Jigilar kaya daga China zuwa Mexico: NAFTA ta tafi - Ga abin da ke kula da farashin ku yanzu
Idan har yanzu kuna shirin jigilar kaya daga China zuwa Mexico kamar NAFTA ce ƙa'idar da aka tsara, kuna aiki ne daga taswirar da ta wuce shekaru shida. An maye gurbin NAFTA da Yarjejeniyar Amurka da Mexico-Kanada (USMCA) a watan Yulin 2020, kuma a cikin 2026 ƙasa ta sake canzawa: Mexico ta sanya sabbin haraji mai yawa ga ƙasashen da ba na FTA ba, ciki har da China, USMCA da kanta tana yin bita ta haɗin gwiwa ta farko, kuma manufar harajin Amurka ga kayayyakin da aka ratsa ta Mexico ta zama abin da ba a iya faɗi ba. Wannan ba hayaniya ce ta siyasa ba. Yana canza farashin saukar da kwantenar ƙafa 40 daga Shenzhen, ikon kayanku na wucewa Amurka ba tare da haraji ba daga baya, da kuma adadin takardu tsakanin kayanku da mai siye.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bayyana ainihin ƙa'idodin da ke tafiyar da farashin jigilar kaya daga China zuwa Mexico a yau, mu yi nazarin adadin kuɗin fito da jigilar kaya da masu shigo da kaya ke gani a kasuwa a yanzu, sannan mu nuna inda jigilar kaya za ta iya yin kuskure idan aka ɗauki ɓangaren bin ƙa'ida a matsayin tunani bayan haka.
NAFTA Tarihi Ne. Ga Tsarin da Ya Maye Gurbinsa
A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, NAFTA ta ƙare a hukumance yayin da USMCA ta fara aiki. Amma wannan bambancin bai kai matsayin da mutane da yawa ke tsammani ba ga kamfanoni da ke jigilar kayayyaki daga China ta Mexico domin NAFTA ko USMCA ba su taɓa rufe kayayyakin asalin China kai tsaye ba. Duk yarjejeniyoyin biyu sun bayyana abin da ke faruwa da jigilar kaya idan ya isa Arewacin Amurka - ko kayayyakin da aka samar ko aka haɗa a Mexico za su iya ci gaba zuwa Amurka ko Kanada ba tare da sake biyan haraji ba.
Wannan damar ta dogara ne gaba ɗaya ga ƙa'idodin asali a ƙarƙashin USMCA. Kawai sake yiwa samfurin lakabi, sake shirya shi ko haɗa shi da sauƙi a Mexico ba ya sa ya zama "Mexican" saboda dalilan kuɗin fito. Dole ne a canza kayan sosai, yawanci ta hanyar canjin rarrabuwar kuɗin fito, ma'aunin ƙimar yanki, ko duka biyun. Kayan lantarki da aka gama da aka kawo daga China, an ɗora su a cikin sabon fakiti a Tijuana aka kai su Texas ba su cancanta ba. A ƙarƙashin wasu ƙa'idodin dokokin HS, allon da'ira da aka ƙera daga sassan China ta amfani da ainihin masana'antar da aka ɗora a saman masana'antar Mexico za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani samfuri daban.
Wannan bambanci shi ne batun da ya fi jawo ce-ce-ku-ce yayin da ake shirin yin bita kan yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa ta USMCA a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2026, wadda aka wajabta a karkashin Mataki na 34.7 na yarjejeniyar. Gwamnatocin uku suna fuskantar shawara kan ko za su sabunta USMCA na tsawon shekaru goma sha shida, kuma dokokin asali - musamman matakan da aka yi niyya don ƙara tsaurara gibin masana'antu da ke da alaƙa da China - suna kan gaba a jerin.
Sabuwar Katangar Haraji ta Mexico: Babban Abin Da Ya Fi Dacewa A Shekarar 2026
A ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2025, Sakatariyar Mexico ta Hacienda ta sanar da wata doka da ta sake duba Dokar Harajin Shigo da Fitarwa ta Gabaɗaya don ƙara haraji kan layukan haraji 1,463 a cikin kusan sassan masana'antu goma sha biyu. Gyaran ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2026 kuma ya shafi kayayyaki ne kawai da ke fitowa daga ƙasashen da ba su da yarjejeniyar cinikayya mai 'yanci da Mexico - jerin da ya haɗa da China, Indiya, Vietnam, Koriya ta Kudu, Thailand, Indonesia da wasu da dama. Kayayyakin da ke fitowa daga Amurka da Kanada ba su da wani tasiri, domin suna ƙarƙashin USMCA.
Karin farashin ba alama ce ta alama ba. Suna daga kusan kashi 5% zuwa kusan kashi 50% dangane da nau'in kayayyaki, kuma suna shafar wasu nau'ikan da aka fi shigo da su daga China ta hanyar masu shigo da kaya da ke samar da kasuwannin Mexico da Arewacin Amurka.
| Sashin Ya Shafi | Sabuwar Tsarin Kuɗin Kuɗi na MFN | Bayanin Aiki |
| Textiles da tufafi | 10% - 50% | Daga cikin mafi girman ƙaruwa; takalma suna bin irin wannan tsari |
| toys | 15% - 35% | Rukunin da kayayyakin asalin kasar Sin suka mamaye tsawon lokaci |
| takalma | 15% - 45% | Haɗe da ayyukan hana zubar da shara da ke akwai akan wasu lambobin HS |
| Kayayyakin ƙarfe da aluminum | 10% - 25% | An yi amfani da ma'aunin Sashe na 232 a gefen Amurka a saman ma'aunin Sashe na 232 |
| Sassan motoci da motocin da aka gama | 20% - 50% | Rukunin da ya fi daukar hankali a siyasa kafin bitar watan Yulin 2026 |
| Roba, fata, takarda, kayan kwalliya | 5% - 20% | Ƙara yawan kayayyaki a matsakaicin farashi |
An rage jigilar kayayyaki ta hanyar jigilar kaya baya ga hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a sassan. Farashin kayayyaki masu ƙarancin daraja a duniya (ƙasa da dala $2,500) ya karu daga kashi 19% zuwa kashi 33.5% na jigilar kayayyaki da suka fito daga wajen Amurka da Kanada, yajin aiki kai tsaye ga masu siyar da kayayyaki ta intanet waɗanda ke bin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya na Mexico.
Gwamnatin Mexico ta tsara wannan shawara a matsayin wata babbar hanyar manufofin masana'antu maimakon ta kai hari ga wata ƙasa ta musamman, wani labari da Shugaba Sheinbaum ya yi ta maimaitawa a wani taron manema labarai a watan Janairun 2026. A zahiri, China ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a Mexico bayan Amurka wajen shigo da kayayyaki, don haka tasirin zai yi tasiri sosai ga kayayyakin da suka fito daga China. A wannan watan, Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta China ta fara binciken shingen ciniki da saka hannun jari kan ayyukan Mexico.
Tsarin 'Mexico a Matsayin Kofa Mai Baya' Ya Kammala
Wasu masu shigo da kaya sun daɗe suna jigilar kayayyaki ta Mexico: suna yin kayayyakin a China, suna aika su zuwa Mexico don rage yawan sarrafawa, sannan su sake fitar da su zuwa Amurka a ƙarƙashin fifikon USMCA, suna tsammanin guje wa harajin Amurka da China gaba ɗaya. Hanyar tana ƙara yin kunkuntar daga ɓangarorin biyu a lokaci guda.
Da farko, harajin Mexico da kansu yanzu ya ƙara farashin shigo da kayayyakin China zuwa yankin Mexico tun farko, kafin a sake yin la'akari da wani jigilar kaya. Na biyu, sake duba USMCA 2026 wataƙila zai ƙarfafa sassan hana yaɗuwar kayayyaki da hana yaɗuwar kayayyaki don rufe yanayi inda sarrafa kayayyaki na Mexico ya gaza zama babban sauyi. Jami'an Wakilin Kasuwanci na Amurka sun ce batutuwan da aka fi ambata a lokacin sharhin jama'a kafin bitar sun haɗa da ƙa'idodin asali da damuwa game da tsaron tattalin arziki.
Akwai babban ƙalubale a masana'antar kera motoci. Masu kera motocin lantarki na ƙasar Sin, ciki har da BYD, sun yi la'akari ko sun fara tsara ayyukan haɗa motoci a Mexico a wani ɓangare a matsayin hanyar shiga kasuwar Amurka a ƙarƙashin fifikon USMCA. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun tsaya cak ko kuma sun yi watsi da su a shekarar 2025 a lokacin da ake ta ƙara samun tashe-tashen hankula a fannin ciniki da kuma ƙara yin bincike kan saka hannun jari a masana'antar kera motoci ta ƙasar Sin a Mexico, kuma ana sa ran sake duba wannan batu na 2026 zai sanya takamaiman ƙuntatawa ga masana'antar da ke da alaƙa da ƙasar Sin wadda ke cin gajiyar matsayinta na USMCA.
Babu wani abu a nan da aka yi niyya da ke nuna cewa kayayyakin masana'antu na gaske na Mexico za su iya cancanta a fifita su. Wannan yana nufin cewa abin da ke nuna cewa canji na gaske yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa kuma nauyin takardu - takardun kuɗi, takaddun shaida na masu kaya, bayanin tsari da aka adana na akalla shekaru biyar - ba takarda ta zaɓi ba ce. Bambanci ne tsakanin shiga ba tare da haraji ba da cikakken kuɗin fito, sau biyu - sau ɗaya lokacin shiga Mexico da kuma lokacin shiga Amurka.
Abin da Wannan Yake Kudi: Kudin Jigilar Kaya da Sauka a Teku a 2026
Tsarin harajin kaya wani ɓangare ne kawai na farashin. Sauran rabin kuma shine kuɗin da ake kashewa wajen jigilar kwantena daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta China zuwa ta Mexico. Wannan ɓangaren na lissafin ya canza sosai tun ƙarshen 2025, sakamakon sake gyara kayan kafin hutu, ƙara yawan jiragen ruwa da cunkoso a manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu na Mexico a yankin Pacific.
| road | Kwantena mai ƙafa 20 (GP) | Kwantena mai ƙafa 40 (HQ) | Yawan wucewa |
| Shenzhen / Yantian → Manzanillo | $ 2,700 - $ 4,050 | $ 3,500 - $ 5,500 | 20 - 24 kwanakin |
| Shanghai / Ningbo → Manzanillo | $ 2,600 - $ 3,900 | $ 4,200 - $ 6,400 | 24 - 30 kwanakin |
| Duk wani babban tashar jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin → Lázaro Cárdenas | $ 2,700 - $ 4,100 | $ 3,600 - $ 5,700 | 22 - 26 kwanakin |
| Jirgin sama na iska (Sin → MEX/GDL/MTY) | - | $4.50 - $7.50 / kg | 3 - 7 kwanakin |
Masu shigo da kaya za su iya tsammanin biyan kuɗin asali a China, ban da farashin asali na teku (kusan $150 zuwa $300, don takardu, sarrafa tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kuɗin kwastam na fitarwa); kuɗin da za a biya a Mexico (kusan $200 zuwa $450, sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa da isar da kaya zuwa ma'ajiyar kaya); da kuma harajin shigo da kaya na Mexico, wanda yanzu matsakaicin kusan kashi 11% na darajar kayayyaki a duk fannoni, kodayake ƙimar inganci akan kowace takamaiman jigilar kaya ta dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan rarrabuwar HS da ƙasar asali. Ƙara kuɗi daga Dillalin Kwastam don shirya Pedimento wanda shine sanarwar shigo da kaya a hukumance a Mexico da duk wani kuɗi don gwaji ko lakabi don cika ƙa'idodin NOM (Normas Oficiales Mexicanas) idan ya cancanta.
Cunkoson tashar jiragen ruwa: Manzanillo Versus Lázaro Cárdenas
Manzanillo ya ci gaba da zama tashar jiragen ruwa mafi cunkoso a Mexico kuma ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi tsada a Mexico kuma mafi kyawun hanyar zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na China, amma akwai farashi da za a biya don wannan shaharar. A shekarar 2026, masu jigilar kaya a kan hanya sun ba da rahoton cewa jiragen ruwa suna jira kwanaki biyar zuwa 10 a tashar jiragen ruwa kawai don samun wurin zama, sannan cunkoson filin kwantenoni ya ƙara wani mako ko biyu kafin a iya tsara abin hawa don ɗaukar akwatin. Idan lokacin hutu ya ƙare a cikin wannan jira, rushewa da tsarewa na iya ƙara ƙarin dala dubu ko fiye a kowace kwantenoni zuwa abin da ya zama kamar farashi mai araha.
| Factor | Puerto de Manzanillo | Lazaro Cardana |
| Cunkoson da ake yi a yanzu | Sau da yawa a wurin aiki ko kusa da wurin; An ruwaito cewa ana jira na tsawon kwanaki 5-10 a cikin 2026 | Yana da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta, kodayake ƙarar tana ƙaruwa da sauri |
| Haɗin dogo | Layin dogo mai iyaka; ƙarin jan hankali ta babbar mota | Hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa kai tsaye na KCSM zuwa Mexico City da Monterrey |
| Mafi dacewa da | Rarrabawar Tsakiyar Mexico idan an yi booking a gaba | Bajío da hanyoyin masana'antu na arewa, kayan da aka ɗauka da yawa |
| Hadarin lalata | An ƙara girma a lokacin lokacin sake ginawa mafi girma | Ƙasa, amma yana ƙaruwa yayin da ƙara ke komawa kudu |
Yanzu Lázaro Cárdenas shine bawul ɗin matsin lamba. Ayyukan tasharsa ta atomatik da hanyoyin haɗin jirgin ƙasa kai tsaye da Kansas City Southern de México ke gudanarwa suna ba da damar kwantena su canja wuri daga jirgin zuwa jirgin ƙasa ba tare da shiga cikin matsewar ƙofar babbar mota ba wanda ke rage gudu a Manzanillo. Don kaya ta Mexico City, hanyar Bajío ko Monterrey, ta Lázaro Cárdenas na iya rage tsawon hanyar teku tare da fitar da tashar cikin sauri da kuma rage haɗarin cunkoso.
Gina Tsarin Jigilar Kaya Mai Sauƙi, Mai Kula da Kuɗi
Ganin cewa yawancin farashin yanzu ya dogara ne akan takardu da shawarwarin hanya, ba wai kawai farashin jigilar kaya a teku ba, fifikon da masu shigo da kaya ke da shi shine ɗaukar bin ƙa'idodi da dabaru a matsayin ƙalubale ɗaya tilo, ba biyu daban-daban ba. Masu jigilar kaya a kan hanyar sun ba da shawarar yin rajistar makonni uku zuwa huɗu kafin ranar da za a shirya kaya don guje wa wahalar hauhawar farashin kaya a lokacin bazara da iyakokin sarari. Samun rarrabuwar HS kafin jiragen ruwa su shigo maimakon bayan sun sauka ya guji nau'in kwastam da ke mayar da jigilar kaya ta yau da kullun zuwa lissafin rushewa.
Wannan lokacin ne samun mai jigilar kaya daga China mai ƙwarewa zai zama da amfani. Tun daga shekarar 2010, kamfanin Topway Shipping da ke Shenzhen ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyar yana aiki a ɓangaren jigilar kaya daga ƙasashen waje, yana mai da hankali kan jigilar kaya da kwastam daga China. Kamfanin yana ba da ayyuka waɗanda suka shafi dukkan nau'ikan jigilar kaya irin wannan: jigilar kaya daga masana'antun China, jigilar kaya ta FCL mai sassauƙa da LCL zuwa manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a faɗin duniya, gami da ƙofofin Mexico na Pacific, da kuma ƙasashen waje. warewa, tallafin kwastam da kuma isar da kaya ta hanyar mil na ƙarshe da zarar kayan sun isa inda za su je. Irin wannan ɗaukar kaya daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe sau da yawa shine abin da ke raba farashin sauka da ake iya faɗi da abin mamaki mai tsada ga masu shigo da kaya waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin shawo kan cunkoso a Manzanillo, yanke shawara tsakanin haɗa LCL da cikakken akwati, ko kuma kawai a yi booking na jigilar kaya tare da rarraba sarari na gaske maimakon tabbatar da takarda wanda za a yi birgima a minti na ƙarshe.
Bambance-bambancen wuraren shiga tashar jiragen ruwa, kiyaye sabbin takardu na asali, da kuma gwada matsin lamba ko matakin samar da kayayyaki na Mexico da gaske ya zama wani sauyi mai ma'ana a ƙarƙashin USMCA ba su da daɗi. Yayin da tilasta bin doka ke ƙara ƙarfi kuma ana ci gaba da yin bita na haɗin gwiwa, su ne bambanci tsakanin jigilar kaya da ke wucewa da sauri da kuma wanda aka yiwa alama, aka jinkirta ko aka soke shi da ayyukan da babu wanda ya yi kasafin kuɗi a kai.
Kammalawa
Ana tafiyar da hanyar jigilar kaya daga China zuwa Mexico a shekarar 2026 ta hanyar dokoki masu rikitarwa waɗanda ba su wanzu ba, ko kuma sun wanzu a cikin mawuyacin hali, 'yan shekaru da suka gabata: dokokin asali na USMCA, sabon jadawalin kuɗin fito na Mexico wanda ba na FTA ba, binciken hana yaɗuwar jiragen ruwa na Amurka, da kuma sake duba USMCA tare wanda zai iya sake tsara komai kafin shekarar ta ƙare. Hanya mafi sauri don ɓatar da kasafin kuɗin ƙasa shine a ɗauki kowane yanki ɗaya a matsayin wanda ba ya canzawa - idan aka yi la'akari da ƙimar da aka ambata a kwata na ƙarshe har yanzu tana nan, ko kuma cewa matakin taron Mexico yana haifar da asali ta atomatik. A yau, masu shigo da kaya waɗanda ke yin wannan da kyau su ne waɗanda ke haɗar da mafi kyawun bayanai na bin ƙa'idodi tare da abokan hulɗa waɗanda za su iya isar da su ta hanyar jigilar kaya, takardu da lokaci a ainihin lokaci.
FAQs
T: Shin NAFTA har yanzu tana aiki ga wani ɓangare na jigilar kaya daga China zuwa Mexico?
A: A'a, USMCA ta maye gurbin NAFTA a watan Yulin 2020. Yarjejeniyoyi ba su taɓa yin magana kai tsaye game da kayayyakin da suka samo asali daga ƙasar Sin ba. Suna ƙayyade ko kayayyakin da aka yi ko aka canza a Mexico za a iya jigilar su ba tare da haraji ba zuwa Amurka ko Kanada.
T: Shin sabbin harajin Mexico ya shafi kayayyakin da aka aika daga Amurka ko Kanada?
A: Ko kaɗan ba haka ba. Karin kuɗin fito da zai fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2026 ya shafi ƙasashen da ba su da yarjejeniyar cinikayya mai 'yanci da Mexico kamar China, Indiya da Vietnam. An cire abokan hulɗar USMCA.
T: Zan iya ci gaba da tura kayayyakin China ta Mexico don isa Amurka ba tare da haraji ba?
A: Sai dai idan an canza kayan sosai a Mexico ta yadda ya cika ƙa'idodin asali na USMCA. Sauƙin haɗawa ko sake haɗawa ba ya cancanta. Aiwatar da wannan aiki yana ƙara ƙarfi a gaban bitar USMCA ta 2026.
T: Wace tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mexico ya kamata in yi amfani da ita don guje wa jinkiri?
A: A shekarar 2026, Manzanillo ta kasance mafi cunkoso da kuma mafi yawan cunkoso. Ana ƙara amfani da Lázaro Cárdenas a matsayin zaɓi ga kayayyaki da ke tafiya zuwa tsakiya da arewacin Mexico, godiya ga tashoshin jiragen ƙasa masu sarrafa kansu da kuma hanyoyin haɗin jirgin ƙasa kai tsaye.
T: Har yaushe ya kamata in yi booking na jigilar kaya zuwa Mexico a gaba?
A: Ganin iyakokin sararin samaniya da kuma haɗarin jigilar kaya a lokacin da ake yawan cunkoso, yawancin masu aika kaya za su ce su yi rajistar makonni uku zuwa huɗu kafin ranar da za a shirya jigilar kaya.
