu, wanda aka yi kafin odar siye ta gaba maimakon bayan shigarwa, yakan gano cewa tanadin da aka samu daga binciken ƙimar gabaɗaya ya ɓace.

Bambancin asali har yanzu yana taimakawa, amma ba kamar yadda yake a cikin tsohon jadawalin IEEPA ba. Tare da rage tsarin harajin da ake biya, yaɗuwar da ke tsakanin ƙasashe ta ragu - sabon harajin tilastawa yana tsakanin kashi 10% zuwa 12.5% ​​ne kawai ba tare da la'akari da asalinsa ba ga yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa, kuma kayayyaki masu cancantar USMCA daga Kanada da Mexico sun kasance mafi keɓancewa. Canza ƙasar asalin samfurin da aka rufe a Sashe na 232, akasin haka, ba ya yin komai, tunda ƙimar ɓangaren tana tafiya tare da abubuwan ƙarfe na samfurin da rarrabuwa maimakon ƙasar da ake jigilar su daga.

Kwanaki biyu sun cancanci a yi alama a kan kowace kalandar tsarawa ta 2026. 10 ga Nuwamba, 2026 ita ce lokacin da aka tsara kashi na yanzu na keɓancewa na Sashe na 301 zai ƙare sai dai idan USTR ta tsawaita su, kuma ita ce ranar ƙarewa ta yarjejeniyar rage harajin Trump da Xi ta yanzu sai dai idan gwamnatocin biyu suka sabunta ta. Ko wanne daga cikin waɗannan zai haifar da hauhawar farashi mai inganci akan nau'ikan kayayyaki iri-iri na asali daga China ba tare da sanarwa ba, don haka jigilar kaya kafin wannan ranar tana da ƙarancin haɗari fiye da waɗanda aka tsara bayan ta.

A ƙarshe, gina ma'ajiyar ajiya don mafi ƙarancin kuɗi yana da mahimmanci ga ƙananan jigilar kaya fiye da yadda manyan masu shigo da kaya ke tsammani. Mafi ƙarancin kuɗin sarrafa kayayyaki na kimanin $31.67 na iya tura ingantaccen ƙimar haraji akan shigarwar hukuma mai ƙarancin ƙima fiye da yadda kason kanun labarai ya nuna, wanda ya cancanci yin koyi da shi a sarari maimakon naɗewa zuwa kuskuren zagaye.

Kammalawa

Tsarin harajin shekarar 2026 yana ba da lada ga daidaito da kuma hukunta gajerun hanyoyi. Da zarar an soke jadawalin IEEPA, Sashe na 122 ya ƙare, sabon aikin tilastawa na Sashe na 301 da ke aiki yanzu, da kuma sake tsara Sashe na 232 na ƙarfe da tsarin semiconductor da aka tara ko maye gurbinsa dangane da samfurin, babu wani lamba ɗaya da mai shigo da kaya zai iya dubawa ya amince da shi. Tsarin farashin ƙasa da kansa ba shi da canji - farashin samfura, jigilar kaya, haraji, da kuɗaɗen shiga - amma lokacin aikin da ke ciki yanzu yana buƙatar duba hukumomi da yawa da suka yi karo da juna akan takamaiman lambar HTS, asali, da ranar shiga duk lokacin da aka sanya odar siye. Masu jigilar kaya da masu shigo da kaya waɗanda suka sake gina samfuran farashinsu a kusa da wannan gaskiyar, kuma waɗanda suka dogara ga abokan hulɗa da ke da ƙwarewar share kwastam a kan hanyar China-US, su ne ke kare ribar yayin da ƙa'idodi ke ci gaba da tafiya.

FAQs

T: Shin ayyukan Sashe na 301 da Sashe na 232 koyaushe suna tarawa a kan juna?

A: Ba koyaushe ba ne. Jerin ayyukan da aka yi a Sashe na 301 na ƙasar Sin gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da harajin sashe na Sashe na 232 akan samfur ɗaya. Amma sabon ƙimar ƙasa ta Sashe na 301 ta tilasta yin aiki ba ta yi daidai da Sashe na 232 ba - inda aka rufe wani samfuri da ƙimar sashe na Sashe na 232, wannan ƙimar ta maye gurbin ƙimar aikin da aka tilasta maimakon ƙara shi.

T: Me ya faru da tsarin kuɗin fito na duniya na Sashe na 122?

A: Hukumar Sashe na 122 tana da ƙayyadadden ƙayyadadden lokaci na kwanaki 150 na doka. Karin kuɗin da aka yi na kashi 10% na duniya bayan harajin IEEPA na 2025 ya ƙare a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2026, kuma nan take aka maye gurbinsa da sabon Sashe na 301 na aikin tilas.

T: Ta yaya ake lissafin harajin karafa na Sashe na 232 yanzu?

A: Tun daga ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2026, Sashe na 232 na harajin ƙarfe, aluminum, da jan ƙarfe ya shafi cikakken ƙimar kwastam na kayan da aka rufe da abubuwan da suka samo asali, maimakon ƙimar abubuwan da ke cikin ƙarfe kawai kamar yadda aka tsara a baya.

T: Shin farashin kwastam iri ɗaya ne da farashin kayan da aka yi a da?

A: A'a. Darajar kwastam gabaɗaya ta ƙunshi farashin da aka biya don kayan kuma, dangane da yanayin rashin daidaituwa, na iya haɗawa da jigilar kaya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta fitarwa. Ba ya haɗa da kuɗin jigilar kaya ta teku, inshora, ko kuɗin shigo da kaya daga Amurka ta atomatik, shi ya sa ake ƙididdige farashin ƙasa da ƙimar kwastam a matsayin abubuwa daban-daban na layi.

T: Shin mai jigilar kaya zai iya taimakawa wajen rage farashin harajin da nake biya?

A: Mai aika kuɗi ba zai iya canza ƙimar kuɗin fito na doka ba, amma daidaiton rarraba HTS, takaddun asali na daidai, da kuma sanin jerin waɗanda ba a biyan haraji a yanzu na iya hana biyan haraji fiye da kima wanda ba a taɓa bin sa bisa doka ba tun farko - wanda galibi shine inda ake samun ainihin tanadi.